بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم اسال الله العلى العظيم

ان ينفعنا بما علمنا ويجعل الملف ده فايدة

لكم باذن الله ده تجميعى من الفايالت اللى على الجروب ومن على النت اسال الله العلى العظيم

ان يجعله فى ميزان حسناتى وال تنسونى من

دعائكم

واعتذر عن اى خطأ كتابى وهذا الملف ليس

كل االجزاءOm yomna

Microbiology ProtozoaIntestinal

Entameba histolytica

Giardia lambilia

Blantidium coli

طريق عن بينتقلوا fecal – oralدول

طريق عن عليهم cyst / trophozoiteبنتعرف

In stool

Urogenital

Trichomonas vaginalis

طريق عن sexualتنتقل

طريق عن عليها tropozoite onlyوبنتعرف

urine & swab discharge

Blood

ال بتعرف protozoaكل الدم فى اللىطريق عن الماليا Blood Filmعليها

عليها بتعرف اللى Thick bloodبالوحيدةfilm

1 -plasmodium malaria ( intracellular )

طريق Malariaتسبب عن femaleبواسطة sporozoitesتنتقلAnopheles

Non motile protozoa

2 -Toxoplasma gondii ( intracellular )

ال طريق toxoplasmosisتسبب عن oocyst in cat fecesتنتقل

definitive host………cat

intermediate host ….. Human

صفاتها من وايضاNon motile protozoa

Multiply interacellular

Can cause fetal cerebral infection

3 -Trypanosoma cruzi ( American)

طريق myocarditis ( Chaga's diseaseتسبب( عن وتنتقلRoduvdii bug

Motile protozoa

4 -Trypanosoma rhodesiense (African )

و Sleeping sicknessتسبب تنتقل Trypanosoma gambienseهىطريق Tse Tse flyعن

5 -Leishmania donovani

Blackوايضا Visceral leshmaniasis( Kala azar )تسبب fever طريق عن Sand fly(larva)وتنتقل

The worm ال طريق عن عليها بتعرف الديدان عدا ovaكل ما

Strongyloides stercoralis ال طريق عن عليها بتعرفlarva

***Nematodes (Round worm )

1 -Ascaris lubricoides

طريق Abdominal pain & Pneumonitis تسبب عن وتنتقلEating ova oral Fecal-

2 -Trichuris trichiura ( whip worm )

طريق Abdominal pain & vomitingتسبب عن Eatingوتنتقلova oral Fecal-

بتاعتها البويضة صفاتBarrel shapped egg,yellow brown in colour with acolorless protruding mucoid plug in each end

)pin worm( 3- Enterobius vermicularis

طريق Autoinfection in childrenتسبب عن وتنتقلEating ova oral Fecal -فى بويضة تضع intestineال

Ancylostoma duodenal( hook worms ) -4

Bleeding in stool & anemia &Pneumonitisتسبب

طريق عن Filariform larva penetrate the skin وتنتقل

5 -Strongyloides stercoralis

طريق pneumonitisتسبب عن Filariform larvaوتنتقلpenetrate the skin عن عليها بنتعرف اللى الوحيدة ودى

ال larvaطريق

Trichinella spiralis 6 -

muscle inflammation ( Larva encysted inتسبب (tissues طريق عن Encysted larva of Uncooked pigوتنتقل

meat

***Trematodes ( flukes )البراز schistasoma mansoni-1 فى

colon Damage &Schistasomasisوتسبب Mesenteric venulesتصيب

طريق عن Cercariaوتنتقل

البول schistasoma hematobium- 2 فى

وتسبب &Bladder venules تصيبSchistasomasis( Hematuria )

bladder Damage طريق عن Cercariaوتنتقل

Fasciola hepatica-3

ال &Abdominal painوتسبب liver and bile ductتصيبjaundice طريق عن metacercariaوتنتقل

Paragonimus westermani-4

ال عن cough & Chest painوتسبب lungتصيب وتنتقلال metacercariaطريق من عزلها sputumويمكن

