四時讀書樂 ( 冬 )
DESCRIPTION
四時讀書樂 ( 冬 ). 木落水盡千崖枯，迥然吾亦見真吾。 坐對韋編燈動壁，高歌夜半雪壓廬。 地爐茶鼎烹活火，四壁圖書中有我。 讀書之樂何處尋？數點梅花天地心。 ~ 元 ‧ 翁森. NCURSES Library. - Functions for Screen Handling. rand(). #include using std::cout; using std::endl; int main() { for (int i=0; iTRANSCRIPT
四時讀書樂 (冬 )木落水盡千崖枯，迥然吾亦見真吾。坐對韋編燈動壁，高歌夜半雪壓廬。地爐茶鼎烹活火，四壁圖書中有我。讀書之樂何處尋？數點梅花天地心。
~ 元‧翁森
1
NCURSES Library
- Functions for Screen Handling
2
rand()#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
int main()
{
for (int i=0; i<9; i++)
cout << rand() % 6 + 1 << endl;
return 0;
}3
Sleep( )#include <iostream>
#include <Windows.h>
#include <Winbase.h>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
int main()
{
for (int i=0; i<9; i++)
{
cout << rand() % 6 + 1 << endl;
Sleep(2000); // 2000 ms = 2s
}
return 0;
}
4
Screen Handling
5
pdcurses_1.cpp#include <iostream>#include <Windows.h>#include <Winbase.h>#include <curses.h>
int main(){ int i, j; int a[6] = { 0 }; initscr(); for (i=0; i<6; i++) printw("%d ( )\n", i); for (i=0; i<9; i++) { j = rand() % 6; move(10, i*2); printw("%2d", j); move(j, 3); printw("%2d", ++a[j]); refresh(); Sleep(2000); // 2000 ms = 2s } endwin(); return 0;}
6
Definition of curses on Wikipedia curses is
a terminal control library for Unix-like systems, enabling the construction of text user interface (TUI) applications.
The name is a pun on the term “cursor optimization”. It is a library of functions that manage an application's display on character-cell terminals (e.g., VT100)
7
Basic Functions move(y,x)
Move cursor to (y,x) in screen addch(ch)
Add a character to screen addstr(str)
Add a string to screen by calling addch() printw(fmt, arg1, arg2, …)
Formatted print to screen by calling addstr() refresh()
Update screen8
Initialize and Terminate Curses initscr()
Initialize curses endwin()
End curses. This function should be called when your program
is finished. It will release the space allocated to screen
handling in your program.
Remember to #include <curses.h> at the beginning of your program.
9
Use Curses Library in Visual C++ 2010 Download Public Domain Curses Library Uncompress it and save the 4 files under a
local directory, say L:\PDCurses. In Visual C++ 2010 Express,
Project – Property (or Alt-F7) Under Configuration Properties
Debugging – Environment PATH=L:\PDCurses
C/C++ - Additional Include Directories L:\PDCurses
Expand Linker, choose Input. In Additional Dependencies, insert “L:\PDCurses\pdcurses.lib;”
10
Exercise Modify pdcurses_1.cpp so that in addition
to the counting number, in the same row you also show a bar (e.g. "******") to show the same number of stars.
11
Homework: 8 Queens Imagine there are 8 queens attending a race. On
your computer screen each queen is represented by a character ‘Q’. On each row there is one queen. If you think a single character is monotonous, you may
modify this program to handle 8 horses ~/-\^ Use a random number generator to determine
which queen will move forward. You may use the Sleep() function to slow down the
program. Suppose the length of each lane is 50. The first
queen who arrives at the destination wins the race.
12
四時讀書樂 (春 )山光照檻水繞廊，舞雩歸詠春風香。好鳥枝頭亦朋友，落花水面皆文章。蹉跎莫遣韶光老，人生惟有讀書好。讀書之樂樂何如，綠滿窗前草不除。
~ 元‧翁森
13
四時讀書樂 (夏 )新竹壓檐桑四圍，小齋幽敞明朱暉。晝長吟罷蟬鳴樹，夜深燼落螢入帷。北窗高臥羲皇侶，只因素稔讀書趣。讀書之樂樂無窮，瑤琴一曲來薰風。
~ 元‧翁森
14
四時讀書樂 (秋 )昨夜庭前葉有聲，籬豆花開蟋蟀鳴。不覺商意滿林薄，蕭然萬籟涵虛清。近床賴有短檠在，趁此讀書功更倍。讀書之樂樂陶陶，起弄明月霜天高。
~ 元‧翁森
15
四時讀書樂 (冬 )木落水盡千崖枯，迥然吾亦見真吾。坐對韋編燈動壁，高歌夜半雪壓廬。地爐茶鼎烹活火，四壁圖書中有我。讀書之樂何處尋？數點梅花天地心。
~ 元‧翁森
16
Getting Characters from the Terminal getch()
Get a character from the terminal getstr(str)
Get a string from the terminal scanw(fmt, arg1, arg2, …)
Formatted input from the terminal like scanf().
