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The Library Yet to Come

Louis Charles Willard

(路易斯查爾斯威拉德 )

SUMMARY Literature and history provide abundant

examples of visioning and prediction, a model that this essay follows. Financially pressed, research libraries will reduce acquisitions, more or less independently, uncoordinatedly, and in isolation.

文學和歷史在遠景規劃和預測上提供豐富的例子，在此篇文章範例如下。在財政壓力下，研究圖書館將減少收購有些無關地、不協調和孤立的。

Second, older material will Second, older material will become less and less visible become less and less visible and more often absent from and more often absent from the scholarly apparatus.the scholarly apparatus.

其次，舊資料會越來越少見，而且其次，舊資料會越來越少見，而且往往不在學術機構。往往不在學術機構。

Third, the nature of access will increasingly influence the direction of scholarly inquiry.

第三，訪問性質將越來越多地影響學術調查的方向。

Finally, the nascent scholars our graduate programs and professional schools nurture will become more sophisticated acquirers of the trappings of scholarship and less thoughtful, less reflective practitioners.

最終，我們新生學者和研究生培養職業學校對於學術研究、欠缺的深思熟慮和缺少思考的從業人員將有更加老練的收購者。

Alongside these pessimistic interpretations of the shadows of libraries-yet-to-come, there are some attractive possibilities for capitalizing upon and exploiting the capabilities of the virtual library, but librarians must shed their introspective, passive character.

除了對於 libraries-yet-to-come 陰影這些悲觀的解釋，充分利用虛擬圖書館開發的可能性也是有吸引力的，但圖書館員必須去除他們內省的、被動的性格。

Then, they must exploit and Then, they must exploit and harness the resources of the harness the resources of the electronic world rather than electronic world rather than

simply learning about and playing simply learning about and playing with them.with them.

在那之後，他們必須可以利用電子世界在那之後，他們必須可以利用電子世界的資源而不只是僅僅學習與舞文弄墨。的資源而不只是僅僅學習與舞文弄墨。

Second, they must persistently ask how their learned routine ways of doing things might be done differently, given the new context in which their work occurs.

第二，他們必須堅持問為何依常規方法做事都可能會有所不同，因為新的背景，他們而有工作。

It is not so much that their clients are It is not so much that their clients are twentieth century Luddites. It is more twentieth century Luddites. It is more like they have to operate a camcorder like they have to operate a camcorder using skills developed for a Kodak using skills developed for a Kodak Brownie.Brownie.

他們的客戶並不是二十世紀的盧德分子他們的客戶並不是二十世紀的盧德分子 (19(19 世世紀初英國手工業工人中參加搗毀機器的人紀初英國手工業工人中參加搗毀機器的人 )) 。。更該像是他們經營的攝錄像機操作技能開發的更該像是他們經營的攝錄像機操作技能開發的柯達布朗尼。柯達布朗尼。

REFERENCE SERVICES IN THE HUMANITIESREFERENCE SERVICES IN THE HUMANITIES

人 文 學 科 的 參 考 服 務人 文 學 科 的 參 考 服 務

predictions and visions

預言和遠見

Literature and history provide abundant examples of visioning and prediction.As this reflection began , in early December 1992 , two were appropriate to the season.

人類的文學和歷史提供了豐富的例子在預言和遠見的領域上。當這想法一開始，早在西元1992 年 12 月，有兩個例子在適當的時機出現。

One was the Third Spirit of Charles Dickens’ Christmas Carol , the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come. The other was a party platform in a Presidential campaign.

其一是 Charles Dickens 的『耶誕頌歌』中的第三個精靈，牠預言了鬼將會在耶誕節來到。另一個例子則是在總統競選上。

The two provide an interesting contrast. One is grim and pessimistic; the order upbeat and confident. It is the denouement in Dickens’ tale that is happier.

一個例子是冷酷而悲觀的，另一個則是歡樂的。Dickens 的故事擁有歡樂的結局。

These reflections, though, start out These reflections, though, start out more on the order of Dickens than more on the order of Dickens than the Democrats. Where they will end the Democrats. Where they will end remains an open question, but a remains an open question, but a serious one.serious one.

