1 Science

4th prim

Lesson

☻All living organism's characteristic by Feeding, transport, respiration,

Excretion, motion, sensation, reproduction … etc.

The structure of the living organism body:- A living organism body is consists of a set (group) of systems.

Human Body Systems

- The System - Its Function

1 The digestive system - Digests and absorbs food.

2 The respiratory system - Carry out the process of breathing.

3 The circulatory system - transport the digested food and

oxygen all over the body cells.

4 The urinary system - help the body to get rid of harmful

substances.

5 The nervous system - To feel, hear, see, smell, and taste.

6 The reproductive system - Make us give birth for new

individuals who will look like us.

- The human body consist of :-

Which each cell has its own function and it’s the building unit of the living

organisms .

Unit one

The digestive system

1

Cells Tissue

s Organs Systems Living organism

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Digestive system

Digestive canal (mouth – pharynx – esophagus – stomach –

small intestine – large intestine )

Digestive canal associated

(Accessory glands)

Liver Pancreas Salivary glands

The human Digestive System

- The digestion Process:- -Changing the food from a complex form into a simple one to let the body

Get benefited.

The digestive System Structure:- 1- Digestive system in a human made up of a set of organs.

2- There are a long pipe knows as the digestive canal with length of 9-10 m

this canal starts with the mouth and ends in the anus.

3- There are three types of glands are connected with this canal:

A- The salivary glands.

B- The liver gland.

C- The pancreas gland.

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The digestive canal consists of:-

(1) Mouth

☻The mouth is a cavity consists of:-

A- Teeth:- - The teeth number in an adult are 32.

- Each jaw has 16 teeth.

- Each jaw divided into

(4 incisors, 2 canines and 10 molars).

- Incisors and canines cut and tear food into small pieces.

- Molars grind the food to be easy to swallow.

B- Tongue:- - move the food inside the mouth cavity and mixes it up with saliva to

help in swallowing and tasting the food.

C- Salivary glands:- - They are three pairs of glands secrete a liquid known as the saliva.

- The saliva contains digestive substances called enzymes.

- The enzymes (saliva) digest starches, and change it into simple substance

Called (sugar).

Give reasons:-

(1)After chewing a piece of bread in the mouth, we feel a sweetly taste.

(2)Digestion of food is started at the mouth.

Because mouth have saliva which converts starch into sugar.

(3)Food should be chewed well in the mouth.

♥ To be easy to swallow.

♥ To convert (change) starch into simple sugar by saliva.

(2) Pharynx

☻Is a common cavity leads to the esophagus and trachea.

Its function:-

- It permits food to pass from the mouth to the esophagus.

(3) Esophagus

☻ It's a muscular tube connecting to the stomach.

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4th prim

Its function:-

It allows food to pass from the pharynx to the stomach.

(4) Stomach

☻A muscular sac mix Food up by juices.

☻Digest protein partially by gastric juice

☻Then the food travels to the small intestine.

(5) Small intestine

☻Its length is about (7 meters)

☻It coils inside the abdominal cavity.

☻It starts with a part known as

Duodenum where the bile juice

(Secreted by liver) and pancreatic juice

(Produced by pancreas is poured in.

☻Duodenum is followed by a part of

The small intestine known as ileum.

What is the function of the small intestine?

♥ To complete food digestion.

Absorption process:- - Is the transfer the food from small intestine to blood.

Bile Juice Function

Experiment Observation Conclusion

1) Put some drops of food

oil into some water in

Test tube.

Oil separated from water

Bile juice

breaks down oil

into small

particles which

dissolves in

water.

2) Add some drops of bile

juice to the test tube and

Shake it well.

Oil and water are mixed

together to form emulsion.

Small intestine

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Bile juice:

- Helps to digest fats where it changes fats into soluble substance.

(6) Large Intestine

☻Starts from the end of small intestine

And end by anus.

☻The anus is located at the end of

The rectum.

