第六章国际海洋法 the international law of the sea

第六章国际海洋法第六章国际海洋法The International Law of the SeaThe International Law of the Sea第一节概念及历史发展Concept, Historical development, Codification第二节内水、领海及毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone第三节用于国际航行的海峡、群岛水域Straits Used for International Navigation, Archipelagic Waters第四节专属经济区、大陆架The Exclusive Economic Zone, Continental Shelf第五节公海The High Sea第六节国际海底区域The International Seabed Area

Chapter 6

陆地面积 1.5 亿平方公里

海洋面积 3.6 亿平方公里

The sea is the vast area of salty water covering the surface of the earth. The sea is so important in history, in present time and in the future to the whole international community because of‘ the following reasons: (1) Huge area. the sea covers 70% of the surface of the earth. (2) Natural resources.

(3) Important waterway. The sea is the important waterway through which international commerce and trade may be conducted.

(4) Scientific researches and explorations.

(5) Military Significance.

郑和下西洋路线图

海上油气资源开发

第 5章第一节概念及历史发展Concept, Historical development, Codification

一、 Definition 海洋法目前有两种解释，一是【确定各海域的法律地位并调整各国在海洋利

用各个领域中的关系的原则、规则和规章、制度的总体】。

二是【海洋法就是规定海洋各个海域的法律地位和法律制度并调整各国在其中从事各种活动的原则、规则和规章制度的总体】。

二、 The Law of the Sea - History The development of the law of the sea cann

ot be separated from the development of international law in general.


（一）海洋共有论 -joint ownership of the sea 在欧洲古代和中世纪的前半叶，海洋被认为是共有之物，海洋航行是完全自由的。（二）海洋分割论 -maritime sovereignty 中世纪后半叶Great geographical discoveries

In the 15th and 16th centuries claims were laid by the powerful maritime states, especially Portugal and Spain, to the exercise of sovereignty over vast portions of the seas. Portugal claimed maritime sovereignty over the whole of the Indian Ocean and a very big part of the Atlantic. Spain claimed rights over the Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico. The division of the seas and oceans between Spain and Portugal by the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas was approved by the Pope. 商业垄断权，教皇子午线

教皇子午线 1494 年经教皇仲裁，西班牙和葡萄牙在

世界上划分势力范围的分界线。 1492 年 C.哥伦布到达美洲后，西、葡两国为争夺殖民地、市场和掠夺财富，长期进行战争。为缓和两国日益尖锐的矛盾，由教皇亚历山大六世（ 1492 ～ 1503 在位）出面调解，并于 1493 年 5月 4日作出仲裁：在大西洋中部亚速尔和佛得角群岛以西 100 里格（ league ， 1里格合 3海里，约为 5.5 千米）的地方，从北极到南极划一条分界线，史称教皇子午线。线西属于西班牙人的势力范围；线东则属于葡萄牙人的势力范围。根据这条分界线，大体上美洲及太平洋各岛属西半部，归西班牙；而亚洲、非非洲则属东半部，归葡萄牙。葡萄牙国王若若昂二世（ 1481 ～ 1495 在位）对此表示不满，要求重划。 1494 年 6月 7日西、葡两国签订了《托德西利亚斯条约》，将分界线再向西移 270 里格，巴西即根据这个条约被划入葡萄牙的势力范围。这条由教皇作保规定的西、葡两国同意的分界线，开近代殖民列强瓜分世界、划分势力范围之先河。


（三）海洋自由论与海洋分割论的并立In opposition to the principle of maritime sovereignty, the prin

ciple of the freedom of the seas began to develop. The freedom of the high seas was seen to correspond to the general interests of all states, particularly as regards freedom of commerce between nations.

Grotius (1583-1645) ， being regarded as the father of the law of the sea as well ， was one of the first to attack claims to sovereignty over high seas. In his Mare Liberum ['mɑ:rei'libərə

m] (The Freedom of the Seas), His argument was based on two grounds:

1. No sea or ocean can be the property of a nation because it is impossible for any nation effectively to take it into possession by occupation.

2. Nature does not give a right to anybody to appropriate things that may be used by everybody and inexhaustible.


Selden’ s work Mare Clausum ( 《封闭海区》 1635), a defense of England's right to sovereignty over the seas between that country and the Continent, was written in response to Hugo Grotius's Mare Liberum.

