2007 2

20

1. Electrification. 2. Automobile. 3. Airplane. 4. Water Supply and Distribution. 5. Electronics. 6. Radio and Television. 7. Agricultural Mechanization. 8. Computers. 9. Telephone.10. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration. 11. Highways. 12. Spacecraft. 13. Internet. 14. Imaging. 15. Household Appliances. 16. Health Technologies. 17. Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies. 18. Laser and Fiber Optics. 19. Nuclear Technologies. p g20. High-performance materials.

2007 3

20 , .

100 000 150 100,000 150 .

: , 3.

.

1940 .

.

.

, , , ,

.

, ,

, .

2007 4

2007 5

1 -

, , .

:

2 2

, , Tele Metering

: , , , ,

3

200

250300

350400

450

50.060.070.080.090.0100.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

110.0

(%

)

0

50100

150200

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

0.010.020.030.040.0

Amount of Water Suppy(Lpcd)

Rate of Water Supply

50.0

60.0

70.0

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2007 6

-

-

2007 7

-

- :

- :

.

-

-

2007 8

-

2007 9

-

-

-

- -

(Fl hi ) (Flushing)

Cross Connection()

2007 10

-

:

7

30 ~ 200 mg/L

10 100 /L 10 ~ 100 mg/L

3 ~ 30 mg/L

3 mg/L 3 mg/L

3

0.4 mg/L

(Kofu), (Okayama)

0.4 mg/L

20

2007 11

(Kofu), (Okayama)

,

, ,

,

Back up p

2007 12

() ()

: 1

( ) ()

:

:

: ,

-

: 1 1m3/ , 1 5

1 7200m3/( : ) /( )

- , - , -

2007 13

() ()

KT '

- -

2005/02/28

-

-

KT

- KT,

2007 14

, ,

-

-

- : ,

-

-

-

- ( )

2007 15

, - -

,

.

, .

.

2007 16

, , , ,

70%

.

: 2001

: 10 413

,

20 1,016 : 10,413,

73.6%

20 1,016 ( 67.2%)

- U.S. EPA , 2001

2007 17

(/)(/)

(km) 127,027 km 578,890 km 0.22

(km) 1 439 km 10 499 km 0 14 (km) 1,439 km 10,499 km 0.14

(km) 5,973 km 28,527 km 0.21

(km) 119,615 km 539,864 km 0.22 (km) 119,615 km 539,864 km 0.22

1 (m/)

2.85 m 4.95 m 0.58

1,000m3 (m)

8,144 m 13,540 m 0.60

8 766 m3 35 373 m3 0 25 8,766 m3 35,373 m3 0.25

10.5 16.8 0.62

2004 12 2004 3 -

2007 18

2004. 12. 2004. 3

- 2004

2007 19

-

7.1.1

6. :

.

.

, ,

.

, ,

( ), (computer mapping system)

.

2007 20

-

7.1.2 :

:

.

.

1.

2.

3.

4.

2007 21

-

7.1.4 : ,

1 1 : 1 1

30%, 50% ,

100% 100% .

:

.

1 .

: 1.3, 1.5, 2.0)

, ,

, 1

,

2007 22

.

-

7.1.7 :

: : ,

.

1 1.

.

2 2.

.

3 3.

,

.

:

2007 23

: ,

,

-

7.1.8 :

:

.

:

. .

, .

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4) (4)

(5)

(6) ,

2007 24

(6) ,

-

7.1.9 :

: :

, ,

.

:

.

1 1.

2.

3. 3

4.

5.

2007 25

7.2

7.2.3 :

: :

.

1. 1 812 6 , ( 6.2 ).

2. 1.4 2 .2. 1.4 2 .

3. 2 .

:

.

1 1. 1 12 .

( ) 2007 26

2. 7.1.5 (p.696) 1. .

7.2

7.2.3 :

:

812 . .

2 , .

:

612 ( (, , ) ( , ) 624 .

2007 27

.

2007 28

552( )

5

.

1

.

1

.

[ 1997.8.28]

2007 29

12( )

5521

.