☻The wastes are get outside the body

Through the anus.

It stores the indigested food till get outside the body through

Anus .

Rectum:-

- Absorbs water from the indigested food.

- How to keep the digestive system healthy?

1- Chew the food well.

2- Don’t eat much food that contains large fats such as fast meals.

3- Don’t eat food contain additive compounds. 4- Don’t eat from street peddlers.

The Gland Its place Its

secretions Place of secretion

Function

Salivary

glands

In the mouth Saliva mouth Digest starch to sugar

The liver

Right side of

the abdomen Bile juice

Small

intestine Digests fats and oils

The

pancreas

Left side of

abdomen below

the stomach

Pancreatic

juice

Small

intestine Complete food digestion

Rectum

Anus

Anus

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Dictionary Word Meaning Word Meaning

Digestive system الجهاز الهضمى Nervous system الجهاز العصبى

Circulatory system الجهاز الدورى Respiratory system الجهاز التنفسى

Living organism الكائنات الحية Structure التركيب

Function وظيفة / أهمية Get ride of يتخلص من

System جهاز Organ ضاء أع

Tissue نسيج Building unit وحدة بناء

Digestion process عملية الهضم Break down تكسير

Complicated food غذاء معقد Benefit يستفيد

Digestive canal القناة الهضمية Digestive canal

associated

زوائد القناة الهضمية

Accessory gland زوائد القناة الهضمية Salivary gland الغدد اللعابية

Liver الكبد Pancreas البنكرياس

Pharynx البلعوم Esophagus المرى

Stomach المعده Small intestine )االمعاء الصغيرة )الدقيقة

Large intestine االمعاء الغليظة Anus فتحة الشرج

Types أنواع Consist of يتكون من

Main parts جزئين أساسين Absorb يمتص

Jaw فك Incisor قواطع

Canine أنياب Molars ضروس

Tear يمزق Grind تطحن

Swallow بلع Saliva لعاب

Easy سهل Enzyme انزيم

Convert (change) ل يحو Chewed يمضغ

Starch نشا Muscular tube انبوبه عضلية

Muscular sac كيس عضلى Gastric juice عصارة معدية

Abdominal cavity تجويف البطن Duodenum االثنى عشر

Bile juice عصارة صفراوية Ileum االمعاء الصغيرة

Fats الدهون Mixed يخلط

Soluble substance مواد ذائبة Pancreatic juice البنكرياسيةالعصارة

Keep يحفظ Healthy صحيا

Fast meals وجبات سريعة Additive compound مواد صناعية

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4th prim

Lesson

The respiration Process:-

It is the process in where the air rich in oxygen enters the lungs and the air rich

in carbon dioxide released( comes out) from the lungs.

- What is the importance of respiration process ?

1) Give us energy to do vital activities (Example , Motion …etc.

2) Take oxygen gas and get rid of harmful products (Carbon dioxide and water

vapour.)

The structure of respiratory system:-

- The respiratory system consists of:-

(1) Nose

Mucous layer:- Moist the air before entering the lungs.

Hair:- Filter air from dust and microbes .

Blood capillaries:- Warm the air before entering the lungs.

Lesson 2

The respiratory system

2

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(2) Pharynx

☻A common cavity leads to the esophagus and trachea.

Its function:-

Allows air to pass from the nose to the larynx.

(3) Trachea Larynx

☻Trachea is a tube Trachea

- supported with cartilaginous rings that make

it permanently open (Open all the time)

- Lined with cilia to eject up the strange objects. Two bronchi

☻At the top of trachea are the larynx (voice box) and epiglottis which

Closes off the opening trachea during swallowing, this don’t allow food

To enter the trachea.

☻At the bottom of the trachea branches

into two narrow tubes called bronchi enter the lungs.

(4) Lungs

☻Bronchus is divided into bronchioles

Inside each lung ending in alveoli.

☻The lungs contain the air sacs that

Called Alveoli.