英国君主对英伦三岛周围的海域有占有和控制权，反对格老秀斯的海洋自由主张。

由于海洋自由原则适应了各国航行贸易的需要，最终还是被各国接受了。与此同时，领海制度也得到了公认。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Selden_from_NPG_cleaned.jpg


三、 law of the sea-Codification （一） The Hague Codification Conference of 1930

The Conference was unable to adopt a convention concerning territorial waters as no agreement could be reached on the question of the breadth of territorial waters and the problem of the contiguous zone. There was, however, some measure of agreement regarding the legal status of territorial waters, the right of innocent passage and the baseline for measuring the territorial waters.

1930 年海牙国际法编篡会议拟订《领海法律地位草案》

law of the sea-Codification

（二）联合国第一次海洋法会议The First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea held in Geneva in 1958 ， 86states’participation ，Geneva ， adopted four Conventions: (1) the Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone; 《领海与毗连区公约》(2) the convention on the Continental Shelf; 《大陆架公约》(3) the Convention on Fishing and the Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Sea 《捕鱼与养护生物资源公约》 (4) the Convention on the High Sea 《公海公约》海洋法开始由习惯法向成文法转变 ; 主要反映了西方海洋强国的意志，忽视了发展中国家的利益。


（三）联合国第二次海洋法会议The Second UN Conference on the Law of the Sea held in Geneva in 1960, trying to settle the question of the breadth of territorial sea , but failed because of the irreconcilable economic, political and military conflicts among the States on the Oceans.

The Conference failed to agree on the British 6+6 compromise (6 miles territorial sea + 6 miles contiguous [kən'tigjuəs] zone) proposal.


（六）联合国第三次海洋法会议The Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea1973.12, convened in New York ， lasted 9years ， 167 nations participating ，另有 50 多个未独立领土、民族解放运动组织和国际组织派观察员参加了会议。UNCLOS III experience has been described as “the largest, most technically complex, continuous negotiation attempted in modern times” (R.L.Friedheim).

UNCLOS III negotiated on the basis of consensus, as a package deal with the understanding that no reservations to the Convention be permitted.

On April 30 1982 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted by voting. 130 states voted in favor, 4 against (USA, Israel, Turkey and Venezuela) and 17 abstained.


公约规定了进行各种海洋活动必须遵循的法律框架，是 20 世纪继《联合国宪章》之后的最重要的国际法律文件。To date, 158 countries and the European Community have joined in the Convention. However, it is now regarded as a codification of the customary international law on the issue. 与 1958 年的四个公约相比，《公约》有三个特点：一是它既有关于领海、公海等方面的“编纂”现有国际法的内容，又有关于专属经济区、国际海底区域等方面的“逐渐发展”的内容，甚至可以说“逐渐发展”的内容多于“编纂”的内容；二是发展中国家的意志在《公约》中得到了体现，《公约》实际上包括了建立国际新秩序的内容；三是《公约》是有不同利害关系的国家或国家集团斗争和妥协的结果，是“一揽子”协议，《公约》规定，不得作出保留和例外。


二战以来海洋法的发展变化受到很多因素的影响：首先，各国经济的巨大增长刺激了对海洋资源的需求，沿海国竞相将管辖范围扩展到领海以外，以控制更多的海洋资源；其次，科学技术的进步，为各国控制更为宽广的海洋空间提供了可能性，为增加人类开发海洋资源的广度和深度创造了条件；第三，发展中国家在国际社会占据多数以后，强烈要求改变有利于海洋大国的旧的海洋法律秩序，建立新的海洋法律秩序；第四，发达国家凭借其经济和技术优势，极力抵制不符合其意愿的海洋法的变革，企图使海洋法的发展变化以他们的意志为转移。

第 5章第二节内水、领海、毗连区第二节内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone一、内水一、内水 --Internal waters (Article 8) （一）概念：（一）概念：沿海国领海基线陆地一侧的水域。包括湖泊、河流及其河口、沿海国领海基线陆地一侧的水域。包括湖泊、河流及其河口、内海、港口、港湾、海峡、以及其他位于领海以内的水域。内海、港口、港湾、海峡、以及其他位于领海以内的水域。 Legal status： The coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use, and use any resource. Foreign vessels have no right of passage within internal waters. the coastal state's sovereignty extends over its territorial sea and to the airspace and seabed and subsoil；外国船舶或航空器非经许可不得进入内水及其上空航行；In general, a coastal state may exercise its jurisdiction over foreign ships within its internal waters to enforce its laws, although the judicial authorities of the flag state (i.e. the state whose flag the particular ship flies) may also act where crimes have occurred on board ship.

