1

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, . - 2500 . , 1750 . 1750 2500 . , , , - 46 .

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3

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. 75% 30% 2080 . , , trans-basin .

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: / 2011-2016

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. . . . HAD CM 23% (A2 ) 13% (B2 ) 4 .

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7

.

Figure 3: Ricardian Valuation of Climate Change Impacts (Kurukulasuriya and Ajwad, 2006) 3: ( , 2006)

4: , ,

; : ,

(www.desinventar.lk)

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14. - . trans-basin diversion 15 . , . , , . . ( 6 ) . . - ( ) . . , ( ) . . . , , , . . . . . . , ( ) . , (, ) .

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12

, : ;

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.

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.

3.

.

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.. ..

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: , , IWMI

13

: . - 16. , . 17. . , . 1000 18. 200 / 35000 19 . . 20. . , . ( 6 ) , . - . , , . . ( 80% .)

16 , . Spatial Clustering . IWMI 2006 17 , . Spatial Clustering . IWMI 2006 18 .. - 2010. 19 . 5000 . 20 . . : , . IWMI 2005.

14

Figure 6. Schematic representation of a small tank cascade system. Panabokke, 2005

9 . ( 3 7 ). ( ) . . ;

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.

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.

, , , , . . ; , , , . . - . / ..

15

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23 . .24

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22 22 Landslide Hazard Risk Maps of National Building Research Organization and Erosivity Maps of the Department of Agriculture 24 , 2011-2016

16

7. (..)

17

: : .

. 4:

US $

1.

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..

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.

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.

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.

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.

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.

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7,989,727

, 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2016

19

:

A. (

) . ; . ; ( 5, 11 12 ) . . .

1: 26. 2008-2012 27 . , , , , . . . ( ) . , . 28 . .

26 11 , , 27 6 , 28 GEF SGP CBA

20

.. ( , ) , 235 14039 .

. - . . 5 .

1.1: .. . . 14% 29. GEF . , , , . , 30. 0.09 0.3 . , . . , . , , , / . . . , , , . / . ( 14 ) :

29

30

: .

,

21

235 14039 .

14039 , ( ) ( ) . (, ) .

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1.2: , 31. . 32 . . , , . . , . :

,

250 470 ( )

, 500

1.3:

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22

- 33. , . . 34, ) , ) ) . ( , , / - )

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..

.

.

. .

.

33 CBA 34

23

:

.

( )

235 ( )

-

, ( )

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. / 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 25%

1.4:

- , , . - - 40% 35.

36 . - . ) ) - . .. , , - 37 - .

35

IFAD Country Report on Sri Lanka. www.IFAD.org 36

Mahinda Chintana Vision for the Future 2010 and Mahinda Chintana 10 year Horizon Development Framework

37

Premaratne, S.P Rural Farming and Small Enterprises, Agriculture and Rural Development in Sri Lanka. Department

of Economics, University of Colombo 2010

24

. ( 5 3 ) - . - . - . - . - / ( ) , - ( ) . - .. . .. . :

1) .

2) 152 8 760

.

:

ASCs - ( , , , , ) .

- . - -

. 1.5: -- 2.3 . ( ) - . 150 -- . :

.

, , . .

, , .

25

US $ 1.05/

US $ 0.61/

US $ 0.22/

/ US $ 7 8

US $ 7 8 , DoAD

:

/ ,

, , ,

. .

2: , . . / . ( , ) .. (14,039) . , - .

, ( ) . , . , . ( ) ( ) . () .

26

6 : 2.1: , . , , , , . , , . . ( 11 12 ) .. - . . , / , . - . , . . . :

, .

.

, 250 .

.

2.2:

. ( 14 ). / . . . .. .

27

. . . , . . 38 . . :

.. .

.

.

2.3: . . .. / . GIS ( 4 ). , . ..

*

( 22)

1 2

202 .

950

( 2)

6 7

153 .

550

* , .

38

VRA is a Community Based Adaptation tool with multiple uses- intervention targeting, results monitoring, assessing

barriers and capacities and imparting awareness on climate risks. The tool is based on four composite indicators that

measure current and future climate risks, magnitude of barriers and willingness to adapt. The same questions posed over

3-4 community meetings during implementation and the evaluation of the numerical scores that are derived, indicate if a

project is on track at the community level.

28

( ) . . - / . , , - . . . . . , . :

, . ( 8 CBA )

. ( )

.

( ) ( )

/

29

8.

30

2.4: . - ( 13) . . (, - ( 18-22) ) 14039 / . . :

2.5: - . , . , , / . . , . , , , . , . .. .

31

:

, / 10

50 ( )

,

25

2.6: 1 ) 2 ) .. . . . . .

- ( 200- 1500) .. , . . (NBRO) . . telemetric rain gauges and . .

telemetric rain gauges .. . . .. 15 .