***Cestodes ( tape worms )1- Taenia saginata (beef tape worm)

طريق taeniasis تسبب عن يجبها cystوتنتقل وممكنcystcercus larva

2- Taenia solium (pork tape worm )Taenia saginataزى

3- Echinococcus granulosusطريق hydatidتسبب عن العائل Ova of dog fecesوتنتقل

dogبتاعها 4- Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tape worm )

perinicious anemia (Vitamin B12تسبب ( طريق عن Eating Uncooked fishوتنتقل

5- Hymenolepis nana(dwarf tape worm )طريق hymenoleposisتسبب عن Fecal- oral وتنتقل

Eating ova

والسالب الموجب الجرام Gram Positiveانواع& Negative

************************************************

Comparison chart

Gram-negative Bacteria

Gram-positive Bacteria

Gram reaction

Can be decolourized to accept counter stain (Safranin or Fuchsine); stain red or pink, they don't retain the Gram stain when washed with absolute alcohol and acetone.

Retain crystal violet dye and stain dark violet or purple, they remain coloured blue or purple with gram stain when washed with absolute alcohol and water.

Peptidoglycan layerThin (single-layered)

Thick (multilayered)

Teichoic acidsAbsentPresent in many

Periplasmic spacePresentAbsent

Outer membranePresentAbsent

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content

HighVirtually none

Lipid and lipoprotein content

High (due to presence of outer

Low (acid-fast bacteria have lipids

Gram-negative Bacteria

Gram-positive Bacteria

membrane)linked to peptidoglycan)

Flagellar structure4 rings in basal

body2 rings in basal body

Toxins producedPrimarily Endotoxins

Primarily Exotoxins

Resistance to physical disruption

LowHigh

Inhibition by basic dyes

LowHigh

Susceptibility to anionic detergents

LowHigh

Resistance to sodium azide

LowHigh

Resistance to dryingLowHigh

Cell wall composition

The cell wall is 70-120 Armstrong thick two

The cell wall is 100-120 Armstrong thick, single layered. The

Gram-negative Bacteria

Gram-positive Bacteria

layered.The lipid content is 20-30% (High), whereas Murein content is 10-20% (Low).

Lipid content of the cell wall is low , whereas Murein content is 70-80% (Higher).

MesosomeMesosome is less prominent.

Mesosome is more prominent.

Antibiotic Resistance

More resistant to antibiotics.

More susceptible to antibiotics

Pathogenesis in humans

90-95% of Gram negative bacteria are pathogenic. On the other hand, many Gram-positive bacteria are non-pathogenic.

Not only do gram-negative bacteria tend to be harmful to humans, they are also more resistant to antibiotics. They also develop resistance sooner

Gram +veActinomyces (Gram +) شعيرى Filamentous Respiratory Diseases, cavities االسنان تسوسNocardia (Gram +) Filamentous Respiratory Diseases امراض التنفسيةStreptomyces (Gram +) Filamentous Antibiotics الحيوية المضادات Bacillus (Gram +) Endospore

B. anthracis: anthrax الجمرة الخبيثة Other strains, food poisoning االكل تسممClostridium (Gram +) Obligate Anaerobe Endospore C. tetani: tetanus العضالت تشنجوالعنق C. perfringens: food poison, gas gangrene الغارغرينا الغازية C. botulinum: botulism تسمم

اللحم اكل منGardnerella (Gram +) Rods

Vaginitis المهبل التهاب

Listeria (Gram +) Rod Fetal Pathogens للجنين االمراض مسبباتNewborn meningitis الوالدة لحديثى السحايا التهاب

Propionibacterium (Gram +) Rods

Acne الشباب حب

Mycobacterium (Gram +) Acid Fast

M lepraeالجزامية M tuberculosisالسل Mycoplasma (Gram +) No cell Wall Walking pneumonia االلتهاب المشى الرئوىStaphylococcus (Gram +) Cocci in clusters فى مكورة مجموعات

S epidermidis S aureus Methicillin Resistant Staph aureus (MRSA) Vancomycin Resistant Staph aureus (VRSA)Streptococcus (Gram +) COCCI IN CHAINS فى مكورات سالسل S pneumonia: Alpha hemolysis S pyogenes: Beta hemolysis S mutans: Cavities االسنان تسوس

