: (Korea Institute for Advanced Study) Johns Hopkins

4

()() ~ 1 () ~ 1371() ~ 10 -5() ~ 10-40

Newton : Gravity on an apple = gravity on the Earth by the Sun Maxwell : Electricity and Magnetism Electromagnetism

Weinberg - Salam - Glashow : Unification of E/M and weak Interactions (m= 0, mw,z ~100mp) Einstein tried to unify E/M and gravity but failed. 1/r2 1/r2

Georgi - Glashow : Unification of E/M, weak and strong interations Grand Unification TheoryQuest for Unification of forces

Coupling Constants of Fundamental Forces?TeV(LHC)Supersymmetry?GUTgravity1(E/M)2(weak)s(strong)Experimentally provedSupergravitySuperstring200 GeV1016GeV1019GeVE1016 k1030 k1033 k TImpossible experiment

10141016Energy(GeV)10120.040.03s12Energy(GeV)1014101610120.0280.024s21SU(5)SU(5) with SUSYi(E)

(Supersymmetry) :e supersymmetric partner e(selectron) (photino) u u (squark) ( 2 ) : e, , u, But, : fluctuations () : continuous and smooth Theory of Every Thing ...~~~ : ~~~ : +

10(11) (4 + 6(7)) ~10-33 cm (1019 GeV) 6(7) : Quo Vadis? Extra dimension

.(, , ,) 500 BC , (Pythagoras) 300 BC (), (Arichacus) 200 BC , (Hipparchus) 380,000Km AD 200 , (Ptolemy) AD 1500 (), 1600 5cm , 1700 . 1800 , > 1,000(, ,) 1900 , (), , 2000 ,

- , , -

Three Major Miracles1) Creation of the Universe~ 15 billion years ago2) Appearance of life on the Earth~ 3.5 billion years ago3)Anthropic Principle ?Why do we live now?Nancy Kerrigan: Why me, Why now ?

100 101 102 103 104 108 1012 1016 , , 1020 1024 1028 1032 1036 1040 1044 , 1048 10561064 , , , 1072 , , 1080 or101201088 or 10128 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-10 10-11 10-12 () 10-13 , 10-14 , 10-15 , 10-16 , 10-17 10-18 10-19 = , , , , , 10-20 , 10-21 , . 10-16 10-9 . , 10-24 , 10-32 , ,

, ,ksana

: 150 ? 11 - (Super string) () , ? : 4004 BC 10 26 (King James Version, James Ussher) 1654 ( Newton ) - :

1) ~ : 65 Mpc secKm:1920s : Hubble2) : 150 () : 10 cm( 150 )2810 cm28

3) 1250 1000 : 400/cm : ~ 1 / m ~ 10 g/cm 10 ()9033-29 = 2.728 K3 He: 24 %

Big Bang CosmologyExperimental Evidence: Expansion,CMB, Element formation,.

Einsteins Gravity (1915)

Cosmological PrincipleHomogeneous and isotropic

(No center)Equation of State (current density) (critical density)ooc ~ 10 g/cmc-293 Modified by Inflation(Flat Universe)= 1

Einsteins Equation of Gravity(1915)R - Rg - g = 8 GT21Space-timeCosmological Constant 0 Negative PressureVacuum energymatter(1917 )

R2 - R2 = 0 H : Hubble parameter +(+p) 3 ( ) = 0 q - : deceleration parameter t = 0 dx , x = : R ~ t 2/3 Present : q0 = , 0 = 1 t0 = = H0 = h : h = 0.65 ( 0.05) t0 = 10.25 By for h = 0.65Age of the oldest globular clusters , ... 13 ~ 15 By8G3RRRRRRR23H28Gc121H023H0100KmMpc secStandard (k=0, =0) Cosmologyx0 1.......1H0xxRRoc = : = 2qR.322

Fate of the Universet = 0 t0= 15 BystRk = -1, 0 < 1k = 0, 0 = 1k = 1, 0 > 1

Inflation and Horizon ProblemSHBB Model10 28 cm 1 cm10 -24 cm10 23 cm......ABAB10 2510 3ABt =10 -35 secinft = 10 5 ydet = now0Causally connected(Same temperature)

How to Cure the Problems in SHBB CosmologyInflation !10 -24 cm10 6cm(10 -35 10 -34 sec)10 25Horizon problem solved ! > 10 30t = 10 5 ysPredictions..AB 0 0 = 1 + 10 -N : N very largeFlat Universe 10 25 cm