1. : ,

2. :

[ 2006.6.29]

2007 30

123( )

122 .

1. :

2. :

[ 2006.6.29]

2007 31

[ 2006.6.29]

1 .

1.

.

.

. ,

2 2.

. 1

. , , , , , ,

, . (

)

1 2

2007 32

.

98 ( )

- 1 - 1

-

,

( )

( )

- , 1

- 5

-

2007 33

4 ( )

( )- ( )

,

, ,

, ,

,

- ,

1 1 : + + 1 1 : + +

( )

1 1 5 : 1 1 1 5 : 1

3 10%

3 1 2007 34

3 1

- 11

20% ()

- , ,

`1

()

2007 35

[ 3] (4 3 )

()

[ 3] (4 3 )

5,000 1

5,000 ~ 50,000

50 000 ~ 100 000

5,000 1

7 000 1 + 250,000 100,000

100,000 ~ 500,000

7,000 1 + 2

8,000 1 + 4

500,000 ~ 1,000,000

1 000 000

15,000 1 + 33

30 000 1 661,000,000 30,000 1 + 66

2007 36

2007 37

: .

: :

, ,

: :

, , ,

2007 38

()

: 12 1

.

-

3000

3500

16

18

2000

2500

3000

m3

10

12

14

(h

r)

200316.0

1000

15001,00

0

4

6

8

0

500

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1989

1988

1990

1991

1992

1994

1993

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

0

2

2007 39

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

2007 40

2007 41

. :

1) :1)

- ,

2) : (lining)2) : , (lining)

. :

1) 1) , ,

2)

. :

1) : , ,1) : , ,

2) :

3) 2007

3) :

Darcy Weisbach Darcy-Weisbach

D W i b h fDarcy-Weisbach f :Colebrook-White

2007 43

Hazen-Williams : Q = 0.27853 CD2.63 I0.54

Modified Hazen-Williams ( by Khanna )

Q = 45.316CRD2.6576 I0.5525

(Takakuwa) : Q = C D2 637 I0 5124(Takakuwa) : Q = CTD2.637 I0.5124

Weston(75mm )

2007 44

Hazen-Williams C

.

Hazen-Williams C -

C

100100130

20

130130130130

PSPVC

130130130

110 120

C=110 .

(100 mm ) (100 - 600 mm)

110 - 120120 - 140

150

2007 45

1)

- ,

- ( C )

2)

-

3) 3)

- ,

- , ,

- , ,

2007 46

( (

), ,

2007 47

1

- 1

-

- ,

-

- ,

2007 48

: = :

/ (

.

.

.

.

2007 50

(A ) (A )

5

1990 1 29- 1.24

3

1990 1.29

1991 1.24

- 19901992 1.29

- 19911993 1 24

1992 1.18

1993 1.201991 1993 1.24

- 19921994 1.281994 1.28

1 24 1.24

2007 51

B 3A 3

A : 3 1.653, 1.324, 1.452

B 3 1 178 1 190 1 18

B 3A 3

B : 3 1.178, 1.190, 1.18

2007 52

2007 53

700

1.17

1.17

1.68

250

1,500

1,100

1.17

1.40 1.25

1.291.41

1.68

1.40 2.19

1.69

1 35

17,000

1,000

17,000

300

2,600

1.29

1 60

1.59

1.49

1.51

1.35

1.35

1.83

1,400

230

-

550

1.60

1.69 1.67

1.95

1.51

1.63 1.67

2.36

2,500

650

11,000

550

1.51

1.63

1.58

2007 54

-2,800

1.63

1999

2007 55 : -1990

2 3 .

10

2007 56

S

(/)

1(/)

1(/)

GK 50,000 45,900 38,676 1.19

PJ 50,000 53,000 41,001 1.29

360 480 251 009 1 44 360,480 251,009 1.44

100,000 459,380 330,686

- : 1.31 ??

- : 1.39 ??

- S :

.

2007 57

.

*

-

- ( )

-

2007 58

2007 59

(modelling) :

(model calibration) :

,

2007 60

C()

C

C

C

2007 61

C ()

.

