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12 3

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3 Narada. The Buddha and His Teachings. (Malasia: Buddhist Missionary Society,1988) p.X 4 5 D. II. 154.

6RichardF.Gombrich,TheravdaBuddhism:ASocialHistoryfromAncientBenarestoModernColumbo,p.64.

13 . . . 7

8

7 Kalupahana, D.J. Buddhist philosophy: A historical analysis, p. 82. 8 Luang Suriyabong, The Universe in the Light of Karma, p. 5.

14 9 . . 10 . 11 12 ( )

9 B. Jinananda, Four Buddhist Coucils, in 2500 Years of Buddhism, P.V. Bapat (ed.), pp. 31-36; cf.

W. Rahula, Theravda Mahyna Buddhism, in Gems of Buddhist Wisdom, Tan Teik Beng (comp.), pp. 454-455.

10 Edward J.Thomas, The Life of Buddha as Legend and History, p. 166. 11 Kanai Lal hazra, History of Theravda Buddhism in south-East Asia, p. 25. 12 B. Jinananda, Op. Cit., p. 36.

15 13 () 14 () 15 , () 16 17

13 B.Jinananda, Op. Cit., p. 39. 14 Ibid., p. 37. 15 Charles S. Predish (ed.), Buddhism: A Modern Perspective, p. 26. 16 Vide W. Rahula, Op. Cit,. p. 455 17 Vide infra., p. 195-196.

16 18 , , 19 20 21

18 Cf. B. Jinananda, Op. Cit., p.44. 19 Ibid., p.42. 20 Pranab Bandyopadhyay, Op. Cit., p. 57. 21 Cf. B. Jinananda., Op. Cit., pp.44-45.

17 22 23 24

22 Cf. P.V. Bapat Principal Schools and Sects of Buddhism, in 2500 Years of Buddhism, P.V. Bapat (ed.), pp. 86-87.

23 Ryukan Kimura, Hinayna & Mahyna: A Historical Study of the terms Hinayna and Mahyna and the Origin of Mahyna Buddhism, p. 13.

24 P.A. Payutto, Op. Cit., p. 17.

18 25 26 .. ()27 . 28 .

25 Buddhism, Microsoft Encarta Encyclopaedia 2002, CD-ROM (3 CDs), 1993-2001, Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

26 Nalinaksha Dutt, Mahyna Buddhism, p. 81. 27 Victor A. Gunasekara (ed.); BSQ Newsletter No. 10, The Buddhist Society of Queensland. May

1998, (Accessed 21 April 2002). 28 Ryukan Kimura, Op. Cit., p. 45.

19 () () () () () () 29

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30 Cf. W. Rahula, The Heritage of the Bhikkhu; pp. 100-101, 137-138; K. Sri Dhammananda, Op. Cit.,

p. 60; Phra Medhidhammaporn (Prayoon Mererk), Op. Cit., p. 119; H. Wolfgang Schumann, Buddhism: An Outline of Its Teachings and Schools, p. 94.

31 Yajneshwar S. Shastri, Op. Cit., p. 106. 32 They are: (i) Sotpanna stream-enterer, (ii) Sakadgm once-returnee, (iii) Angm non-

returnees, and (iv) Arahatta the worthy one, 33 Ryukan Kimura, Op. Cit., pp. 136-7; Yajneshwar S. Shastri, Op. Cit., pp. 115 et seq. 34 Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, Outlines of Mahyna Buddhism, p. 2.

21

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35 (: , ) - 36 Vide Ibid., pp.. S. Chatterjee and D. Datta, An Introduction of Indian Philosophy, pp. 141-150 37 (: , )

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38 Kannai Lal Hazra, The Rise and Decline of Buddhism in India, p. 57.

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39 Ibid., p.58. 40 D.L. Ramteke, Op. Cit., p. 46.

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41 Kannai Lal Hazra, The Rise and Decline of Buddhism in India, p. 80. 42 Chaudhari Sukumar, Renaissance of Buddhism, pp. 410-419.

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43 Kannai Lal Hazra, The Rise and Decline of Buddhism in India, p. 80.

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48 Ibid., 93. 49 D.L Ramteke, Op. Cit., p.192. 50 .. 51 (: , ) -

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52 Phra Brahmagunabhorn (P.A. Payutto). Thai Buddhism in the Buddhist World. Bangkok: Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya, 2005, pp. 84-85.

53 .. (: , ) 54 Cf Sukumar Sengupta, Buddhism in South-East Asia, pp. 33-132; Kanai Lai Hazra, History of

Theravda Buddhism in Sount-East Asia: With Special Reference to India and Ceylon, pp. 49-190. 55 Cf. Heinrich Dumoulin, Buddhism in the Modern World, pp. 104 et seq.

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154 . .. ..

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155

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164

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174Day)

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175

Anguttara Nikya, ed. R. Morris and E. Hardy, 5 vols., London: Pali

Text Society, 1885-1900. The Book of the Gradual Sayings, tr. E.M. Hare and F.L. Woodward, 5 vols., London: Pali Text Society, 1951-1955.

Dgha Nikya, ed. T.W. Rhys Davids and J.E. Carpenter, 3 vols., London: Pali Text Society, 1890-1911.

Bandyopadhyay, Pranab.The Voice of Buddha: The Eternal Truth. Culcutta: Punthi Pustak, 1988.

Bapat, P.V. (ed.). 2500 Years of Buddhism, 6th rpt., Delhi: Publications Division, 1997.

Chatterjee, S. and Datta, D.M. An Introduction to Indian Philosophy. 8-9th rpt., Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1984, 2004.

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Ghurye, G.S. Caste and Race in India, 1979; rpt., Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 2004.

Hazra, Kanai Lal. History of Theravda Buddhism in South-East Asia: With Special Reference to India and Ceylon. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1982.

Hazra, Kanai Lal, The Rise and Decline of Buddhism in India, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1995.

Kimura, Ryukan, Hinayna &Mahyna: A Historical Study of the Terms Hinayna and Mahyna and the Origin of Mahyna Buddhism. Patna: Indological Bok Corporation, 1978.

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