Phase TransitionT > TcT = TcT < Tc

o = 13 x 3 x 3

Matter in The Universe?10 % Ordinary Matter ( proton, neutron, )~ 1 % (Visible) DarkMatter 0 = 1

Matter and Dark Energy in The Universe?10 % Ordinary Matter : proton, neutron, neutrino< 1 % (Visible)? = 0.65 = 0.35 0 = 1?Xm

0.50.50.350.0110.65LSSGLmatterSN Type IaBOOMERANG Maxima (CMB)x

Rotation Curves

Hot Gas Galaxy Halos Gravitational Lensing Large Scale structure B = 0.08 0.01 ( Bh2 = 0.033 0.005) B = 0.05 (Bh2 = 0.02 0.001 (D/H : BNS)) L = 0.005 > 0.003 (no degeneracy) M~m = 0.35 0.04m 8Gm3H2L

0 = 1 , m = 0.35 X = 0.65 SN Type Ia can tell us about m / X CMB 0 and B XAlso some cross - checking of CMB, LSS, SN X = 0.65 0.05 Nature of X(Nature unknown)

(H) : : : () t ~ 360,000 : T ~ 3000 K 10001

Curvature of the UniverseCMB = 1, k = 0 ( flat )0 > 1, k = + 1 ( Closed )0 < 1, k = 1 ( Open )0(Observer)1

K = + 1K = 0K = -1Boomerang determines the curvature

4/30/01 New York TimesRelative amplitude6420710.50.30.250.2................Main toneharmonicsAngular scale : degree(Latest BOOMERANG DATA)

Light Curves : Type Ia : Produces a lot of Fe Lack of H lines, Abundant in early Universe Standard Candles : distance measurements ( Not quite but correctable : colors and temperatures) Spectroscopy of various Bands : I, J, K, ... A Hint that the Universe is accelerating lately (for small z (0.4~1)) was discoveredindependently by Perlmutter and Riess (1997~8) Acceleration is fairly recent !SN Type Ia 1997ff (Riess) with z=1.7 shows no acceleration !SN Type IaType ITypeII

Standard Candle (SN)dL = H01[ Z + 21(1 - q) Z2 + . ]Hubbles LawCorrectionsDeviation from Hubbles Law can tellvalues of q (deceleration parameter).q RH2> 0 : deceleration< 0 : accelerationDirect measurement

M = 0.3, = 0.7= 0m = 0.3Hubble Diagram = 1= 0m= 0.3= 0.7

Riess, 1998 Perlmutter, 1999(can tell q values)

Z = 0.2Z = 0.5Z = 1.0Z = 1.7mmmm 0SN Type Ia (Standard candle)

Z=1.7

Dark Energy Characteristic of space-time Uniformly distributed Acceleration of Expansion: negative p E = mc2 gravity No interference with formation of structures ~ 10-29 g/ X Changes very slowly in time (?)

Perlmutter, Turner and WhiteLSS, CMBSN IaLikelihood contours fromall constraintsSolid: constant wBroken: scalar f.0.5 : If equ.of state is slowly and monotonically varying~ 2.0

X ~ R-3(1+W)Equation of state : WX = Matter :3p + > 0*

Some changes in time Clusters slightly on very large scaleStrings are ruled out!

Break down of something? (Friedmann Equation, ) New model (Ekpyrotic,) Graviton leak from Extra dimension )

Einsteins Equation of Gravity(1915)R - Rg - g = 8 GT21Space-timeCosmological Constant 0 Negative PressureVacuum energymatter(1917 )

R - Rg12- g = 8GTGravitational ConstantStatic Universe0 =Biggest blunder in my life!(1915)(1917)Cosmological Constant() : Vacuum(Dark) Energy (curvature, matter) + (Vacuum Energy)AccelerationR = RG + 34m3RDecreaseIncreaseExpansion RateRR= R2 km31( )2+38G+curvatureIncrease Decrease