這些例子反映，雖然這些例子反映，雖然 DickensDickens 著手進行的著手進行的比民主黨更多，但他們即將結束一個未解比民主黨更多，但他們即將結束一個未解決的嚴肅問題。決的嚴肅問題。

Better Access to Less

減少的管道

First, there will be more and better access to collections, collections that are less and less diverse, as large research libraries become less distinctive and more like each other.

首先，將匯集更多適當的管道，愈來愈少不同的管道。像大的研究圖書館成為較不特別而且彼此相像。

Don Simpson of the Center for Research Libraries describes this effect as an implosion of the core.

研究圖書館中心的 Don Simpson描述此現象為核心的內破裂。

Searching in the stacks and online catalogs of these research collections will become more like visiting enclosed malls throughout the United States. Whether South or Northwest, they exhibit a numbing sameness.

搜尋在這些書架上和線上目錄上的研究匯集這件事，將成為像供人參觀的購物中心遍及美國。無論在南部或西北，他們陳列的東西總千篇一律。

One way to account for this behavior is to notice that research libraries are responding to the information surge by acting as though it does not exist.

一個方式去解釋這種行為是去注意研究圖書館回答信息的行動好像它不存在。

Financially pressed, they are Financially pressed, they are reducing acquisitions, more or less reducing acquisitions, more or less independently, uncoordinatedly, and independently, uncoordinatedly, and in isolation. The same libraries are in isolation. The same libraries are also centralizing their collection also centralizing their collection development programs through development programs through reliance upon vendor-based approval reliance upon vendor-based approval plans. plans.

財政報導指出，他們在減少獲取物，財政報導指出，他們在減少獲取物，或多或少獨立地、不同等地、孤立地。或多或少獨立地、不同等地、孤立地。 相同的圖書館也集中他們的彙集發展方 相同的圖書館也集中他們的彙集發展方案以得到供應商的認同與信賴。案以得到供應商的認同與信賴。

One inevitable result-perhaps unintended and certainly unwanted-is the failure of non-trade publications, which are outside the main stream, to make it into these collections.

一個必然的結果：或許不必要不需要的是失敗的非交換出版物，那些非主要趨勢的物品，把它做成彙集。

Such publications include, for example, conference and society proceedings, privately published pamphlets, organizational reports, and documentation.

這樣的出版物像會議和社會行動、私下出版小冊子、組織報告和文獻都包含了。

It has to be this way. Even vendors with unblemished reputations, such as Harrassowitz, Casalini, Blackwell, and Touzot, are businesses whose bottom line cannot, indeed should not, support the cost of identifying and offering marginal and ephemeral literature, these bibliographic Tiny Tims.

它必須是這樣。 擁有清白名譽的供營商，例如Harrassowitz ， Casalini 、 Blackwell 和 Touzot ，對於不能做好有一把尺度的企業，這的確是不應該的，支持辨認和提供少量和短暫文學的費用，這些書目微小的 Tims 。

The Scandal of Age

時代的醜聞

Second, old material will become Second, old material will become less and less visible and more less and less visible and more often absent from the scholarly often absent from the scholarly apparatus.apparatus.

第二，較舊的資料將會變得越來越不可第二，較舊的資料將會變得越來越不可見，而且在學術機構中往往是缺乏的。見，而且在學術機構中往往是缺乏的。

Some of this is physical, as forces really beyond our control dictate the removal of portions of our collections off-site and the conversion of other materials to microfilm.

在這些資料裡有一些是實質的 ,就像一股約束力 ,超越了我們的控制 ,要求我們去除一部分的場外蒐集和轉換其他的資料變成微縮膠片

Some of this is electronic. One academic administrator observed in response to the introduction of an online catalog prior to retrospective conversion that the birth of this catalog effectively reduces the size of my library’s collection by 70%.

有一些資料則為電子的 . 有一個學者觀察 , 觀察回應引進在線上目錄之前 ,就像之前有提到的訴求 , 此目錄誕生是希望能有效的減少圖書館 70% 的館藏量

The same literature we will fail to acquire prospectively is the more likely, in its retrospective cousins, to be under-reflected in the online catalog.

