*
*
*
phase diagram

*


*
degrees of freedom f

*

(2)
*
6.3
*
S1 ×S1
(S1)2
*
1SS ( 1)
f=
+f=S+2
*


*
*
T-x


*
*
=2,f=1

*
*
OA - -
OC -C

*
O triple point-- =3,f=0
H2O273.16 K610.62 Pa
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
p-x T-x
1 f 3Tp x


*
ABp
*
*
2 p-x-y
p-x x y AB
p-x p-x-y

*
*

*
T-xT-xp-x
*
(4) p-xT-x
4 p-x x1x2x3 x4x1381K

*
*

*
*

*
DEDE
*
*

*
*
*
y1y2x2AAB

*
*
*
B
BB

*
*
AA

*
*

*
*
*
p-x(y)T-x(y)(b)(c)
*
*
351.28K95.57

*
*
95.57 95.57

*
p-x(y)T-x(y)(b)(c)
*
*
381.65 KHCl 20.24

*
*


*

373 KA’A”conjugate layersA’A”

*
*

*
*

*
*
*

*

Sheet1




QM
429K

QN
373.15K
*
*

*



*
e596 KCdT-x
546 KBi

*
*
bCBi(s)
DCd(s)
*
D’Bi(s)Cd(s)
70CddFCd(s)T-x
*
*
340Cd
40Cd60BiCE Bi(s)Cd(s)

*
*
*
*
4. BEMBi(s)+Cd(s)
*
3. BEMBi(s)+Cd(s)+l BEM

*
ABi(s)
HCd(s)
*
4
3
-
*
*
*
*
4
*
*
,CAB

*
*
b
d
*
Au-Ag-

*
*


*

*

*

*
*
*
*

*

*
*
(2) e
(3) j

*
*
*
CDE455K1CE2

*
*
*
3.
*

*
*


*
*
“”

*
*


*
*
O,aAObcBCO

*
*
(1) def A
(3) ADDADA
(2) AD

*
*
O DE
*
DEGGFHHDEF

*
*
b AA
*
abab

*
*
BCOisothermal consolute pointaobbinoal curve
cA

*

*
SnBiPb CDB

*
*

Sn(s)Pb(s)Bi(s)
Bi Bi Sn Pb

*
A Bi(s)SnPb
F,Sn(s) Pbs

*
*
BENOIT PIERRE EMILE CLAPEYRON
BENOIT PIERRE EMILE CLAPEYRON (1799-1864) French scientist,was the first to appreciate the importance of Carnot’s work on the conversion of heat into work. In analyzing Carnot cycles,Clapeyron concluded that “the work w produced by the passage of a certain quantity of heat q from a body at temperature t1, to another body at temperature t2 is the same for every gas or liquid … and is the greatest which can be achieved” (B.P.E. Clapeyron, Memoir sur la Puissance Motrice de la Chaleur (Paris,1833)).

*
BENOIT PIERRE EMILE CLAPEYRON
Clapeyron was speaking of what we call a reversible process. Kelvin’s establishment of the thermodynamic temperature scale from a study of the Carnot cycle came not from Carnot directly but from Carnot through Clapeyron, since Carnot’s original work was not available to Kelvin.
1