C ( )

C .

C

.

.

.

C C

.

2007 62

Hazen-Williams C

mm (in) 75(3) 152 (6) 305(12) 610(24) 1220(48)

() 121 125 130 132 134 () 130 132 134

()30

129

100

133

106

135

112

140

117

141

120

60

835941

907050

977858

1028365

1078973

60

906949

977958

1028566

1079272

1129678

100

30

8161

39

8970

48

9578

58

10083

62

10489

614021

704930

785739

836448

897154

PVC PE - clean 147 149 150 152 153

2007 63

PVC, PE clean 147 149 150 152 153

< > C

0.9m/s C

0.9m/s

0.9m/s

C < 100 5% 5%

100 < C < 130 3% 3%100 < C < 130 3% 3%

130 < C < 140 1% 1%

140 < C 1% 1%

2007 64

C() ( )

2007 65

.

- .

- . .

(Fi fl t t) . (Fire-flow test)

-

- ,

- 4 - 7m, 4 7m,

15m .

2007 66

C() C( )

HazenWilliams

-1.85 -4.87 1.85H = 10.666 C D Q L

C : , D : , L = , Q =

2007 67

SIEMENS () : Model 7MF4032 010 kg/ Accuracy : 0.1%

2007 68

C() C( )

(m) (m3/sec)(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)

501 0 058 0 3 148 0 8 435 156 435 1 201

(m) (m3/sec)(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)3669 1.126 1.1 21.0 44.088 65.088 6.201

Readibility 0.1kgf/cm2 ( 1 m)

501 0.058 0.3 148.0 8.435 156.435 1.201

: 0.5m 1.0m

C C C6.021 5.02 7.02 99.7 91.1 108.61.601 0.6 2.6 104 84.6 186.7

2007 69

2007 70

3.5 - 7 m ??

5 - 10% ??

.

.

.

. .

2007 71

B Project ()

1 / 1%1. / 1%

2.

, ,

- , , 33%2. , , , , ,

33%

(),

3.

(),/PRV , ,

32%

4.

, - ,

18%

5 13%5. , , 13%

6. , 3%

** 100%

2007

100%

2007 73

:

:

: 1 1

1 12

150 kPa (1.53 kgf/cm2 ) ,5 2 5 3 5k f/ 2

5 2.5 ~3.5kgf/cm2

700 kPa (7.1 kgf/cm2 )

30 40m

30~40m

: : 3m/s , : 0.3 m/s

2007 74

2007 75

() ()

Alabama 20 psi 14 mAlabama 20 psi 14 m

Alaska 35 psi 25 m

D l 25 i 18Delaware 25 psi 18 m

Washington, DC 30 psi 21 m

Illinois 35 psi

20 psi

25 m

14 m

Wisconsin 35 psi

100 psi

25 m

70 m

2007 76

2007 77

1m3/min,

40

1 1 m3/min, 1 :

1 1

1 : 5 .

4 .

< 3.1 > 1

() (m3/min) ()(m3/min)(m /min) (m /min)

1 2 6 8

2 4 7 8

3 5 8 9

4 6 9 9

5 7 10 10

2007 78

5 7 10 10

-

-

- -

- -

( )

( )

1

( , )( )

1

( )

(, )

2007 79

( , ) ( , )

2007 80

-

()

2007 81

()

-

25.39%

2007 82

2007 83

- 0.2mg/L

-

0.2mg/L

.

2007 84

0.5 0.3 0.4 0.mg/L

:

10 = 1998

2007 85

(2000 )

: Ct = C0 x e-kt

: : 25 : 18

(2000 )

K= 0.01 hr-1 () ~ 0.04 hr-1 ()