我們不會預期獲取相同的文學 , 是更有可能去反映在線上目錄上 ( 這大概是在說線上目錄比較不會有重複的問題 )

It will be under-reflected even if present because disproportionately its records will be descriptively abbreviated and short on subject and keyword access.

由於線上目錄目前因為不成比例的反映 , 所以紀錄將會以縮寫分類和簡短的主題或關鍵字來進入

Technology Calls the Tune

技術稱為語調

Third, and another aspect of the electronic revolution of course, is that the nature of access will increasingly influence the direction of scholarly inquiry.

第三 , 對電子革命的另一個觀念 , 當然是通入的本質將會越來越影響博學詢問的方向

Research will gravitate to texts Research will gravitate to texts that exist in an electronic that exist in an electronic format, which can be more format, which can be more easily captured and easily captured and manipulated.manipulated.

研究將會趨向對於以電子格式存在的研究將會趨向對於以電子格式存在的文本文本 ,, 因為以電子型式存在的文本可因為以電子型式存在的文本可以更加容易被奪取和操作以更加容易被奪取和操作

The strategy of inquiry will increasingly be subordinate and limited to the electronic version of the bibliographic and textual apparatus.

詢問這個的機制將會越來越成為次要的 ,還有對電子版本的書目和電子版本的原文用具的限制

librarians, archivists and research scholars must have a strong commitment to respecting the rights of privacy for all

圖書館員、管理檔案者和研究的學者必須要有一個強有力的承諾來尊重隱私權的所有

This apparatus is, for obvious reason, more related to the here and now than the then and there.

有明顯的原因顯示 , 這個用具比當場更與此刻有關係

One consequence is that older serial literature will simply cease to make it to the ken of scholarly inquiry because there is really no entrepreneurial advantage to indexing older literature.

其中一個結論是 ,讓老舊的連續出版品成為博學詢問的範疇將會完全中止 , 因為對索引老舊的文學來說 ,真的沒有什麼企業的好處

Whether Chadwyck-Healy or the retrospective indexing proposal of the American Theological Library Association will succeed in reversing this direction at least in this discipline is not yet clear.

無論是 Chadwyck-Healy或美國神學圖書館協會的回顧展索引提案 , 在背後是否將會成功 ,這個方向至少在這個學科還未清楚表明的

Even if they succeed in unlocking the Even if they succeed in unlocking the door to some of this literature, the door to some of this literature, the consequence is to lock even more consequence is to lock even more firmly the door to the remainder.firmly the door to the remainder.

即使他們成功的繼承這些老舊的文學即使他們成功的繼承這些老舊的文學 ,,最後還最後還是會淪落到以庫存書來處理是會淪落到以庫存書來處理

pretenders not true heirs

偽裝的人不是真的繼承者

I first noticed this with the appearance of good, inexpensive photocopy machines. Before such machines became a pervasive fixture in our libraries, students and professors actually had to read and think about the content of books and articles.

首先有了方便、便宜的影印機，影印機普遍出現在圖書館裡，學生們容易的取得文章、書籍，完整的抄錄其內容 。

Today, these same restrictions have been reduced to thirty or fewer years.

今天 , 這些制約已經縮短至三十年或者更少   Of particular significance for research in the

humanities , the Vatican Archives currently holds the international record for the longest closed period,80 years.

在人文學科方面研究的特殊意涵 ,梵蒂岡檔案保管處是目前在國際紀錄上保持最久的封閉時期 ,80年 .

They had to read them because They had to read them because they had to take notes that could they had to take notes that could not simply be complete not simply be complete transcriptions, notes that transcriptions, notes that required some thoughtful required some thoughtful interaction with the text.interaction with the text.

使得一些需要思考的部份，不再一併考慮了。

Suddenly, as if by magic, it seemed that the intellectual task was complete, the scholarly obligation discharged, with the process of capturing the text.

乍看之下影印機似乎是個魔術，把智慧完全留住，但學術的發展是透過鑽研其內容、了解其過程，影印的出現似乎打亂了這邏輯

We acquire and catalog behind closed doors. The reference staff is referred to rather than taking the initiative. We leaders all sit and wait. Our foot-soldiers, armies of monographs and battalions of periodicals, sit and wait. Silently. Passively.