☻The alveoli are surrounded by

Networks of capillaries in where gas

Exchange occurs.

☻The two lungs in the chest cavity and they

Surrounded by the ribs.

☻Diaphragm separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

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Give reasons:-

(1) The alveoli surrounded by a network of blood capillaries.

To allow gas exchange between the air sacs and the blood.

1Activity: - (To show times of respiration ) :

experiment Observation Conclusion

1)Find how many times of

respiration of students

during a minute by

Using a stop watch in each

of the following cases :

A- While sitting.

B- While walking.

C- During running.

2) Record how many times

they respire per a minute

in each case.

The motion of chest :-

1) Decrease during sitting.

2) Increase during walking.

3) More increasing during

running.

When we make

more active,

our respiration

times increases.

Activity:- ( To show the mechanism of respiration ) :

Experiment observation

1- Cut off the bottom of a plastic bottle and

replace it by a piece of rubber.

2- Close the opening of the bottle by stopper

made of rubber or cork through which a

plastic tube is passed and a small balloon is

fixed at its end inside the bottle.

3- Pull the rubber sheet membrane down

wards.

The inner balloon

expands

4- Let the rubber sheet to be free. The inner balloon

shrinks.

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Mechanism of respiration

During inhalation During exhalation

1- The diaphragm muscle contracts

and moves down.

2- Chest cavity volume increase.

3- Air rich with oxygen enter lung

through the nasal passage.

1- The diaphragm muscle relaxes

and moves up.

2- Chest cavity volume decrease.

3- Air rich with carbon dioxide and

water vapour moves outside the

lungs through the nasal passage.

Exchange of gases

☻Exchange of gases occurs between the air existed in alveoli and the blood

flows in the capillaries .

☻The blood leaves carbon dioxide and carries the oxygen and distributes it all

over the body cells.

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Components of exhaled air

Activity:- ( To detect carbon dioxide in exhaled air ) :

Experiment observation Conclusion

1- Put some clear lime water

in a test tube.

2- Blow by your mouth

exhaled air through a tube.

The clear lime

water

becomes

milky.

The exhaled air contains

carbon dioxide gas.

Activity:- ( To detect water vapor in exhaled air ) :

Experiment observation Conclusion

Bring a mirror or a

glass sheet and place it

in front of your mouth

then exhale on its

surface.

Water droplets are

formed on the glass

sheet

Exhaled air contains water

vapour.

How to keep The respiratory system healthy?

1- Don’t being in crowded places .

2- Smoking destroys the respiratory system.

3- Keeping off the severe cold.

4- Breathe by nose not by mouth.

5- Having fruits rich in vitamin (C) such as oranges, guava to protect us

from diseases.

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Dictionary Word Meaning Word Meaning

Respiration process عملية التنفس Rich in غنى ب

Lungs الرئتين Importance أهمية

Vital activities النشاطات الحيوية Harmful products نواتج ضارة

Nasal cavity تجويف األنف Trachea القصبة الهوائية

Bronchus جهاز Alveoli Or Air sac حويصلة هوائية

Diaphragm الحاجزالحجاب Chest cavity تجويف الصدر

Abdominal cavity تجويف البطن Exist موجود

Moisten يرطب Hair شعر

Filter يرشح Dust and microbes تراب وميكروبات

Blood capillary شعيرات دموية Warm تدفىء

Larynx الحنجرة Cilia )أهداب ) شعر صغير

Eject up تطرد Strange object االجسام الغريبة

Voice box صندوق الصوت Epiglottis لسان المزمار

Gas exchange تبادل الغازات Ribs أضالع

Separate يفصل Contract ينقبض

Relax ينبسط Expand يتمدد

Shrink ينكمش Inhalation شهيق

Exhalation زفير Enlarge كبير

A muscle عضالت Lime water ماء الجير

Crowded places أماكن مزدحمة Smoking تدخين

Sever cold برد شائع Disease أمراض

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4th prim

- Lesson

The Cell: - "It is the building unit of the living organism" "The unit of structure in the living organisms" Cells can be seen only by a microscope not by the naked eye.