Corynebacterium (Gram +) Pleiomorphic C. Diphtheriae

Enterococcus (Gram +)Vancomycin Resistant E__________ (VRE)

Lactobacillus (Gram +)

Vaginal Flora

Gram –veEnterobacter (gram -) Rod

Opportunistic UTI (urinary tract infections) التهابالبولية المسالك

Escherichia (gram -) {E. coli} Rod

Normal GI tract O157:H7 strain

Hemophilus (gram -) ROD

H influenza انفلوانزا URI (upper respiratory infections) الجهاز التهاب

العلوى التنفسى Epiglottitis ر المزما لسان التهاب Meningitis السحايا التهاب Otitis االذن التهابKlebsiella (gram -) ROD

Hemorrhagic pneumoniae الرئوى النزيفProteus (gram -) ROD

"Opportunistic UTI المسالك التهاب البوليةSalmonella (gram -) ROD

Typhus التيفويد Food poisoning الغذاء تسمم

Serratia (gram -) ROD

"Opportunistic UTI   المسالك التهاب البولية Respiratory Infections الجهاز التهاب التنفسىShigella (gram -) ROD

Dysentery زحار Yersinia (gram -) ROD Plague طاعون Campylobacter (gram -) منحنى Curved Rod

GI infections الجهاز التهاب الهضمىHelicobacter (gram -) CURVED ROD

Peptic Ulcer قرحة Vibrio (gram -) CURVED ROD

Cholera كوليرا GI disease الهضمى الجهاز التهابBortadella (gram -) هوائىRod Aerobe

B. Pertussis الديكى السعالBurkholderia (gram -) Rod Aerobe

B cepacia: الشرهة بى Cystic Fibrosis patients!! الكيسى التليف مرضىLegionella (gram -) ROD AEROBES

pneumonia الرئوى االلتهابPseudomonas (gram -) ROD AEROBES

Pyocyanin (blue-green pigment) Nosocomiel infections (aquired at a hospital) المكتسبة التهابات

المستشفى من Burn patinets!!!حرق "Cystic Fibrosis patients!!! الكيسى التليف مرضىFusobacterium (gram -) الهوائى Rod Anaerobe

Gingivitis اللثة التهاب

Chlamydia (gram -) Obligate Intercellular Parasite (<--O.I.P)

STD Trachoma (blindness)العمى Pneumonia الرئوى االلتهابRickettsia (gram -) Obligate Intercellular Parasite (<-- O.I.P)

Rocky Mtn spotted fever المبقعة روكى " Enter host through vectors (term: arthropod borne) ادخال

ناقالت خالل من المضيف

Leptospiria (gram -) ملتوية SPIROCHETE

leptospirosis النحيفة اللولبية داءTreponema (gram -) ملتوية SPIROCHETE

T pallidum –syphilis الشاحبة

Neisseria (gram -) AEROBE DIPLOCOCCUS

N gonorrheae N meningitides السحائية Nitrobacter (gram -)--------------------- Nitrogen fixing bacteria للنيتروجين المثبتة البكترياThiobacter (gram -)---------------- Sulfur reducing الحد الكبريت

Acetobacter (gram -)------------------- Acetic acid from ethanolBorrelia (gram -) Spirochete الملتوية Lyme Disease اليم مرض Arthropod borne المنقولة المفصلية