17
pdcurses_3.cpp#include <curses.h>
int main()
{
char text[10];
int i, j, c;
initscr();
getstr(text); // input the string "1,2"
addstr(text); addch('\n');
scanw("%d,%d", &i, &j); // input the string "1,2" again
printw("%d\t%d\n", i, j);
c = getch();
endwin();
return 0;
}18
noecho()#include <curses.h>
int main()
{
int c;
initscr();
// noecho();
do {
c = getch();
printw(" %d\n", c);
} while (c != '0');
endwin();
return 0;
} 19
pdcurses_4.cpp// pdcurses_4.cpp
#include <curses.h>
int main()
{
int y=10, x=10;
char c;
initscr();
noecho();
do {
move(y, x); addch('Q');
c = getch();
move(y, x); addch(' ');
switch (c)
{
case 'h':
x--;
break;
case 'l':
x++;
break;
case 'j':
y++;
break;
case 'k':
y--;
break;
}
} while (c != 'q');
endwin();
return 0;
}
20
curs_set() curs_set() alters the appearance of the
text cursor. int curs_set(int visibility);
A value of 0 for visibility makes the cursor disappear;
a value of 1 makes the cursor appear "normal" (usually an underline)
2 makes the cursor "highly visible" (usually a block).
21
pdcurses_4a.cpp// pdcurses_4.cpp
#include <curses.h>
int main()
{
int y=10, x=10;
char c;
initscr();
noecho();
curs_set(0); // no cursor
do {
move(y, x); addch('Q');
c = getch();
move(y, x); addch(' ');
switch (c)
{
case 'h':
x--;
break;
case 'l':
x++;
break;
case 'j':
y++;
break;
case 'k':
y--;
break;
}
} while (c != 'q');
endwin();
return 0;
}
22
Function Keys Call keypad() to enable the handling of Function
keys and arrow keys. int keypad(WINDOW *win, bool bf); keypad(stdscr, TRUE);
getch() returns an integer corresponding to the key pressed. If it is a normal character, the integer value will be
equivalent to the ASCII code of the character. Otherwise it returns a number which can be matched
with the constants defined in curses.h. For example if the user presses F1, the integer returned is
265.
23
Function Keys (cont.) With keypad() enabled, you can check the
returned value of getch() with the constants defined in curses.h KEY_UP, KEY_DOWN, KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT KEY_HOME, KEY_END, KEY_F(n)
24
Key Definitions #define KEY_IC 0x14b /* insert char or
enter ins mode (Insert) */ #define KEY_DC 0x14a /* delete character
(Delete) */ #define KEY_HOME 0x106 /* home key */ #define KEY_END 0x166 /* end key */ #define KEY_PPAGE 0x153 /* previous page
(PageUp) */ #define KEY_NPAGE 0x152 /* next page
(PageDown) */ #define PADENTER 0x1cb /* enter on keypad */
25You may check curses.h to see more definitions.
Colors To start using color, you should first call the
function start_color(). To find out whether a terminal has color capabilities
or not, you can use has_colors() function, which returns FALSE if the terminal does not support color.
Colors are always used in pairs. A color-pair consists of a foreground color and a
background color. Initializes a color-pair with the routine init_pair(). After it has been initialized, COLOR_PAIR(n) is used to represent the color attribute.
26
pdcurses_2.cpp#include <curses.h>
int main()
{
initscr();
start_color();
init_pair( 1, COLOR_WHITE, COLOR_RED );
attron( COLOR_PAIR(1) );
printw("Background red");
attroff( COLOR_PAIR(1) );
refresh();
getch();
endwin();
return 0;
}27
Pre-defined Colors on Unix COLOR_BLACK = 0 COLOR_RED = 1 COLOR_GREEN = 2 COLOR_YELLOW = 3 COLOR_BLUE = 4 COLOR_MAGENTA = 5 COLOR_CYAN = 6 COLOR_WHITE = 7
28
Exercise: Arrow Keys Modify pdcurses_4a.cpp so that users can
use arrow keys and HJKL to control the movement of ‘Q’.
Moreover, try to allow users to use both uppercase ‘H’ and lowercase ‘h’ to do the same movement.
Users can also change the color of ‘Q’ by pressing ‘0’…’7’.