So, we have plant cell and animal cell Plant cell: - The building unit in the plant. Animal cell: - The building unit in the animal.

1- The plant cell

- We use compound microscope to examine the plant cell (G.R)

Because the plant cell very tiny so we can't see by naked eye

- Examining the plant cell 1- Remove the thin membrane from the inner base of the onion leave 2- Put the epidermal layer on a clean slide then put a drop of water (G.R) to prevent the formation of air bubbles 3- Examine the slide under the microscope you get this

Figure.

-Important Note -The plant body is made of systems (Shoot system and root system) . - These system are made of organs as (roots, stem and leaves) .

2- The animal Cell - Examine the animal cell.

When we examine a prepared slide of the membrane of the man's cheek under microscope we get the opposite figure.

Living organisms classified into

Animals Plants

The Cell 3

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Comparison between the animal and the plant cells plasma membrane

Plasma memebrane

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cell wall Nucleus

Green plasties

(Chloroplast)

Similarities between the plant and the animal cells

The organelle Description In plant

cell

In

animal

cell

1- The nucleus It organisne the process

and make cell divsion ( √ ) ( √ )

2- Cytoplasm It’s the fluid that all

operation occurs in it . ( √ ) ( √ )

3- Plasma

membrane

Surrounds the cytoplasm

and control the substnce

that enter or leave the

cell .

( √ ) ( √ )

Differences between the plant and the animal cells

The organelle Description In animal

cell

In pant

cell

1- Cell Wall

Support the plant cell and

give it a definite shape ( × ) ( √ )

2- Green Plastids It make food by

photosynthesis process ( × ) ( √ )

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Give reson :-

- plant cell has a definit shape .

Because it has a cell wall .

The structural order of the living organisms

The tissue :- A group of cells which has the same shape, structure and function.

The organ :- A group of different tissues which work togetther.

The system :- A group of different organs which work together.

The human body :- A group of different system which work together

- Unicellular Organisms:-

- They has the ability to do the all the biological function . " They cannot be seen by the naked eye such as bacteria and yeast "

- Yeast fungus :-

- It is a unicellular living organisms that made up of nucleus , cytoplasm and a wall (Give reason ) . Because it has the ability to do all its biological functions .

- Economic importance of the yeast fungus:-

- Used in industries of: -

1- Making bread.

2- Making alcohol. Vacuole Nucleus

Cell wall Cytoplasm

(Structure of yeast fungus)

Cells Tissue

s Organs Systems Living organism

Unicellular organisms

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- Lesson

- Human and animals depends on plants to get their food to get the required

energy for surfival .

- Plants absorb light energy from the sun , water and salts from the soil , and

carbon dioxide from the air This is called " photosynthesis process "

So we conclude from this that .

- Plant needs :- 1- Chloroplasts ( The green coloure ) 2- Light energy

3- Water and salts 4-Carbon dioxide

To make their own food.

So ,

Photosynthesis process :-

- It’s the process which the plants make their own food .

Producer organisms :-

- Are the living organisms that can make their own food by them

selves through photosynthesis .

For example,

- Green plants – algae – types of bacteria

The importance of sunlight to living organisms 4

How plants make their own food ?

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Give reason:-

- Plants are called autotrophic living organisms?

Because, it make their own food by photosynthesis process.

Activity (1)

- To test the presence of starch in the green leaves . Procedure:-

1- Get a plant leave after exposing to sun for several hours.

2- Put the plant leave in a boiling water (G.R) to kill the cell.

3- Put the plant leave in alcohol (G.R) to remove the green coloure.

4- Wash the leave with water and add iodine solution to test the presence

of starch.

Observation :-

- The leaves turn into blue.

Conclusion :-

- Plants make starch through the photosynthesis process .