NBRO Telemetric Rain Gauge

( NBRO)

32

.. . , . .

, 39. 2001 , , . : (1) (2) hydro-climatic models (3) . . . 40

( 16 ) . . , 41. - . . . - () (- ) -. . , 1.1 1.2 60% .

:

NASCOM ,

( )

telemetric rain-gauges 15

39

Foundation for Climate, Environment and Technology Project Report on Seasonal Climate Information for Water and

Environmental Management in the Mahaweli Basin. www.climate.lk 40

Water resources are shared between hydro-electricity needs and irrigation needs through a water allocation mechanism

governed by the Mahaweli Authority 41

Director General of Meteorology at a stakeholder discussion

33

9:

B.

- . , , , , . , . :

1. , 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ,

Feedback from the field On indications of drought onset: soil moisture, water levels in tanks, groundwater height

Farmers making decisions about crop type and cultivation dates

Mahaweli Authority generating a seasonal forecast for Yala and Maha with support from Agriculture

Department, Irrigation Department and Department of Agrarian Development

Farmer Organizations and Field Officers of DoAD collaborating with Agrarian Service Centers for seasonal decision making

Seasonal forecast derived from general weather data issued by Meteorological sources

34

. - ( 17%, 22%, 30%) 42.

43.

44. , ( 18-36 ) 45. , , .

, - . . . . input trader 46. , . . :

1. , --

2.

3. 4. ( ) 5.

6. - 7.

42

MDG Country Report, Department of Census and Statistics, 2008 43

Case Studies produced by GEF SGP Country Program 44

The average monthly income, Rs. 3000 per month before the project started, increased on average by Rs. 824 with the

introduction of income generation activities such as vegetable cultivation, seed collecting programs, ginger and turmeric

cultivation, and plant nursery development. Counterpart International/ Forest Gardens of Sri

Lanka.http://www.counterpart.org/our-work/projects/forest-gardens-in-sri-lanka 45

Assuming that initial investment is US$70 for organic home garden inputs. Cost recovery factors in savings in

household food purchase, savings in chemical inputs, sale of produce and seeds, agro-processing at household level 46

De Silva. CJ, Agricultural Extension in Domestic Sector; Problems, Weaknesses and Suggestions for Improvement. Sri

Lanka Journal of Agrarian Studies Vol 15, No 1 2011

35

, , . . . . ( ) .. 3/- 47. . , ( , , ) . . , , . 17% . 1500 . ,

48, $55-

$75 49. .. , , 50. 51. 52. .. . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ( ) . ( , , ) . ;

,

47

From field monitoring reports GEF SGPs Pilot Community Adaptation Project 48

Stone work, bunds and ditches have a higher government-approved rate than tree planting, live hedgerows and turfing. 49

From field monitoring reports GEF SGPs Pilot Community Adaptation Project 50

Disinventar.lk disaster incidence by DSD 51

A UNDP BCPR-funded project to operationalize the hazard profiles for drought and landslide together with DoA and

NBRO (National Building Research Organization) 52

Such as Sri Lanka Red Cross Society, CARE and Practical Action

36

, . ;

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2. . , ,

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.

.

.

.

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.

37

, 35% - . 12 PRA .

1.

2.

3. -

. , . (>150%) .

() .. 2200 . 16,822 53. .. 37 . .. 877 .. 6.6 .

. , . . . , . 40 . 1968 7515 2000 54. , .

( ) . 7-100 US$/1000m3 ( ). . , 20-110 US$/1000m3 , trans-basin 90-400 US$/1000m3 55. .

Lift irrigation . , Lift irrigation 56 57. Lift irrigation (/) .

53

Department of Irrigation, Planning Branch 54

Department of Irrigation, at Annual Runoff at Manampitiya 55

Keller et al. Water Scarcity and Role of Storage in Development. International Water Management Institute 2001 56

In Rajangana (Anuradhapura District) and Neelabamma (Puttlam District) 57

Fernando A.P S Impact of Lift Irrigation Schemes on Rural Poverty Alleviation. University of Peradeniya, 2007

38

.. . .. 429 .. 87 . . . , .

( ) . , . . , , . 100% . - .

1. : . , GEF SGP CBA . . 2. - : P4P . 1.4 . , , ( , , ), , , , , - . 3. : WFP, GEF SGP, IWM . . , , , .

4. : (1984-1988) . GEF SGP CBA . , , .

5. : GEF SGP VRA . .

, .

1) , -

39

2)

3)

4) .

D.

(UNFCCC) 1993 16 . UNFCCC . 2002 3 . . 1992 12 . . 2003 PRSP . - . , ( 5 ). , 2008-2012 UNFCCC . 2011-2016 . UNFCCC . , . :

1. ( - 2006-2016)

, , - , , ,

2.

, , , , , , , - .

3.

4. , , - .

5. , - , ,

40

6.