29
HW: Tetris
30
int timeout(int delay) The timeout() function affects the
behaviour of getch() when reading a character from stdscr. If delay is a positive number, then getch() will
wait for that many milliseconds before returning
If no character was available, then ERR (-1) will be returned.
31
pdcurses_6.cpp#include <curses.h>
int main()
{
int x=10, old_x;
int c;
initscr();
noecho();
curs_set(0);// hide the cursor
timeout(500);
// getch() will only wait 0.5 second
for (int y=1; y<15; y++)
{
move(y, x); addch('Q');
old_x = x;
c = getch();
switch(c)
{
case 'h':
x--;
break;
case 'l':
x++;
break;
}
move(y, old_x); addch(' ');
}
refresh();
endwin();
return 0;
}
32
HW: Tetris
RotationReplay
Falling Down
33
Rotate with respect to a fixed point
34
(x,y)
x
y
(x+1,y)
(x+1,y-1)
(x+2,y-1)
Relative Coordinates
35
(0,0)
x
y
(1,0)
(1,-1) (2,-1)
Rotate 90 Degrees
36
(0,0)
x
y
(0,-1)(-1,-1)
(-1,-2)
Rotate 180 Degrees
37
(0,0)
x
y
(-1,0)
(-1,1)(-2,1)
Rotate 270 Degrees
38
(0,0)
x
y
(0,1) (1,1)
(1,2)
Observe the x and y
39
(0,0)
(x, y)
(-x, -y)
(y, -x)
(-y, x)
x
y
switch(rotate) case 0:
x = x0 + x; y = y0 + y; break;
case 2: x = x0 - x; y = y0 - y; break;
case 1: x = x0 + y; y = y0 - x; break;
case 3: x = x0 - y; y = y0 + x; break;
40
Seven Shapes
41
Represent these objects with structstruct Shape{ Cell c[4];};
struct Cell{ int dx; int dy;}
42
Choose a reference point
43
(-1,0) (0,0)
(0,-1) (1,-1)
Shape s[7];void init_shape()
{
int i, j, x, y;
FILE* fp;
fp = fopen("X:\\WWW\\Course\\CS101\\shape_xy.txt", "r");
for (i=0; i<7; i++)
{
for (j=0; j<4; j++)
{
fscanf(fp, "%d %d", &y, &x);
s[i].c[j].dx = x;
s[i].c[j].dy = y;
}
}
fclose(fp);
// Initialize the bottom line
for (i=0; i<12; i++)
occupy[11][i] = true;
}44
0 0 0 1 -1 0 -1 10 0 1 0 2 0 -1 00 0 0 1 -1 0 -1 -10 0 0 1 0 -1 -1 00 0 0 1 0 2 -1 00 0 0 -1 -1 0 -1 10 0 0 -1 0 -2 -1 0
plot_shape(shape_id, y0, x0, rotate, character)
for (j=0; j<4; j++){ x = x0 + s[id].c[j].dx; y = y0 + s[id].c[j].dy; move(y, x); addch(character);}
45
Consider Rotations
46
test_rotate() KEY_LEFT KEY_RIGHT KEY_UP
tetris-1.cpp
47
history.txt shape, y, x, r 1 1 1 0
1 2 1 01 3 2 01 4 3 01 5 3 11 10 3 16 1 2 06 2 2 06 3 3 06 4 4 06 5 5 16 6 6 26 7 7 36 8 8 06 10 8 0 48
y=1 implies a new object
replay()fopen()while ( fscanf( ) != EOF ){ if not a new object erase the old position plot at the new position}fclose()
49
Falling down Q: When should an object stop falling
down? A: When there get supported by some
cells beneath it.
50
bool occupy[][] We need an array to allow the program
checking which cells (at the bottom) are occupied by previous objects.
while ( ! beneath( ) )
{
erase
y = y + 1
plot
}
update_occupy();51
Define Your Own Color start_color()
initializes eight basic colors (black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, and white)
Two global variables: COLORS: maximum number of colors COLOR_PAIRS: maximum number of color-pairs
bool has_colors(void); if the terminal can manipulate colors.