Activity (2)

- To prove the importance of sunlight for green plants . Producer:-

1- Get two potted plant and cove one of them by a paper sack with a

hole to air comes in .

2- Leave the two flower pots for two days and watering them .

Observation:-

- The covered plant becomes yellowish and weak this is due to the

absence of sun light.

Conclusion:-

- Light energy is necessary for plants to make their own food .

- Activity (3) :-

- To prove that oxygen released from photosynthesis

process. Procedure:-

1- Bring water tank contain dissolved sodium bicarbonate.

2- Bring an aquatic plant (elodea) with a funnel on it.

3- Expose the apparatus to sunlight for a few hours.

Observation:-

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4th prim

- Gas bubble evolved and gas collected above the test tube When we test

it with a splint it glows more so, its oxygen.

Conclusion:-

- Oxygen is released during the process of photosynthesis.

1- Consumers: -

- They are the living organisms depending on producers to get their food directly or directly. Examples:- - Cows, sheep and chicken they feed on producers. - Lions, snake, and hawk they feed on consumers that feds on producers.

2- Decomposers:-

- They are living organisms cannot make their food by themselves they don’t have chloroplasts are not existed in their cells. - Decomposer get their food through decomposing the organic wastes such as dead bodies.

Examples of decomposers :- 1- Some types of bacteria. 2- Some fungi such as bread fungus.

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Types of living things according to

their feeding

Importance of decomposers :- 1- Help us to get rid of dead living organisms and the plant remains. 2- Increase the soil fertility. 3- Used in a lot of industries.

Example:-

-

Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Sunlight

Water and minerals Sugars and starches

Green plants

Producers

- Green plants

Consumers

- Animals

Decomposers

- Some fungi

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Lesson

- The animals are classified according the way of feeding into :-

1- Producer 2- Consumer 3- Decomposer

1- Producers: - They are the living organisms that can make their own food by

Photosynthesis process Examples, Green plant , Green algae

2- Consumers: - They are the living organisms that feeds on producers or

Consumer Examples, Animals and Human

3- Decomposer: - They are the living organisms that feeds by decomposing the

Dead organisms Examples, Bacteria and yeast fungus.

Food chain :-

- It is the path of energy that transmit in the form of food living

organism to another one .

Food web :-

- It’s a group of food chain represent the flow of energy through

living organisms . - Food chain start with producer and end with Decomposer .

- In photosynthesis process :-

- The solar energy changes into chemical energy .

Energy paths through

Living organisms

5

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Lesson

The force : - It is an effect that changes the state of the object.

Force measuring unit :

- Newton. Related the scientist " Isaac Newton "

- There are two state of object :-

1- Rest state 2- Motion state

Examples: 1- Motion of a car toy and its rest.

2- Motion of a bicycle and its rest.

3- pulling of the rope game.

4- Balloon and rocket.

5- Moving of heavy objects and their rising. [

☻What is the effect of force on an object ?

Force causes the motion of objects and their rising.

The motion of the car and hand pushing force.

its stopping needs hand stopping force

The motion of the bicycle need leg pushing force

and its stopping needs an brakes stopping force .

Balloon moves upwards by the effect of air pushing force .

Ancient Egyptians depending on the effect of force in transferring

heavy stones from south of Egypt (Aswan) to Giza and rising of

them for building pyramids although there were no modern

technology as these days.

Force and its effect

1

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Lever:- - Is a simple method that rise an object by the effect of force .

Pulleys:- - That makes the motion easy.

Gears:- - That transfers the motion.

Technological applications

For example :-

1- Car , Crane , Trains , pulleys , Mixer and electric fan .

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Lesson

Energy :-

- It’s the ability to do work

Forms of energy :- 1- Potential energy . 6- Chemical energy

2- Kinetic energy . 7- Heat energy .

3- Sound energy . 4- Light energy .