海洋内水陆地内水

内水的法律地位 1. 一切外国的船舶非经沿海国许可不得在其内水航行。 2.外国商船如获准进入一国内水，可遵照该国法律和规章驶入该国指定的港口。遇难的船舶可以进入，但必须遵照沿海国的规章制度。 3.外国军用船舶必须通过外交途径办理一定手续，才得进入一国的内水。 4.沿海国对于进入其内水的外国船舶得行使属地管辖权，但通常仅在其利益受到损害时才强制执行其法律，对于纯属船舶内部的事务，一般由船旗国管辖。

第 5章第二节内水、领海、毗连区第二节内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone

（二）内水与领海的界限 - 领海基线 - Baselines是陆地和海洋、内水和领海的分界线，也是测算领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架宽度的起算线。1. 正常基线：海水退潮退到离岸最远时海平面与海岸相接触的那条线，通常适用于海岸线比较平直的情况。

Normal baseline Normal baseline (Article 5)The normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State.

Baselines

2. 直线基线：适用于海岸非常曲折或沿岸多岛屿的情况。Straight baselines (Article 7)以大陆、外缘岛屿或岩礁上选定适当的点为基点，然后用直线将相邻各基点连接起来，形成一条由直线段构成的折线，作为划定领海的起始线。

适用直线基线法的限制：（ 1）不应在任何明显的程度上偏离海岸的一般方向；（ 2）基线内的海域必须充分接近陆地

领土，使其受内水制度的支配；（ 3）一国不得采用直线基线制度，致使另一国的领海同公海或专属经济区隔断。


《公约》：“如果河流直接流入海洋，基线应是一条在两岸低潮线上两点之间横越河口的直线”。Mouths of riversMouths of rivers - If a river flows directly into the sea, the baseline shall be a straight line across the mouth of the river between points on the low-water line of its banks.low-tide elevation ： the low-water line of it may now be used as a baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea if it is situated wholly or partly at a distance not exceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an island. If it is beyond this distance, it will have no territorial sea of its own.


我国 1992年《领海及毗连区法》采用直线基线法划定中国领海。

第 5章第二节内水、领海、毗连区第二节内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone（三）海湾 -Bays (Article10)a bay is a well-marked indentation …… An indentation shall not, however, be regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as, or larger than, that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation.Where the distance between the low-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay exceeds 24 nautical miles, a straight baseline of 24 nautical miles shall be drawn within the bay in such a manner as to enclose the maximum area of water that is possible with a line of that length.

（四）港口 -PortsFor the purpose of delimiting the territorial sea, the outermost permanent harbor works which form an integral part of the harbor system are regarded as forming part of the coast. Off-shore installations and artificial islands shall not be considered as permanent harbor works.


二、领海二、领海 -territorial sea -territorial sea （一）（一） DefinitionDefinition领海是邻接国家领陆、内水或群岛水域的，受国家管辖和支配的一定宽度的海水带。

Territorial sea refers to a belt of sea adjacent to the coastal State over which the coastal State enjoys sovereignty and jurisdiction subject to certain conditions imposed by the rules of international law.


（二） Legal status of territorial sea the coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use, a

nd use any resource. 1.1. 沿海国的权利沿海国的权利 - coastal state’s rihgt

(1) 自然资源主权 -sovereignty on natural resources living & non-living resources ，锡、钻石、砂土和砾石是国家管辖范围内的重要的岸外矿业。

(2) sovereignty of the airspace over it (3)Territorial jurisdiction 对于其领海内的人、物及所发生的事件，除依照国际