ال ال coloniesالوان علىmedia

E.coli & Klebsiellaال لونهاXLD&CLEDعلى pinkلونها MacConkeyعلى

yellow

زى اختبارات بواسطة االتنين بين Citrate &Indoleبفرق

E.coli –ve & +ve

Klebsiella +ve & -ve

Salmonella & Shigellaال ال colorlessلونها MacConkeyعلى Pinkلونها XLDعلى

لون تكوين طريق عن والشيجال السالمونيال بين بفرقنتيجة فقط H2Sاسود السالمونيال فى

Proteus ال pale non-lactoseلونها MacConkeyعلى

fermenting colonies on there media

برائحة Fish Like Odourتتميز

Pseudomonasصفاتها Grennish coloration

Sweet grap like odour

Specific media Cetrimide agar

Vibrio choleraYellowلونها TCBSعلى

C.diphtheria gray to blackلونها Blood agarعلى

Strebtococcus B . hemolytic Ex: S.pyogenes

On Blood agar give Clear zone around the colony

Non hemolytic streptococcus

)alpha hemolytic (Ex: S.viridans & S.pneumonine

On Blood agar give Green zone around the colony

االتى طريق عن دول االتنين بين ازاى افرقS.pneumonineS. viridansaerobicFacultative anaerobicSoluble in bileInsoluble in bileSensitive to optochinResistance to optochin

Staphylo.aureusOn nutral agar give …… golden yellow colony

On mannitol salt media …..yellow haloes surround the colony deu to acid formation

Non pathogenic starin of staph.Give …….Pink colony

NeisseriaThe colony grayish yellow and rough

The selective media for it is ……Thayer _ martin media

Ex : N.gonorrhoea

Ferment glucose only

Ex: N.meningitidis

Ferment glucose & maltose

التحاليل بعض نتائج **Coagulase

+ve in S.aureus

**catalase -ve in Streptococci

+ve in Staphylococci

C.diphtheria

Listeria

Brucella

All Enterobacteria(E.coli ,Salmonella,klebsiella,……..)