: 18 : 8

26.5% 4.2% 6.2 5.0 6.2 5.0 0.05 0.0085 41.4% 25.5%

6.2 7.1 6.6 9.7 0.103 0.075 0.044 0.03

K=0 01 -

: 10.4~32.5% , 0~2.7%

2007 86

K=0.01 -

:0.2 mg/L (:mg/L ) 24

0.70

0.80

05

08

10

12

16

24

0 70

0.80

05

08

10

120.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

mg/L

20

24

0.50

0.60

0.70

L

16

20

240.00

0.10

0.20

4 5 1 3 2

0.20

0.30

0.40

mg/

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

L

D C

0.00

0.10

4 5 1 3 2 0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

4

5

1

3

2

mg/L

4 5

1 3 2

2007 87

,

0.60

0 40

0.50

0.60

0 20

0.30

0.40

mg/

L

0 00

0.10

0.20

0.0005 08 10 12 16 20 24

() () () () () () () ()

: 31% : 10%

,

2007 88

: 10%

0 730.750.76

0 730.80 0.80

() () 2() 2()

0.65

0.60 0.61 0.60

0.73

0.67

0.590.62

0.670.72 0.73

0.620.60

0.70

0.60

0.70

0.40

0.50

mg/

L

0.40

0.50

0 10

0.20

0.30

0 10

0.20

0.30

0.00

0.10

05 08 10 12 16 20 240.00

0.10

. ( 0.15, 0.17 mg/L)

, 2

0 45mg/L 0 1mg/L

2007 89

0.45mg/L, 0.1mg/L .

24

24 (mg/L)

0.80

0.660.67

0.60

0.70

D C

0.39

0.500.48 0.47 0.46

0.480.50

0.46

0.40

0.50

0.31

0.24

0.180.19

0.20

0.30

0.14

0.09

0.00

0.10

D

4 5 1 3 2

2007 90

, D .

( Flushing ) ( us g )

, ,

, ,

.

3 ft/sec (0 9m/sec) : 3 ft/sec (0.9m/sec) : ,

5 ft/sec(1.5m/sec) : , ,

12 ft/sec(3.6m/sec) :

Flushing .

Tool .

2007 91

(Flushing) ( us g)

,

2007 92

2000 2000

0 2NTU 0.2NTU

1 30,

16.4NTU

2 1 20 2 1 20

5.9NTU

0.08mg/L

1 301 30,

1.98mg/L

2 1 30

0 42mg/L 0.42mg/L

2007 93

Spring, 2003 Hydrant Flushing

Schedule

Area Number

Date to Begin Flushing

1 April 13 and April 14

2 April 14 and April 15

3 April 15 and April 16

4 April 16 and April 17

5 April 17 and April 18

6A&6B April 20 and April 21

7A&7B April 21 and April 22

8A&8B A il 22 d A il 238A&8B April 22 and April 23

9 April 23 and April 24

10 April 24 and April 25

11 April 27 and April 28

12 April 28 and April 29

13 April 29 and April 3013 April 29 and April 30

14 April 30 and May 1

15 May 1 and May 2

16 May 4 and May 5

17 May 5 and May 6

18 May 6 and May 7

19A&19B May 7 and May 8

20A, 20B, &20C

May 8 and May 9

21 May 11 and May 12

22A, &22B May 12 and May 13

23 May 13 and May 14

// / /

23 May 13 and May 14

24 May 14 and May 15

25 May 15 and May 16

26 May 18 and May 19

27A, 27B, 27C&27D

Sections are done on various dates

and are completed May

2007 94

: http://www.ci.madison.wi.us/water/mainten.html 27C&27D and are completed May

19 and May 20

Benoit Barbeau , Montreal, Canada : Dead End Flushing of a Distribution System, AWWA, Florida, 1999

2007 95

(Cross Connection) (C oss Co ec o )

AWWA (1999) reports.

78%, 78%, 95% .

: Recommended Practice for Backflow Prevention and Cross-Connection Control, AWWA M14. 1999

CDC(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Report

- 1981 ~ 1998, 57 9,734

20 (6 333) 15 (697) - 20 (6,333) , - 15 (697)

- 22 (2,733)

C d C ld t(2001)Craun and Calderon report(2001)

- 1971~1998, 30.3%

- 50.6% . 50 6%

: Craun, G.F. and R.L. Calderon. 2001. Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Caused by Distribution System Deficiencies. J. AWWA. Vol 93, No.9. pp. 64-75.