圖書館在幕後工作，參考館員不是引領者，但也不是坐以待斃，而是充分做好準備，協助任何可能發生的問題。

There are some practicable, effective steps that we can take. The idea here is not to write an exhaustive, complete answer but to demonstrate that common sense and deliberate reflection can move us forward.

這裡有些實際可行而有效的步驟是我們可以採取的。這裡的想法描述並不是很詳盡，正確方式是去說明那常識和深思熟慮可以推動我們前進。

First Steps

First, we can seek to exploit and harness the resources of the electronic world rather than simply learning about and playing with them.

首先，我們可以利用電子世界的資源而不只是僅僅學習與舞文弄墨。

If our patrons are already prepared to work with microcomputers and online resources, let us create expert systems that will become increasingly wise over time, systems that will begin by handling the less complex questions that ordinarily come across the reference and circulation desks, systems that will come to resolve more difficult problems.

如果我們的贊助者已經準備好結合微電腦與網路資源，我們將建立隨著時間的推移而變得越來越明智的專家系統，系統將優先處理自參考流通櫃台較不複雜的問題，爾後再處理更加困難的問題。

Winning by Joining

Second, we can persistently ask how our learned routine ways of doing things might be done differently, given the new context in which our work occurs.

其次，我們可以持續不斷地問為何依常規做事會有所不同，我們的工作出現鑒於新的背景。

I am indebted for this example, which is a paradigm applicable to library practices generally, to Al Janik, a cataloger at the Andover-Harvard Theological Library of the Harvard Divinity School.

我受惠於這個例子，這個範例適用於一般圖書館去實行，對於 Al Janik ，是一位在哈佛神學院的 Andover-Harvard神學圖書館編製目錄的人。

Institutional name

機構名稱

We do not invest the intellectual energy in seeking to determine the narrowest possible Library of Congress classification.

我們不投資的智力能源設法確定最窄可能美國國會圖書館的分類。

Instead, we use a small number of broad class marks to enable us to maintain a limited array of subject divisions.

相反，我們使用少量的廣泛類商標，以使我們能夠維持一個有限的一系列問題的分歧。

We review titles for which full cataloging is not readily or predictably available to determine that the assumptions outlined above are applicable.

我們審查這些圖書充分編目是不容易或可預見可確定上述假設是適用的。

We provide contents notes where appropriate, probably more generously than most.

我們提供的內容說明在適當情況下，可能更慷慨比大多數。

We then place these titles in an off-site storage facility, the Depository.

然後，我們將這些商品在場外的儲存設施，收藏。

The Depository offers other significant cost-savings, specifically in what Andover-Harvard calls end processing.

保存提供了其他節省大量的成本，特別是在什麼安德沃，哈佛大學呼籲結束處理。

Most of the books under discussion here require binding in order to sustain the rigors of circulation.

大部分的書籍在這裡所討論的需要結合，以維持要求嚴格的流通。

All of them would be security stripped.

所有這些將是安全的剝奪。 More lockstep routines.

更多同步例程 Many will not circulate in the lifetime of

anyone reading this article.

許多人不會散發的一生中的任何人閱讀此文章。

They are hardly attractive targets for thieves.

他們是很難有吸引力的目標，竊賊。

Since we are sending these titles off-site, we have determined that neither binding nor security stripping is required.

由於我們是將這些書籍場外，我們已經確定，既沒有約束力，也不安全剝離是必要的。

To return to where this begin: These creative, innovative responses really do require an increasingly sophisticated clientele.

返回的情況下開始：這些創造性，創新性的反應確實需要一個日益複雜的客戶。

They require a clientele aware that browsing in the stacks may produce interesting, serendipitous results but that these results are increasingly circumscribed by the realities of any given physical collection.

他們需要認識到，客戶瀏覽器中的棧可能會產生有趣的，偶然的結果，但這些成果正日益受到現實的任何特定的物理集合。

The local bibliographic pool is increasingly shallow. It is not so much that our clients are twentieth century Luddites. It is more like they have to operate a camcorder using skills developed for a Kodak Brownie.

地方文獻匯集越來越淺。這不是我們的客戶是二十世紀 Luddites 。它更像是他們經營的攝像機使用技能開發的柯達布朗尼。

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