法应当豁免者外，享有排他的立法、司法和行政的管辖权。


2.2. 外国在一国领海的权利外国在一国领海的权利： foreign Vessels were given the right of innocent passage through any territorial waters. 无害通过权 -Right of innocent passage (Article17)指所有国家，不论为沿海国或内陆国，其船舶在不损害沿海国的和平、良好秩序或安全的情况下，无须事先申请获准，均享有通过沿海国领海的权利。Ships of all States, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.外国船舶是否有无害通过权，是领海和内水制度的主要区别3.3. 沿海国的义务：沿海国的义务：

1.1.不应妨碍外国船舶的不应妨碍外国船舶的无害通过权无害通过权；； 2.2. 应将其所知的在其领海内对航行有危险的任何情况妥为公应将其所知的在其领海内对航行有危险的任何情况妥为公布。布。

第 5章第二节内水、领海、毗连区第二节内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone4.4. 无害通过制度无害通过制度

(1)(1) 通过通过 -Passage -Passage 是指为了穿过领海但不进入内水，或为了驶往或驶出内水而通过领海的航行； Passage shall be continuous and expeditious. However, passage includes stopping and anchoring, but only in so far as the same are incidental to ordinary navigation or are rendered necessary by force majeure or distress or for the purpose of rendering assistance to persons, ships or aircraft in danger or distress.


(2) 无害 - innocentPassage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial [,predʒu'diʃəl] to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State. Such passage shall take place in conformity with this Convention and with other rules of international law. 被认为有害的行为： Passage of a foreign ship shall be considered to be prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State if in the territorial sea it engages in any of the following activities: – (a) any threat or use of force against the sovereignty, terri

torial integrity or political independence of the coastal State, or in any other manner in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations;

对沿海国的主权、领土完整或政治独立进行任何武力威胁或使用武力；


(b) any exercise or practice with weapons of any kind; (b) any exercise or practice with weapons of any kind; 以任何武器进行任何军事操练或演习；

(c) any act aimed at collecting information to the preju(c) any act aimed at collecting information to the prejudice of the defence or security of the coastal State;dice of the defence or security of the coastal State;以搜集情报为目的的使沿海国的防务和安全受损害的行为；

(d) any act of propaganda aimed at affecting the defen(d) any act of propaganda aimed at affecting the defence or security of the coastal State;ce or security of the coastal State;目的在于影响沿海国防务或安全的宣传行为；

(e) the launching, landing or taking on board of any air(e) the launching, landing or taking on board of any aircraft;craft; 在船上起落或接载任何飞机；

(f) the launching, landing or taking on board of any mil(f) the launching, landing or taking on board of any military device;itary device; 在船上发射、降落或接载任何军事装置；


(g) the loading or unloading of any commodity, curren(g) the loading or unloading of any commodity, currency or person contrary to the customs, fiscal, immigcy or person contrary to the customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastal State;al State;违反沿海国海关、财政、移民或卫生法律和规章，装卸或上下任何商品、货币或人员；

(h) any act of wilful and serious pollution contrary to t(h) any act of wilful and serious pollution contrary to this Convention;his Convention; 故意的和严重的污染行为；

(i) any fishing activities;(i) any fishing activities; 捕鱼活动；(j) the carrying out of research or survey activities;(j) the carrying out of research or survey activities; 进

行研究或测量活动；(k) any act aimed at interfering with any systems of co(k) any act aimed at interfering with any systems of co

mmunication or any other facilities or installations mmunication or any other facilities or installations of the coastal State;of the coastal State;目的在于干扰沿海国任何通讯系统或任何其他设施或设备的行为；

(l) any other activity not having a direct bearing on pas(l) any other activity not having a direct bearing on passage.sage. 与通过没有直接关系的任何其他活动。


在领海内，外国潜水艇或其他潜水器须在海面上航行并展示其旗帜；外国核动力船舶和载运核物质或其他本质上危险或有毒物质的船舶，在行使无害通过领海的权利时，应持有国际协定为这种船舶所规定的证书并遵守国际协定所规定的特别预防措施。

Article20Submarines and other underwater vehiclesIn the territorial sea, submarines and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag.