2007 96

: 2003.

2007 97

: 2003.

2007 98

2007 99

1964

Niigata Niigata

.

..

2007 100

, ,

: ,

: , ,

:

:

,

2007 101

2007 102

: ,

: ,

:

:

,

2007 103

block system . 2 , 2

, , ,

.

2007 104

.

.

9090m

60m

30

30m

0m

2007 105

2007 106

2007 107

-

, ,

- .

- ( )- ( )

-

-

-

-

2007 108

2007 109

2007 110

2007 111

: 1,773, : 8,375 : 3.45.7kgf/

7

(5 0 kgf/) (5 8 (5 0 (4 2 (3 5685

136

4,684

450

:(/)

11 ()

8,955

(5.0 kgf/)

721.07 343.91

4,271

(5.8 kgf/)

3,586

(5.0 kgf/)

288.75

3,450

(4.2 kgf/)

277.80

3,000

(3.5 kgf/)

241.57

0.8 kgf/

0.8 kgf/

61 0.7 kgf/

:(/) 2,496.2

721.07 343.91

2,756.8 2,496.2

288.75

2,496.2

277.80

2,546.1

241.57

(/)

:(%)

11 ()

27.87

200.99

64.57

221.98

69.61

200.99

72.35

200.99

84.87

205.02

(%)

:

2007 112

,

()

88

130 ( 1 )

2007 113

130 ( 1 )

200 - 300 mm

100%

5/

5/

5~10

300~600

2007 114

Double Niigata ( )

.

.

,

,

.

,

2007 115

.

- Niigata ( )

()( )

:

10 m

:

100 ~ 200 mm

:

2 ~ 3

2007 116

,

.

,

, ,

, .

,

, .

,

.

2007 117

- 1

-- :

- : , ,

2007 118

- 2

- - :

2007 119

- 3

- ,

2007 120

, , , ,

-

- .

-

.

2007 121

.

.

2007 122

, (, , )

, .

.

.

- , - , -

, , .

, .

2007 123

( , )

.

.

.

2007 124

2007 125

:

.

: :

:

.

2 : 1.5 2.0f/

3 : 2 ,

= =

2007 126

- .

- - - -

.

.

-

2007 127

,

: :

-

. .

2007 128

, , .

2007 129

11

2007 130

11

2007 131

: - .

-

- ,

- ,

.

: .

:

2007 132

()

, ,,

( )

Network ()

, ,()

2007 133

- : , , ,

( )- : ( )

- :

Modeling

2007 134

.

.

.

, ,

,

.

.

.

2007 135

()

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

(, )

.

2007 136

.

.

, , , , , , , ,

.

, ,

.

.

.

Tool .

2007 137

()

()

-

- -

-

-

-

( , )

-

( )

2007 138

( )

b k backup

2007 139

-

-

-

() - () ,

-

2007 140

()

2007 141

30

35

40

20.0%

25.0%

354045

25.0

30.0

10

15

20

25

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

51015202530

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

0

5

20% 15-20% 10-15% 7.5-10% 5-7.5% 3-5% 1-3% 0-1%

0.0% 05

20%

15-20

%

10-15

%

7.5-10

%

5-7.5% 3-5

%

1-3%

0-1%

0.0

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

(%)

10 % 4 2.4

5 10 52 31 1

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

1 23 4

5 10 52 31.1

3 5 68 40.7

1 3 29 17.4

: 2005 , , 2006

0.00

2.00

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

1 3 29 17.4

0 -1 14 8.4

167

2007 142

2005 , , 2006

(/

1

1

(/

)

(/)

(/)

(hr)

2005 1,737 8,934 16,443 16,211 -

- - - - - - -

225 2,334 16.1 3,473 3,470 -

133 14 10 575 575 -

85 296 14.7 434 434 -

108 305 12.3 529 529 -

95 392 10.1 649 649 -

200 325 26.8 478 478 -

213 500 257.1 1,106 884 -

180 598 9 9 977 9772007 143

: 2005 , , 2006

180 598 9.9 977 977 -

204 115 11.6 190 190 -

2007 144