** Oxidase

+ve -ve

Neisseria E.coli

Pseudomonas Salmonella

Vibrio cholera Klebsiella

H.pylori Shigella

Brucella Haemphilas

**Citrate +ve -ve

Salmonella E.coli

Klebsiella

**Indole+ve -ve

E.coli Salmonella

Proteus (except primirabilis) Klebsiella

Vibrio cholera

**Urease+ve -ve

Proteus E.coli

H.pylori Salmonella

Brucella Shigella

**Quellung,s test+ve -ve

S.pneumonia C.diphtheria

H.influenza

Klebsella pneumonia

IMVIC Test

ل اختصارIndole test

Methyl_Red test

Voges _ Proskauer test

Citrate utilization test

E.coli --++

Enterobacter aerogenes ++--

Proteus vulgris --++

Citrobacter freundeii +-+-

Deffertiation of Microorganism according to

Tempreature PH Psycophiles 15-20 c Acidophilic PH7>

Mesophiles 25-40 c Neutrophilic PH=7.2-7.4

Thermophiles 50-60c Basophilic PH <7

***Bacteria most grow on PH 6.5 – 7.5 & 37 C

*** Fungi grow on PH 5-6

***Halophiles …Bacteria grow in high salt (30%salt)

Types of Media

**Neutrient**Plate count Agar

**Neutrient Agar

**Trpticase soy Agar

** Selective ** EMB (Eosin Methelen Blue)………..Coliform

**MacConkey Agar…………………….Gram –ve

**XLD(Xylose Lysine Desoxyscholate)..Gram –ve

**Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar…Gram –ve

** HE(Hektoen enteric agar) …………….Gram –ve

**MSA(Mannitol salt Agar )………………Gram +ve

**Baird_ Porker ……………….Gram +ve (Staphylococci)

**TB (Terrific Broth )……………..E.coli

** Differential **EMB …….for Lactose fermentation

**MacConkey..For Lactose Fermentation

**MSA…….For Mannitol Fermentation

**X_ Gal Plate …..For Lac Operon Mutans

Stain الصبغات **Gram stain

(gram +ve & gram –ve بين ) بتفرق**Iron Hematoxy line & Trichoma stain

Used to…..Detect Fecal Protozoa

**Wright _ Giemsa Stain

Used to…….Detect Blood Protozoa

**Methanamine Silver Stain

Used in Histology lab **Acid Fast Stain

واحدة ل ziehl _ neelsen stainاهم تستخدم Mycobacterium tuberculosis

فيها يوجد ال الصبغة Crystal Violetوهذه

Cocci Gram +Ve & Gram –Ve

Gram +Ve الى تنقسم** Group ……Staphylococci

**Chain …………..Streptococci

** Diplo…………..Penumococci كبسولة ليها اللى الوحيدةGram –Ve

Neisseria

ال باالتى cocciكل تتميز** Non Motile

**Non Spore forming

**Non capsulate

ال Pencillinهو ** cocciعالج

المناعة

اللى االسئلة بيها اقصد الخواصاالمتحانات فى وردت

IgM

هو تعريفه Immunoglobulin M, or IgM for short, is a basic antibody that is produced by B cells. IgM is by far the physically largest antibody in the human circulatory system. It is the first antibody to appear in response to initial exposure to an antigen.[1]

[2] The spleen whereplasmablasts reside is the major site of specific IgM production

خواصه1-Blood grouping antibody

2-The predominant Ig in primary immune response3-The most efficient Ig in complement fixation

4-cause cold agglutination 5-have 4 or 5 molecules

6-The highest molecular weight

IgG

هو تعريفه

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody. It is a protein complex composed of four peptide chains—two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains arranged in a Y-shape typical of antibody monomers. Each IgG has two antigen binding sites. Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the circulation.[1] IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells.

خواصه1-Incomplete Antigen

2-The antibody associated in Rh

3-The main Ig in 2ry immune response

4-cause the worm autoimmune hemolytic anemia

5-Antibody contain 4 IG clasess

6-Immunoglobulin is present normally in plasma at highest concentration

7-the lowest molecular weight

IgE

هو تعريفه

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a kind of antibody (or immunoglobulin (Ig) "isotype") that has only been found inmammals. Monomers of IgE consist of two heavy chains (ε chain) and two light chains, with the ε chain containing 4 Ig-like constant domains (Cε1-Cε4). [1] IgE's main function is immunity to parasites such ashelminths[2] like Schistosoma mansoni, Trichinella spiralis, and Fasciola hepatica.[3][4][5] IgE is utilized during immune defense against certain protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum.[6]

IgE also has an essential role in type I hypersensitivity,[7] which manifests various allergic diseases, such as allergic asthma, most types of sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, and specific types of chronic urticariaand atopic dermatitis. IgE also plays a pivotal role in responses to allergens, such as: anaphylactic drugs, bee stings, and antigen preparations used in desensitization immunotherapy.

Although IgE is typically the least abundant isotype—blood serum IgE levels in a normal ("non-atopic") individual are only 0.05% of the Ig concentration,[8] compared to 75% for the IgGs at 10 mg/ml, which are the isotypes responsible for most of the classical adaptive immune response—it is capable of triggering the most powerful inflammatory reactions.

IgE was simultaneously discovered in 1966 by two groups: Dr. Lawrence Lichtenstein [9] and Dr. Philip Norman in the Johns Hopkins Department of Medicine's Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, as well as Dr. Kimishige Ishizaka and Dr. Margaret M. Hornbrook [10]in the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital in Denver, CO. [11]

خواصه

1-It is cytophilic Ab

2-Unflexable Ig

3-Reagenic Ab

4-Elevated in parasitic infection and allergy

IgA

هو تعريفه Immunoglobulin A (IgA, also referred to as sIgA) is an antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity. More IgA is produced in mucosal linings than all other types of antibody combined;[1] between three and five grams are secreted into the intestinal lumen each day.[2] This accumulates up to 15% of the total immunoglobulin produced in the entire body.[3]

IgA has two subclasses (IgA1 and IgA2) and can exist in a dimeric form called secretory IgA (sIgA). In its secretory form, IgA is the mainimmunoglobulin found in mucous secretions, including tears, saliva, sweat, colostrum and secretions from the genitourinary tract,gastrointestinal tract, prostate and respiratory epithelium. It is also found in small amounts in blood. The secretory component of sIgA protects the immunoglobulin from being degraded by proteolytic enzymes, thus sIgA can survive in the harsh gastrointestinal tractenvironment and provide protection against microbes that multiply in body secretions.

[4] sIgA can also inhibit inflammatory effects of other immunoglobulins.[5] IgA is a poor activator of the complement system, and opsonises only weakly. Its heavy chains are of the type α.