1917 : Introduced by Einstein to make a static universe Biggest Blunder in my Life !1917 : de Sitter1922 : Friedman Cosmology (Standard)1929 : Hubble : Hubbles Law (d, z)1931 : Lemaitre Cosmology (alternative to Friedman Cosmology)1980 : Guth : Inflation; o = 1, : Hoyle, Bondi, Gold : to solve an age crisis : Solved by Sandage (1987) by a small Ho (h0=0.42)1997~98 : Perlmutter, Schmidt and Riess found independently an indication of an accelerating universe ( 0 ? ) using SN type Ia (z ~ 0.5)1998 : BOOMERANG : o ~ 1 , m < 1 0 2001 : Established ?!BOOMERANG, MAXIMA, COBE, New SN Type Ia data, Large scale structure Data, CMB DATA New Cosmology ( 0)

Observed Cosmological Constantc= = 1.9 10-29 h2 g/cm3 3H028G~ 8 10-30 g/cm3 for h = 0.65 = 0.65 = 5.2 10-30 g/cm3c = 8G = 9.7 10-57 /cm2~ 10-35 /sec2 ~ 10-82 m2~ 10-84 (GeV)2~ 10-122 Mp2Smallest number knownin Science !

nowtm was not importantAlready, > m (becoming de Sitter Universe)Eventually ~ = const : de Sitter Universe

R2 - R2 = 0 H : Hubble parameter +(+p) 3 ( ) = 0 q - : deceleration parameter t = 0 dx , x = : R ~ t 2/3 Present : q0 = , 0 = 1 t0 = dx = H0 = h : h = 0.65 ( 0.05) t0 = 10.25 By for h = 0.65Age of the oldest globular clusters , white dwarf 13 ~ 15 By8G3RRRRRRR23H28Gc11H0H0100KmMpc secStandard (k=0, =0) Cosmologyx1 .......1H0xxRRoc = : = 2qR.3220

Cosmology with k = 0 , 0R2 - R2 - R2 = 0 38 G3 = , = m + ,8 G = m + = 1 m = = sech 2 ( t )3H28 G m 23 = = tanh 2 ( t )3H28 G 23R(t) =,oRo3sinh 23( t ) q = (1 - ) = ( m - 2 ) = ( 1 - 3 ) 21 21 21 H23H2=q = 0 when m = : Inflexion Point q = (1 - 3 ) = 0 : = H2 or Z = - 1 21. 3m32 m, 02, 031 c =8 G3H2Deceleration Acceleration21

Miracle m ~ sech 2 ( t )23 ~ tanh 2 ( t )23 R(t) ~sinh 23( t )32 ~ 10 -17/sec 3 t o ~ 10 17 sec3t ~ O (1) : Miracle !Anthropic Principle ?

= m + = 1 m12 Byt o = 15 Byt (z ~ 0.23)3.4 By(z =1.7) = 1

ttq21021-1DecelerationDeceleration Parameter 0.48t 0Z ~ 0.55 = [ 1 - 3 ]21q = [ m - 2 ] 21 Acceleration(1997 ~ 2000)Z=1.7(2001). .. = H2-

Accelerating Universe Rt

de Sitter universet=0t0=15b.yk = -1, 0 < 1k = 0, 0 = 1k = 1, 0 > 1

Need more accurate value of X (To a few % accuracy) Crucial to know if W(t) or W = constant and space dependence CMB Experiments (Boomerang, MAP, Maxima, Plank, ) May not reach to ~ 0.05 Super Nova / Acceleration Probe : Satellite 4 years to construct, 3 year mission Expect to see ~2000 SN (z = 0.2 ~ 1.7) SDSS (Galaxy, Cluster counts), May not be enough to see w(t)

zWeller and Albrecht 2001

Are we in a false vacuum?Vacuum energy

Extradimension 10-33cm curled up Randall-Sundrum : energy Extradimension ( , 10-33cm ) LHC(Geneve) extradimension ? ~ + (r < 1mm ?) Dark Energy (Vacuum Energy) . 4 6(7)dimension graviton Dark Energy r21kr2r41Gravitons4D world6(7) D world.............................................................................................................................Dark Energy .

Calabi-Yau Extradimensions459

Comments on Vacuum Energy Maybe the most fundamentally mysteriousthing in basic Science. Every attempt to calculate it hasgotten an absurd answer. Basically, people dont have a clueas to how to solve the problem. Vacuum energy would be NO.1 on mylist of things to figure out Right now, not only for cosmology but for elementary particle theory, this is the bone in our throat.

Dark Energy Vacuum Energy Vacuum Energy : Creation ?, Why so small? Most difficult problem in 21st Summary?Acceleration: No stars in the sky!Why do we live now?Life on Earth begins whenmatter density = dark energy densityCentury