Oxides and Halides

Oxides (Accessory minerals) 80

2 (Simple oxides) (Multiple oxides) (X) (O) X2O, XO X2O3 2 (A B) XY2O4

(H2O) (SiO2) Si-O

1. X2O XOCuprite Cu2OZincite ZnO2. X2O3Hematite groupCorumdum Al2O3Hematite Fe2O3Ilmenite FeTiO33. XO2 Rutile groupRutile TiO2Pyrolusite MnO2Cassiterite SnO2 Uraninite UO2

4. XY2O4Spinel groupSpinel MgAl2O4Gahnite ZnAl2O4Magnetite Fe3O4 Franklinite (Zn, Fe, Mn)-(Fe, Mn)2O4Chromite FeCr2O4Chrysoberyl Be Al2O4Columbite (Fe, Mn)-(Nb, Ta)2O6

(Cuprite) : : cubic, octahedral, dodecahedral : , (hair like aggregate), (granular) (massive) : Cu2O

(Cuprite)

(Cuprite)(S.G.) : 5.8 6.2(colour) : Ruby copper(steak) : (hardness) : 3 - 4(Luster) : (metallic) (adamantine)(cleavage) : (fracture) : (conchoidal) (uneven)(Diaphenity) : (transparent to translucent)

(Cuprite)(crystal structure) Cu 88.8% O 11.2% FeO (Diagnostic feature)

(Cuprite) (oxidized zone) (limonite)

(Corundum) : (Hexagonal system) rhombohedral division : hexagonal : (tabular) {0001} Prismatic {1120} (striation) (massive) (granular) {0001} {1011}

(Corundum) : Al2O3(S.G.) : 4.00(colour) : 2 variety Ruby Sapphire sapphire

(Corundum)sapphire Green sapphire Yellow sapphire Yellow-green sapphire - Purple sapphire Orange sapphire Pink sapphire Padparadcha Colourless sapphire Star sapphire star ruby, star sapphire black star sapphireColour - change sapphire (colour zoning)

(Corundum)Blue sapphireRubyYellow sapphire

(Corundum)Pink sapphireGreen sapphire

(Corundum)PadparadchaStar sapphire

(Corundum)Colour zoning

(Corundum)(steak) : (hardness) : 9(Luster) : (vitreous) (adamantine)(cleavage) : (none)(fracture) : (conchoidal) (uneven)(Diaphenity) : (transparent to opaque)

(Corundum) (crystal structure) Al 52.9%, O 47.1% Cr ( 1% 4%) Fe Fe Ti Fe colour center (O) (Al) Al : O 2 : 3 (hexagonal closed packing) 6 Al 2 3

(Corundum) (Diagnostic feature) .. garnet, chrysoberyl, spinel, tourmaline

(Corundum) (Occurences) (accessory mineral) syenite, nepheline syenite, pegmatite schist alluvial deposit 4

(Corundum)1. (Mogok stone tract) : (pigeons blood) spinel

(Corundum)Pigeon blood Ruby

(Corundum)2. - : eluvial alluvial gravel Tertiary Pleistocene (xenocryst) xenocryst / (metasomatism) ruby , , , , (black spinel)

(Corundum)3. Yogo Gluch, Montana, USA : (lamprophyre dike) Yogo Gluch magma alluvial gavel

(Corundum)4. New South Wales, Australia : -

Afghanistan Brazil Canada China Columbia India Kenya Laos Madagascar Pakistan Russia Sri Lanka Tanzania Cambodia Vietnam

(Corundum)

(Hematite) : (Hexagonal system) : (triangular marking) (Rosette) (Iron roses) (micaceous) (foliated) (specular) (martite)

(Hematite) : Fe2O3(S.G.) : 5.26(colour) : (steak) : (hardness) : 6 6 (Luster) : (metallic) (dull)(cleavage) : (fracture) : (conchoidal) (uneven)(Diaphenity) : (opaque)

(Hematite) (crystal structure) Fe 70%, O 30% Mn Ti (Diagnostic feature)

(Hematite) Germany, USA, Brazil, Canada, Australia, Switserland, UK, Russia, Venesuela, China, Sweden

(Ilmenite) : (Hexagonal system) : (thick tabular) (granular) (massive) : FeTiO3

(Ilmenite)(S.G.) : 4.5 - 5(colour) : (steak) : (hardness) : 5 - 6 (Luster) : (metallic) (dull)(cleavage) : (fracture) : (conchoidal) (uneven)(Diaphenity) : (opaque)

(Ilmenite) (crystal structure) Fe 36.8% Ti 31.6% O 31.6% Ti Fe (Diagnostic feature)

(Ilmenite) . .