خواصه 1-The predominant Ig in the body secretion such as milk

2-The dimeric antibody

NOTE****PROZONE is excee Ab

****POSTZONE is excee Ag

****Immunoglobuline is GAMMA GLOBULINE

االنيميااو اشارة تعتبر نوع كل تحت اللى الحاجات ده الجزء فىتذكر لما يعنى عالمة معتبراها كنت انا ده النوع على داللة

كذا المقصود يبقى السؤال فى دى الكلمة

*Iron deficiency anemia1-microcytic hypochromic anemia

2-have echinocyte cell

3-pica

4-pulmer-vinson syndrome

5-decrease or absent of hemosiderin in bown marrow

*Vit B12 deficiency anemia1-megaloplastic anemia

2 -have Target cell

3-Neurological symptoms

4-megaloplastic hematopoiesis

*sickle cell anemia1-HbS

2- Atrophy of the spleen الطحال ضمور بسببها يحدث

*hemolytic anemia الطحال نشاط فرط بسببها hypersplenismيحدث

*Aplastic anemia1-pancytopenia

2-markedly hypocellular marrow

3-markrdly increase in serum erythropoietin

4-chloramphenicol الطويل المدى على العالج نتيجة تحدث ب

5- Fanconi’s anemia انواعها من6- No increase in reticulocyte لل زيادة فيها يحدث ال

*G6PD deficiency anemia1-Favism

2-hemolytic anemia

3-have Heinz bodies

هو تعريفهاPale inclusions that push out the cell membrane and composed of hemoglobin

*Hereditary spherocytosis1-hyperchromic

2-defect of red cell membrane

*pernicious anemia1-Schilling test

2-autoimmune disease in which there is an immune destruction of the acid and pepsin secreating cell of the stomach

NOTEMCV= Ht/RBCs X 10 = …….. Fl (80-90)

MCH = Hb/RBCs X 10 =……….Pg (27-32)

MCHC =Hb/Ht X 100 =………g% (32-36)

Ht = RBCs/total volume of blood X 100 هذه مراجعة برجاء المعادلة

Normal MCV……….normocytic

high MCV………macrocytic

low MCV………..microcytic

Normal MCHC………..normochromic

High MCHC…………..hyperchromic

Low MCHC……………hypochromic

HEMOGLOBIN (Hb)4 Protein (94%) & 4 Heme group (6%)

HbA……… من و 2يتكون البالغ 2الفا فى نسبته 96بيتا %

2 ά chains and 2 β chains.

HbA2…….. من و 2يتكون البالغ 2الفا فى نسبته سيجما 2%

2 ά chains and 2 δ chains

HbF………. من و 2يتكون االطفال 2الفا فى نسبته جاما 2والبالغ% 70 %

2 ά chains and 2 γ chains.

HbS……….found in sickle cell anemia

Reticulocytes الشبكية الخالياIt is immature RBCs (0.5 _ 2 % )

Stained by Brilliant crestyl blue

Reticulocytosis Reticulocytopenia*hemorrhage *Aplastic anemia

*hemolytic anemia

*megaloplastic anemia

ErythrocytosisIncrease RBCs count with physiological cause ليس طبيعى

مرض بسبب

Polycythemia Increase RBCs count with pathological cause مرض بسبب

Relative polycythemia*Is due to decrease plasma volume with normal RBCs count

Anisocytosis….Alteration in size of RBCs

Polikilocytosis… Alteration in shape of RBCs

NOTEWBCs

Neutrophil in Bacterial infection ((40 – 75 % ))

Eosinophil in (( 1 – 6 % ))

*parasitic infection

* Loffer’s syndrome

* Hodgkin’s disease

*Steven’s –Johnson syndrome

Basophil in Hypersensitivity ((0 – 1 % ))

Monocyte in *TB (( 2 – 8 % ))

*Typhoid fever

* Hodgkin’s disease

Lymphocyte in * TB (( 20 – 40 % ))

*CLL

*CMV

*infection mononucleosis

*Whooping cough

الهرمونات *hypothalamus : release hormones that start and stop of pituitary hormones .