（三）领海的界限（三）领海的界限 1. 领海宽度 Every State has the right to establish the breadth of its terri

torial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baselines determined in accordance with this Convention (Article 3)

《公约》生效以来仍旧主张领海应超出 12 海里的国家不到 10个，其中大多数都不是《公约》缔约国。

2. 领海外部界限 The outer limit of the territorial sea is the line every point of which is at a distance from the nearest point of the baseline equal to the breadth of the territorial sea (Article 4)

1. “ 视力说” the 3-mile rule2. the 'cannon-shot‘ rule ：荷兰 , 宾刻舒克 3.“ 航程说”

3.Delimitation of the territorial sea between states with 3.Delimitation of the territorial sea between states with opposite or adjacent coasts76opposite or adjacent coasts76Where no agreement has been reached, neither state may extend its territorial sea beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest point on the baselines from which the territorial sea is measured.


三、 Contiguous Zone- 毗连区 [kən'tigjuəs]

In a zone contiguous to its territorial sea, described as the contiguous zone, the coastal State may exercise the control necessary to:

(a) prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea;

(b) punish infringement of the above laws and regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea.

The contiguous zone may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.

第 5章第三节用于国际航行的海峡、群岛水域第三节用于国际航行的海峡、群岛水域 Straits Used for International Navigation, Archipelagic Waters

一、一、 Straits used for international navigations 用于国际航行的海峡用于国际航行的海峡

（一） definition： ~ are straits which are used for international navigation between one part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone and another part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone. 《公约》确立 12 海里领海，世界上有 116 个海峡由于宽度不足 24 海里而成为沿海国的领海，其中约有 30 个海峡两端连接公海或专属经济区，构成重要国际水道，被认为是“用于国际航行的海峡”。这些具有重要航行价值和战略价值的海峡的通过制度，几乎与所有国家的利益有关。一些国家主张这类海峡实行公海的自由通行制度（ free passage），另一些国家认为这些海峡既然成了有关国家的领海就应实行领海无害通行制度（ innocent passage ）。作为各方妥协的结果，美国等海上强国同意领海扩展为 12 海里，其他有关国家同意在“用于国际航行的海峡”中创造一项新制度——过境通行制（ transit passage ）。 In international straits all ships and aircraft enjoy the right of transit passage, which shall not be impeded.


（二）用于国际航行的海峡的通过制度（二）用于国际航行的海峡的通过制度用于国际航行的海峡分为三类，分别实行不同的通过制度。

2. 适用无害通过制度 innocent passaginnocent passagee

1. 实行航行和飞越自由free passage free passage

第 5章第三节用于国际航行的海峡、群岛水域第三节用于国际航行的海峡、群岛水域 Straits Used for International Navigation, Archipelagic Waters3. 适用过境通行制度Transit passageTransit passage means the exercise of the freedom of navigation and overflight solely for the purpose of continuous and expeditious transit between one part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone and another part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone.

（三）他国行使过境通行权时的义务（三）他国行使过境通行权时的义务（ 1）毫不迟延地通过或飞越海峡；（ 2）不对海峡沿岸国的主权、领土完整或政治独立进行任何武力威胁或使用武力；（ 3）除因不可抗力或遇难外，不从事其通过所附带发生的活动以外的任何活动；（ 4）过境通行的船舶应遵守一般接受的关于海上安全的国际规则和防止、减少和控制来自船舶的污染的国际规则；（ 5）过境通行的飞机应遵守国际民航组织制定的适用于民用飞机的《航空规则》，而且应随时监听国际上指定的主管空中交通管制机构所分配的无线电频率或有关的国际呼救无线电频率。


（四）沿岸国的权利（四）沿岸国的权利 -right of States bordering straits-right of States bordering straits 管理；防止、减少和控制污染；防止渔船捕鱼；防止违反海峡沿岸国有关海关、财政、移民或卫生的法律和规章而装卸或上下任何商品、货币或人员。

（ 2）为海峡航行指定海道，规定分道通航制，以促进通过船舶的安全。（五）沿岸国的义务（五）沿岸国的义务 -obligation of States bordering straits-obligation of States bordering straits ：：

⑴ not hamper and no suspension of transit passage ； ⑵give appropriate publicity to any danger to navigation

or overflight within or over the strait of which they have knowledge. （六）过境通行与无害通过的区别：（六）过境通行与无害通过的区别：

⑴只有船舶可行使无害通过权，而所有船舶和飞机均享有过境通行的权利；

⑵无害通过的潜艇应在水面航行，过境通行的潜艇可在水下潜行； ⑶无害通过可被沿海国暂停，用于国际航行的海峡的无害通过和过境通

行都不得被停止。


Corfu Channel Case


二、群岛水域二、群岛水域 - - Archipelagic Waters（一）群岛和群岛国的概念（一）群岛和群岛国的概念 "archipelago""archipelago" means a group of islands, including parts

of islands, interconnecting waters and other natural features which are so closely interrelated that such islands, waters and other natural features form an intrinsic [in'trinsik] geographical, economic and political entity, or which historically have been regarded as such.