5- Electric energy

Equipment Used

Energy

Produced

Energy

Equipment Used

Energy

Produced

Energy

Electric

fan

Electric Kinetic Electric motor Electric Kinetic

Electric

lamp

Electric Light Violin Kinetic Sound

Electric

heater

Electric Heat Solar cell Light Electric

Radio Electric Sound Solar heater Light Heat

Dynamo Kinetic Electric Battery (Dry

cell )

Chemical Electric

When you

stretch the

spring of

toy car

Kinetic Potential When you let

the string of

toy car

Potential Kinetic

When you

rubbing

you hand

Kinetic Heat Photosynthesis Light Chemical

Lens in the

sun

Light Heat

Forms of energy and Their changes

2

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Lesson (3)

Sun - Is the main source of energy on earth.

Importance of solar energy:-

1- It provides us by heat to warm our bodies.

(Solar heater changes solar energy into heat energy that is used for

Warming and heating of water).

2- It provides us by light for vision and working.

(Plants need light energy to make photosynthesis process and its own

Food).

3- It is the Main source of generating wind helping us in getting of

Electricity.

a- Sun generate winds which moves wind miles to

Get electric energy.

b- Solar cell changes light energy into electric

Energy directly.

4- It helps in the formation of fuel to produce

Heat energy. (Windmills)

a- Sun is the main reason in the formation of petroleum and coal.

Sources of energy

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Such as Such as

1- Renewable resources of energy

♥ They are the sources that continually renew themselves :

☻It is used in rotating windmills for generating electricity.

☻The rotation of the moon ebb and tide which is used to generated

Electric energy.

☻ Falling the water from the water fall generate energy that moves turbine

For getting electric energy.

Sources of energy

Renewable Non- Renewable

Wind Rising

and ebb

tides

Water falls

Coal Petroleum Natural

gas

1- Wind

2- Rising and ebb tides

3- Water falls energy

:-

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2- Non - renewable resources of energy

♥ They are the sources that don’t renew themselves like :

1- Coal. 2- Petroleum. 3- Natural gas.

Machines and non- renewable resources of energy :

- A lot of machines and means of transport depends on the non- renewable

Resources of energy:-

1- Cars that work by benzene or natural gas.

2- Aero planes that work by benzene.

3- Irrigation machine that work by kerosene.

- Natural gas is the cleanest forms of energy that help in decreasing

The air pollution.

N.B

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Lesson (4)

The electricity

Static electricity:

☻ It is the formation of electric charge that remain on an object (doesn't

Flow in wires).

Some phenomena related to static electricity such as :

♥ (lightning): the vision of light in the sky.

♥ Standing of your hair when you combing it by a plastic comb.

♥ Hearing a sound when you putting off your clothes in some days or vision

a flash .

- Is formation of electric charges (static electricity ).

The reason of

These phenomena

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Balloon and generation of electricity :

♥ Blow a balloon and tie its opening by a thread.

♥ Rub the balloon by the piece of wool.

♥ Close the balloon to sugar.

Observation and explanation :

- On rubbing a balloon by a piece of wool ,electric charges are formed on its

surface and attract sugar to them.

Small bits of paper and the charged ruler :

♥ Close the ruler to the small bits of paper.

♥ Notice the movement of the bits of paper.

♥ Rub the ruler by your hair several times.

♥ Close the ruler to the small bits of paper.

Observation and explanation:

- Before rubbing the ruler there no electric charge on the ruler, while after

The rubbing electric charges are formed on ruler that attracted the small

Bits of paper to them.

Static electricity generation

Activity (1)

Activity (2)

Rubbing of objects generates static electricity

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Current electricity :

It is the electric charges that follow through connecting wires.

Formation of an electric circuit:

- Set up an electric circuit as shown in the figure

1- The battery: It is the source of electric current.

2- The switch: It is used to close and open the electric circuit.

3- The wires: They are used to transfer electric current from battery to

lamp.

4- The electric circuit: It is the path of electric current.

Current electricity