* thymus : important for normal immune function .

*pituitary gland : -it consist of three lobes : 1-anterior lobe . 2- posterior lobe . 3- middle lobe .

*hormone of anterior pituitary lobe :

Hormone Site Of Action Action

TSH Thyroid gland Release thyroid hormone( T4 – T3)

ACTH Adrenal cortex

Release of glococorticoid hormone ( cortisol )

GH Growth of bone and

Most body cells muscles

FSH Ovaries and testis Ovary :- promote maturation of ovum and production of estredolTestis :- production of sperm .

LH Ovaries and testis Ovary :- Stimulate ovulation and formation of corpus luteum and release progesteroneTestis :- release testosterone

PRL Mammary gland Milk Secretion

*hormone of posterior pituitary lobe :

Hormone Site Of Action Action

ADH Kidney Promote waterre-absorption and blood pressure

Oxytocin Mammary gland and uterus

Mammary gland :- stimulate lactation .Uterus :- stimulate contraction

* Hormone of middle Pituitary lobe :- It is secret 1 hormone only :-

Melanocytes stimulating hormone ( MSH )

Which increase skin pigmentation ( secrete melanin dye )

* Pituitary dysfunctions :-

1- Gigantism :- hyper secretion of growth hormone in children .

2- Acromegaly :- hyper secretion of growh hormone in adult, specially in hand and feet . 3- Dwarfism :- hypo secretion of growth hormone in children .

* Thyroid Gland :- it is the biggest gland in size . it secret 2 major hormones :- 1- Tri-iodothyronine (T3 ) 2- Thyroxine ( T4 ) Thyroid gland increased the basal metabolism .

-Thyroid dysfunctions :- 1- Hypothyrodism :- decrease of thyroid activity . 2- Hyperthyroidism :- increase of thyroid activity . - If TSH increased the T3 & T4 decreased ( hypothyroidism ). - If TSH decreased the T3 & T4 increased (Hyperthyroidism ).

* Parathyroid Gland :- It secret 2 major hormone :-1- PTH ( parathyroid hormone ) ----} increased calcium level . 2- Calcitonin . ----} decreased calcium level .

Parathyroid dysfunctions :- 1- Hypoprarthyrodisim :- decreased PTH amount . Lab finding :- a- hypocalcemia . b- phosphate in blood and no in urine . c- Alkline phosphates normal .

2- Hyperparathyrodissm :-

increased PTH amount . Lab findings :- a- Hypercalcemia

b- No phosphate in blood and found in urine . c- alkaline phosphates increased .

- Adrenal Gland :- Consist of 2 parts :- 1- adrenal cortex ---- outer region ----- yellow color . and secret 3 steroid hormone :- a- glucocorticoid ( cortisol ) . b- Mineralcorticoid ( Aldosteron ). c- Androgens ( testosterone )

2- adrenal medulla ---- inner region ---- gray color . and secret 3 hormones called chatecholamines :- a- dopamine b- epinephrine c- nor – epinephrine

- hypofunction of adrenal cortex :- 1- Addison disease :- it caused by dysfunction or destruction of adrenal gland resulting in deficiency of glucocorticoid & Mineralcorticoid . -Hyperfunction of adrenal cortex :- 1- Cushing's syndrome :- it caused by excessive of glucocorticoid . 2- Conn's syndrome :- it caused by excessive of Aldosterone .

*Pencreas :- it secret 2 hormones :- 1- Insulin ( decreases glucose in blood ) 2- Glucagon ( Increasesd glucose in blood )

- the islet of langerhans containing 4 types od cells :- 1- Beta cells ----------} insulin + amyline 2- Alpha cells --------} Glucagon . 3- Delta cells ---------} Somatostatin .

4- Gamma cells ------} Unknown function .

* Reproductive Endocrine Function : *the main type of sex hormone : 1-male sex hormone(testosterone) 2- female sex hormone (estrogen progesterone )

* Estrogen : stimulation contraction of uterus .

* progesterone : essential during pregnancy.