300

7. /

8. ,

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-

-

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,

:

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.

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58

Haritha Lanka ( Green Sri Lanka) is the National Action Plan for Sustainable Development of the Government of Sri

Lanka, developed by the National Council for Sustainable Development headed by the President

41

59. , .

E. . . , , , . , , , , , . . , / .

59

Mahinda Chintana Vision for the Future 2010 and Mahinda Chintana 10 year Horizon Development Framework

42

1.

..

2.

..

..

3.

4.

5.

6.

F. . , . . , CARE IUCN . Practical Action - . , , . . , GEF

43

, / . . 60. . , , . , . 6 , , , , , .

( ) ( -)

. .. .

(P4P)

(WFP)

,

,

(Ausaid/ GEF SGP)

(Ausaid/ GEF SGP)

, , ,

-

,

.

60

With the exception of Trincomalee district which is in the previously conflicted affected eastern province

44

- (GEF 1V/ UNEP)

/

.

MoE .

- , -

(GEF 1V/

UNEP/FAO)

,

, .

. , , .

(UNDP BCPR)

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.

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2012-2017)

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. .

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.

IAS

IAS .

/

45

(UNDP 2012-2017) - (UNDP 2012-2017)

, ,

.

/

6. , ,

GEF/ SGP - 2010 GEF CBA 5 . . , - - . 5 . , , . , , , . CBA . , CBA . CBA , , . , . CBA , . . UNDP VRA / . . .

G. . . , , . - . ( ) . ,

46

. . , 2.5 2.6 . 2.4 . . - . ( ) . - . ( ) ( , , ) . . . VRA . . .

H. (2010 20112 ). . 5 . . . . , , . (- - ) . . ( 11 ) 2011 . , , , . , , . ( 12 ) . 7.

. , .

.

47

, . MoE .

. .

. .

. .

(MASL) .

. DMC .

. .

.

.

. . , .

. , , .

.

(WFP) , , . . .. .

(UNDP)

DMC . .

48

I. 1-

, . . , , (, , ) . (70-90%). . , . . , . , . . . , , . - - , . , , . - . . . , . , . . . . , . . . - .

49

1) 2) ( 12 )

1.

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)

1.5

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..

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2.

1.2

2.2 2.3

,

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2.2 2.3

, -

1.4

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1 . , , , . ( ) 61 .

61

CBA projects implemented by GEF SGP employed this strategy of using the lean season to complete project-related

natural resource management and irrigation maintenance, which allowed farmers to engage in their traditional

agricultural pursuits during main rainfall reason

50

. . . , . , , . . . . - (, , ) .

2: , . . (, ) . . ( ) . . . . . , . , , . . . , . / . - .

51

. , .

- . - . . , . . ASC , . . . . - , 62 . , , . VRA . . , . - . - . - . , . . , , . .

62

Such as collective auctioning of reservoir fish stocks by FO to private sector

52

J. , , , - . , , , , . , .

:

- 2008-2012, , , 2011-2016 , .

- . . ASC . - . - . - . . . - . . - ( )

. - 1) 2) , 3)

- , , . 3 .

III:

A.

. . 8 . (PSU) . . (NPSC) . NPSC , , ,

53

, , , , , . . PPD NPSC NPSC . NPSC . NPSC . ( / NPSC ) . , NPSC PSU . PSU . NPSC PSU . - PM . . ( , ), . , . - .

54

. / . , .

. - . . .

, DMC , . . / . . . , VRA. ( ) DO/ (ARPAS) . - . , .

55

10.

56

E.

. 7.

100 , . . .

VRA .

( )

. / . , .

.

- . .

( ) .. .

, - . .. .

57

B.

. .. . , (- ) PSU PPD . . . .. . - .. . . . , . . . NPSC . 8 9 . 8:

(US$)

(IW) .. 3500

2000 IW

/ 6000

-

/ 7500

SAPR

- (SAPR)

, .. / PPD 8500

(APR)

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, PPD 2500

IW SAPR

, / PPD 2500

58

0

- (MTE)

/ / 20,000

- 18-20

(FE)

/ / 25,000

, .. / PPD 0

WFP, UNDP 22,000

107000

.. PPD . . , . . 12 . , , . , , . . - (MTE)

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.

(MTE) .

.

.

- .

59

D.

: .

: .

1: ..

.

2: , .

60

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.

: .

10% ( 14039) .

75% ( 14039 ) . -

61

.. VAM .( ) - -

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.

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..

62

.

63. :

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.

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.

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63

1.2:

500 ASC

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/ , ,

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.. /

64

1.4: -

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PES .

65

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66

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..

67

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68

2.3: .

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69

2.5: -

.. /

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..

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70

.. - 15 telemetric rain gauges .

/

71

. IV:

A. . , . .

, ,

:

B.

. ( ) .

,

: :

:

: :