NCURSES Programming HOWTO Public Domain Curses Library and its User's
Guide52
has_colors()#include <curses.h>
int main()
{
initscr();
start_color();
keypad(stdscr, TRUE); noecho();
move(0, 40);
printw("There are %d colors and %d pairs",
COLORS, COLOR_PAIRS);
move(1,0);
printw("This terminal has %scolor; ", has_colors()?"":"no ");
printw("can %schange colors.", can_change_color()?"":"not ");
getch();
endwin();
return 0;
}53
pdcurses_2.cpp#include <curses.h>
int main()
{
initscr();
start_color();
init_pair( 1, COLOR_WHITE, COLOR_RED );
attron( COLOR_PAIR(1) );
printw("Background red");
attroff( COLOR_PAIR(1) );
refresh();
getch();
endwin();
return 0;
}54
Pre-defined Colors in curses.h# define COLOR_BLUE 1# define COLOR_GREEN 2# define COLOR_RED 4
#define COLOR_CYAN (COLOR_BLUE | COLOR_GREEN)#define COLOR_MAGENTA (COLOR_RED | COLOR_BLUE)#define COLOR_YELLOW (COLOR_RED | COLOR_GREEN)
#define COLOR_WHITE 7
55
color_content() int color_content(short color, short *red, short
*green, short *blue); Find the intensity of the red, green, and blue
(RGB) components in a color. int pair_content(short pair, short *fg, short
*bg); Find out how a given color-pair is currently defined.
Note that the pointer is passed to the function so that the value of the arguments can be modified.
56
Global Variable: COLORS#include <curses.h>
int main()
{
initscr();
start_color();
short color, red, green, blue;
for (color=0; color < COLORS; color++)
{
color_content(color, &red, &green, &blue);
printw("%d -\t%d\t%d\t%d\n", color, red, green, blue);
}
refresh();
getch();
endwin();
return 0;
}
57
pair_content()#include <curses.h>
int main()
{
initscr();
start_color();
short pair;
short fg, bg;
for (pair=0; pair < 16; pair++)
{
pair_content(pair, &fg, &bg);
printw("%d -\t%d\t%d\n", pair, fg, bg);
}
refresh();
getch();
endwin();
return 0;
}58
Highlighted Color#include <curses.h>
int main()
{
char* name[] = { "Black", "Blue", "Green", "Cyan", "Red", "Magenta", "Yellow", "White",
"Grey", "BLUE", "GREEN", "CYAN", "RED", "MAGENTA", "YELLOW", "WHITE" };
initscr();
start_color();
short c;
for (c=0; c < 8; c++)
{
init_pair( c, COLOR_WHITE, c );
attron( COLOR_PAIR(c) );
move(c, 10); printw("%10s", name[c]);
attroff( COLOR_PAIR(c) );
}
for (c=8; c < 16; c++)
{
init_pair( c, COLOR_WHITE, c );
attron( COLOR_PAIR(c) );
move(c-8, 20); printw("%10s", name[c]);
attroff( COLOR_PAIR(c) );
}
refresh();
getch();
endwin();
return 0;
} 59
init_color() int init_color(short color, short red, short
green, short blue); Change the RGB values for the colors defined by
curses initially. The RGB content is scaled from 0 to 1000. Initially COLOR_RED is defined with content 1000(r),
0(g), 0(b).
However, the color did not change, after I run the init_color(). Maybe you can try. Perhaps the dumb terminal only supports 16 colors.
60
Executable File (.EXE) Under your Project\demo\Debug directory,
there is a “demo.exe”. After setting “PATH=%PATH%;L:\
PDCurses”, you can run the file “demo” directly (just like a command as “DIR”, “VOL”, “DATE”) from the Command Window.
61
argc, argv#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
int i;
cout << "There are " << argc << " arguments.\n";
for (i=0; i<argc; i++)
cout << i << " - " << argv[i] << '\n';
return 0;
}
62
C:\> demo.exe This is a book.There are 5 arguments.0 - demo.exe1 - This2 - is3 - a4 - book.
red_quotation.cpp Suppose you have a file “test.txt”, whose contents is
You know "COLOR_PAIR", so youcan write a program to read a text file,and highlight the "strings".This is useful, especially in a "C++"program.
After you run “demo test.txt”,
63
Specify Arguments in Visual C++ While you are
debugging, you may want to specify the command arguments in Visual C++.
Alt-F7 to open the Property Page Configuration
Properties – Debugging – Command Arguments.
64
TODO There are many ways you can improve this
program: Check the number of arguments at the
command line. Show strings in red, comments in green,
keywords (e.g. int, short, while) in blue. Pause for every 23 lines (one page). Wait for the
user to press <Space> to display the next page. If the user press <b>, then back to the previous
page. If the user press <q>, then quit the program.
65
HW: Matching a string in files Create an executable file “find.exe” so
that running the command “find string file1 file2 file3 …” will search the named files and print out lines containing the string. Show the matched string with a highlighted
color to emphasize it. For example: “find el message.txt book.txt”
message.txt:Well, you are welcome.book.txt:Hello Hello
66