“群岛”是指一群岛屿 ,包括若干岛屿的若干部分、相连的水域或其他自然地形 ,彼此密切相关 ,以致这种岛屿、水域和其他自然地形在本质上构成一个地理、经济和政治的实体 ,或在历史上已被视为这种实体。

““archipelagic State”archipelagic State” means a State constituted wholly by one or more archipelagos and may include other islands. 群岛国是指全部由一个或多个群岛构成的国家。

[,ɑ:ki'lædʒik]

‵‵


(( 二）、群岛基线二）、群岛基线 Archipelagic baselinesArchipelagic baselines :An archipelagic State may draw straight archipelagic baselines joining the outermost points of the outermost islands of the archipelago provided that within such baselines are included the main islands and an area in which the ratio of the area of the water to the area of the land, including atolls, is between 1 to 1 and 9 to 1. 群岛基线：是连接群岛国的群岛最外缘各岛和各干礁最外缘各点的直线基线。The length of such baselines shall not exceed 100 nautical miles, except that up to 3 per cent of the total number of baselines enclosing any archipelago may exceed that length, up to a maximum length of 125 nautical miles. The breadth of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf shall be measured from archipelagic baselines.


(( 三）群岛水域的法律地位和通过制度三）群岛水域的法律地位和通过制度1.1. 法律地位 -Legal status of archipelagic watersLegal status of archipelagic waters ：：

The sovereignty of an archipelagic State extends to the waters enclosed by the archipelagic baselines drawn in accordance with article 47, described as archipelagic waters, regardless of their depth or distance from the coast. This sovereignty extends to the air space over the archipelagic waters, as well as to their bed and subsoil, and the resources contained therein. 群岛国的主权及于群岛水域、水域的上空、海床和底土，以及其中的资源。2. 群岛水域的通过制度：

（ 1） “无害通过” -ships of all States enjoy the right of innocent passage through archipelagic waters

（ 2）“群岛海道通过” -Right of archipelagic sea lanes passage ： An archipelagic State may designate sea lanes and air routes there above, suitable for the continuous and expeditious passage of foreign ships and aircraft through or over its archipelagic waters and the adjacent territorial sea. All ships and aircraft enjoy the right of archipelagic sea lanes passage in such sea lanes and air routes. 群岛海道通过与无害通过的主要区别：是否适用于飞机。

第 5 章第四节专属经济区、大陆架The Exclusive Economic Zone, Continental Shelf

一、一、 The Exclusive Economic Zone-The Exclusive Economic Zone-专属经济区专属经济区（一） definition ： A maritime zone adjacent to the

territorial sea that may not extend beyond 200

nautical miles from the territorial baselines ， within

which the coastal state has sovereign rights and

jurisdicton for the natural resources. Other states

may, however, exercise traditional high seas

freedoms of navigation, overflight, the laying of submarine cables and pipelines ,and related freedoms, such as

conducting military exercises in the EEZ.


专属经济区是海洋法上的革命性概念之一。彻底改变旧的海洋秩序，极大缩小公海面积；对海洋渔业及相关产业产生十分有益的影响。使全世界海洋面积的 36%处于沿海国的管辖之下，海域内包括具有商业价值的鱼类的 90% 。发展中国家发起建立，但获益的并不仅仅是发展中国家。受益较多是海域宽阔的国家，如美国、法国、印度尼西亚、新西兰、澳大利亚、日本、巴西、加拿大、墨西哥等。


1.rights ：（ 1） sovereign rights of natural resources: expl

oring and exploiting, conserving and managing, living or non-living, the waters superjacent to the seabed , seabed and its subsoil

（ 2） the establishment and use of artificial islands, Installations and structures;

（ 3）marine scientific research; （ 4） the protection of the marine environment

; （ 5） other rights provided for in this Convention.