(Ilmenite)

(Rutile) : (Tetragonal system) : : (massive) : TiO2

(Rutile)(S.G.) : 4.18 - 4.25(colour) : (steak) : (hardness) : 6 6 (Luster) : (metallic)(adamantine)(cleavage) : {110} (fracture) : (conchoidal) (uneven)(Diaphenity) : (transparent to translucent)

(Rutile) (crystal structure) Ti 60% O 40% TiO2 Fe2+ Fe3+ Nb Ta (Diagnostic feature) ..

(Rutile) (accessory mineral)

(Rutile)

(Rutile)Rutile in Quartz

(Cassiterite) : (Tetragonal system) : {110} {010} {111} {011} (Notch) (Visor tin) : : SnO2

(Cassiterite)(S.G.) : 6.8 7.1(colour) : (steak) : (hardness) : 6 - 7(Luster) : (metallic)(adamantine)(cleavage) : (imperfect)(fracture) : (conchoidal) (uneven)(Diaphenity) : (transparent to opaque)

(Cassiterite) (crystal structure) Sn 78.6% O 21.4% Fe3+ 6 () c

(Cassiterite) (Diagnostic feature) .. 5 - 10

(Cassiterite)

(Cassiterite) Cassiterite in quartz

(Spinel) : (Isometric system) : (octahedral) (Spinel twin) dodecahedral : : MgAl2O4

(Spinel)(S.G.) : 3.5 - 4.1(colour) : (steak) : (hardness) : 8(Luster) : (vitreous)(cleavage) : (fracture) : (conchoidal)(Diaphenity) : (transparent to opaque)

(Spinel) (crystal structure) MgO 28.2%, Al2O3 71.8% Fe2+ Zn Mn2+ Mg spinel MgAl2O4 (cubic closed packing) (Diagnostic features)

(Spinel) SiO2 black spinel . .

(Gahnite) : (Isometric system) : : (granular) : ZnAl2O4

(Gahnite)(S.G.) : 4.55(colour) : (steak) : (hardness) : 7 - 8(Luster) : (vitreous)(cleavage) : (fracture) : (conchoidal) (uneven)(Diaphenity) : (translucent)

(Gahnite) (crystal structure) Fe2+ Mn2+ Zn Fe3+ Al (Diagnostic features)

(Chrysoberyl) : (Orthorhombic system) : (cyclic twin) : BeAl2O4Cyclic twin

(Chrysoberyl) (S.G.) : 3.71 - 3.75(colour) : (alexandrite)

(Chrysoberyl)(steak) : (hardness) : 8 (Luster) : (vitreous) (subadamantine)(cleavage) : {001}(fracture) : (conchoidal) (uneven)(Diaphenity) : (transparent to subtranslucent)

(Chrysoberyl) (crystal structure) BeO 19.8% Al2O3 80.2% 4 6 (Hexagonal closed packing) alexandrite (Diagnostic features)

(Chrysoberyl) Takovaya Ural

(Magnetite) : (Isometric system) : : (granular) (massive) : Fe3O4 (Fe2+ Fe3+ oxide)

(Magnetite)(S.G.) : 5.2(colour) : (steak) : (hardness) : 5 - 6 (Luster) : (metallic)(cleavage) : (fracture) : (conchoidal) (uneven)(Diaphenity) : (opaque)

(Magnetite) (crystal structure) Fe 72.4% O 27.6% (Diagnostic features)

(Magnetite) Kiluna Gellivare

Halides I, II halogen 7 fluorite, halite

(Fluorite) : (Isometric system) : Penetration twins {111} : (Granular) (columna) : CaF2

(Fluorite)(S.G.) : 3.18(colour) : (steak) :

(Fluorite)

(Fluorite)(hardness) : 4(Luster) : (vitreous)(cleavage) : {111}(fracture) : (conchoidal) (splintery)(Diaphenity) : (transparent to subtranslucent) (opaque)

(Fluorite) (crystal structure) (Ca) 51.3% (F) 48.7% (Y) (Ce) (Diagnostic features)

(Fluorite)

(Fluorite) 50 %

(Halite) : (Isometric system) : (cubic) : (cubic) (Granular) (massive) : NaCl

(Halite)(S.G.) : 2.2(colour) : (steak) : (hardness) : 2(Luster) : (vitreous)(cleavage) : (fracture) : (conchoidal) (Diaphenity) : (transparent to transluent)

(Halite) (crystal structure) Na 39.3% Cl 60.7% (Diagnostic features)

(Halite) (salt spring) (salt sea)

(Halite)

** (Accessory minerals) 80

********** ruby (tabular) (prismatic) (horizontal striation)

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