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Firearms Identification

Often confused with the term ballistics

Ballistics is the study of a projectile inmotion. Inside the firearm After it leaves the firearm When it impacts the target

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Firearms Identification

Identification of Firearms is based uponthis basic idea:

A harder object marks a softer one &imparts/transfers its microscopicirregularities to that object.

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Forensic Firearms Expert

Did a suspect use this gun to kill that person? Did these bullets come from that gun?

Was it really self-defense? Is this a case of suicide, or is foul play

involved?

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Forensic Firearms Expert

Bullet Comparison Weapons Function

Is it safe? Has it been modified?

Serial Number Restoration Gunpowder Residue Detection

on clothes, hands, & wounds Muzzle-to-Target Distances

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Pulling the Trigger

Pulling the trigger releases the firing pin The firing pin strikes the primer

The primer ignites the gun powder The powder generates gas that propels the

bullet forward through the barrel & ejects the

spent cartridge case.

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Caliber : the diameter of the gun barrel. Caliber is recorded in

hundredths of an inch (.22 & .38) millimeters (9mm)

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Anatomy of a Bullet

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Bullet Comparisons

Gun manufacturers also add spiral grooves tothe barrel. This is known as rifling .

Lands : the space between the grooves.

As a spinning bullet passes through the barrel,it is marked by these grooves.

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Class Characteristics

Class Characteristics :Once a manufacturerchooses a riflingprocess, for aparticular class ofweapon, they keep itconsistent.

Lands & Grooves arethe same for a model. .32 caliber Smith &

Wesson has 5 lands &grooves twisting tothe right.

.32 caliber Colt has 6

lands & groovestwisting to the left.

Class characteristicscan eliminate certainmakes but are not enough to ID a

particular gun.

http://www.google.co.il/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=nhT1buw8-TB_dM&tbnid=qkVK0VFYUoriRM:&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-can-a-bullet-be-trace&ei=OU-kUoLCI6bOygPvg4L4Bg&psig=AFQjCNH8FXMz_h36fSYpeicRbYekSOmevQ&ust=1386586297610492http://www.google.co.il/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=0NrhdKv5OPmjrM&tbnid=-nK72vrMXRHndM:&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://10mm-firearms.com/gunsmithing/polygonal-and-non-polygonal-barrel-pics/&ei=v06kUr2_BIjgygP4_YHgBA&psig=AFQjCNHRfD1OZUGaCEa0srYC2GKhTv-QFA&ust=1386586175107134

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Cartridge Markings

All moving components contact thecartridge rather than the bullet canleave useful impressions on shellcartridges Breechface marks Firing pin impressions

Chamber marks Extractor & Ejector markings

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Actual Breech Marks

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Firing Pin Marks

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Chamber Marks

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Other Factors

Perfect matches sometimes difficult b/c: Presence of grit & rust in a barrel Recovered bullets too mutilated or distorted on

impact

A spent bullets weight can sometimesdetermine the gun make.

Microgrooves : 8-24 grooves; its not as

common General Rifling Characteristics File

FBI database of known land/groove width for allweapons.

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Gunshot Residue (GSR)

GSR Sources: victim, clothing or target shooters hands

Gunpowder Chemistry Major detectable elements are: lead (Pb),

barium (Ba) & antimony (Sb) Virtually all cartridge cases are made of

brass ( copper & zinc ); also detectable.

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Trace Evidence

Trace evidence is physicalevidence found in small amountsat a crime scene

Common examples are hair,fibers, paint chips, body fluids,stains, powders, explosiveresidue, glass particles, metals,and soil

Trace evidence is any small

material that can be transferredfrom person to person or aperson and crime scene

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Who was the driver

Trace evidenceFingerprint

FibersBiological sample

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hand_held_phone_in_car.JPG

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Trace Evidence

Criminals are clever or theythink they are

Trace evidence creates linksbetween suspects, places,and objects

Trace evidence is often theonly evidence that connectsa person to a crime scene

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Trace Evidence (TE)

Equipment used to analyze TE1. Comparison Microscope provides a side by side

comparison2. Mircospectrophotometry the exact color of an

object can be measured3. Polarized light microscope helps objects appear

more sharp and the colors are clearer4. Scanning Electron Microscope magnifies an

objects up to 100,000 times the original size5. Stereomicroscope helps provide a 3-D model of

an object

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Hair

Investigators often findhair at crime scenes

Hair is considered classevidence and is usefulin backing upcircumstantial evidence

(ex. Places someone ata scene)

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Forensic Fiber Analysis

Flax (linen) fibers Wool fiberspolarized light

Cotton fibers

Fiber polymer, colorants, agents (permanent press, adhesives)

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Polarized light microscopy

of polyethylene terephthalate(PET) fibers pair

Brightfield microscopy

of polyethylene terephthalate(PET) fibers pair

Representative microscopy figures for the pair A1:B1

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A

B

Fibers pair A5 and B5 overlapping, analyzed by native fiber direct surface scanning, overlapping% 99.3%analyzed by fibers films scanning overlapping% --- 84.5%

Smart internal reflection (iTR)

Fiber Analysis A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3 A4

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y

Color Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless

Cross section Round Round Round Round Round Round Round

Delustrant ++ ++ + + + + ++

UV-Fluorescence Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue

BL-Fluorescence Green Green Green Green Green Green Green

GN-Fluorescence None Red None None Red** None NoneDiameter (m) 11.5-14.0 11.5-14.0 12.0 - 13.5 12.0 - 13.5 21.5 -23.5 21.5 -23.5 11.5 - 13.0

n para 1.700 1.698 1.715 1.715 1.715 1.720 1.696

n ortho 1.544 1.548 1.544 1.544 1.538 1.546 1.546

n 0.156 0.15 0.171 0.171 0.177 0.174 0.15

Melting point 257-259C 255-258C 259-268C 259-261C 258-262C 256-258C 261-262C

Fiber Analysis B4 A5 B5 A6 B6 A7 B7

Color Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Blue-green Blue-green

Cross section Round Round Round Round Round Round Round

Delustrant ++ + + ++ ++ + +

UV-Fluorescence Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue

BL-Fluorescence Green Green Green Green Green Green Green

GN-Fluorescence Red ** Red Red None None Red Red

Diameter (m) 11.5 - 13.0 12.0 - 13.5 12.0 - 13.5 17.5 - 18.5 16.0 - 16.5 15.5 - 23.5 15.5 - 23.5

n para 1.692 1.705 1.700 1.710 1.710 N.F.* N.F.*n ortho 1.546 1.542 1.544 1.546 1.542 N.F.* N.F.*

n 0.146 0.163 0.156 0.164 0.168 ------ ------

Melting point 256-261C 251-254C 257-259C 254-256C 254-255C 262-264C 262-264C

Comments** Very

weak

* Highly textured.

Interference

microscopy not

feasible

Forensic analysis:

Fiber characterization usingmicroscopy analysis based onBrightfield, polarized light,and fluorescence microscopy,interference microscopy andmelting point determinationusing hotstage microscopy

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Abraham Lincoln's Most Notorious Forgers

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Ink chemistry

http://www.google.co.il/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=ink%20chemical%20structure&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=687NyYC9n0k48M&tbnid=b1SSPeHf1SfIkM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300944007002457&ei=4OaMUYrAM8_LsgbstYHwBA&psig=AFQjCNGEBkI6Ytzaf6OiQPtrCqs9ntUhmw&ust=1368274968122466

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Ink Chromatography is a method of physically separating the

components of inks.

Types

HPLC high-performance liquid chromatographyTLC thin-layer chromatography

Paper chromatography

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Paper Differences

Raw materialWeight

DensityThicknessColorWatermarks

AgeFluorescence

Additives, bleaching

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QD Lab., DIFS

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QD Lab., DIFS

Authentic Passport

Forged Passport

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QD Lab., DIFS

Borders ofNew Photo

Borders ofOriginal Photo

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QD Lab., DIFS

original thread with two strands counterfeit thread with one strand

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2012

"8"

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"8"

2012

""

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""

2012

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2012

- IRL

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Evaluation of

Currency Appearance Look and feel of

the paper Red and blue fibers Color shifting ink Watermark

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Dollarsecurity.jpg

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The security strip of a U.S. $20 bill glowsunder black light as a safeguard againstcounterfeiting

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_twenty-dollar_billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_lighthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Dollarsecurity.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_twenty-dollar_billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_twenty-dollar_billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_twenty-dollar_billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_$20_under_blacklight.jpg

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, , , , , , / , / ,

/ , / ......

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" "

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" ', 8,2010,

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- Penflow TM

A n yTablet

Yours igna ture

Authentication Engine

OurAlgo r i t hm + +

Penflow TM " , , , .

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- ) (

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7

1

4 6 5

32

"

3

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f unctional Magnetic Resonance I maging (fMRI)

. ) ( 72

- CM

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Thermal Imaging (FLIR)

73

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Eye Movements in Reading

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Eye Movements in Reading

C i k

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Crime scene work

Search for evidence

Investigations

Decontamination

Medical emergency support

Decontamination:police/perpetrators