勘探和开发、养护和管理

(( 二二 ) Rights and duties of ) Rights and duties of the coastal statethe coastal state in the exclusi in the exclusive economic zoneve economic zone


2. duties of the coastal state in the exclusive ecduties of the coastal state in the exclusive economic zoneonomic zone

（ 1） the coastal State shall have due regard to （适当顾及） the rights and duties of other States ；

（ 2） ensure the maintenance of the living resources is not endangered by over-exploitation. 沿海国应决定生物资源的可捕量和其捕捞能力，在没有能力捕捞全部可捕量的情况下，应通过协定或其他安排，准许其他国家捕捞可捕量的剩余部分，应特别顾及内陆国和地理不利的沿海国。


（三）（三） Rights and duties of Rights and duties of other Statesother States in the EEZin the EEZ1.Rights ： all States, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy

the freedoms of （ 1） navigation （ 2） overflight （ 3） laying of subm

arine cables and pipelines（ 4） other internationally lawful uses related to these freedoms.

2.Duties： Other states shall have due regard to the rights and duties of the coastal State ， and shall comply with the laws and regulations adopted by the coastal State

（四） The delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between States with opposite or adjacent coasts

Article74： “ shall be effected by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in order to achieve an equitable solution. ”

[ 'd eis nt] ə ʒ ə


二、 Continental Shelf- 大陆架（一） definition


HARRY S. TRUMAN

boundary shall be determined by the United States and the State concerned in accordance with equitable principles. The character as high seas of the waters above the continental shelf and the right to their free and unimpeded navigation are in no way thus affected. ” 许多国家相继发表类似声明 ;1958 《大陆架公约》 ;1982年《海洋法公约》

1945.9.28,TRUMAN PROCLAMATION ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF Proclamation 2667:“the Government of the United States regards the natural resources of the subsoil and sea bed of the continental shelf beneath the high seas but contiguous to the coasts of the United States as appertaining to the United States, subject to its jurisdiction and control. In cases where the continental shelf extends to the shores, of another State, or is shared with an adjacent State, the

沿海国的大陆架包括其领海以外依其陆地领土的全部自然延伸 ,扩展到大陆边外缘的海底区域的海床和底土 ,如果从测算领海宽度的基线量起到大陆边的外缘的距离不到二百海里 , 则扩展到二百海里的距离。不应超过从测算领海宽度的基线量起三百五十海里 ,或不应超过连接二千五百公尺深度各点的二千五百公尺等深线一百海里。

The continental shelf of a coastal State comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that distance.

′′

The fixed points comprising the line of the outer limits of the continental shelf on the seabed, either shall not exceed 350 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured or shall not exceed 100 nautical miles from the 2,500 metre isobath, which is a line connecting the depth of 2,500 metres.


中国拥有大陆海岸线 18000 多公里，面积超过 500平方米以上的岛屿有 5000 多个，岛屿海岸线 14000 多公里。我国在黄海、东海和南海都有面积可观的大陆架：

1. 黄海地势平坦，平均水深约 44米，全属大陆架；

2. 东海平均水深约 70米，约有三分之二为大陆架；

3. 南海在福建以南有我国的西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛和东沙群岛，有广阔的大陆架。


（二）（二） Rights of the coastal State over the continental shelfRights of the coastal State over the continental shelf沿海国有关大陆架的权利和义务沿海国有关大陆架的权利和义务

1. RightsRights ：大陆架上石油储藏量占世界已知海洋石油储藏量的 87%（ 1）勘探和开发自然资源的主权权利： The coastal State exercises over th

e continental shelf sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring it and exploiting its natural resources. consist of the mineral and other non-living resources of the seabed and subsoil together with living organisms belonging to sedentary species

（ 2） the establishment and use of artificial islands, Installations and structures;

（ 3） the exclusive right to authorize and regulate drilling for all purposes.


2.Duties ：（ 1） the coastal State shall ha

ve due regard to （适当顾及） the rights and duties of other States ；

（ 2） Payments and contributions with respect to the exploitation of non-living resources of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. made through the Authority


（三）其他国家在沿海国大陆架上的权利和义务（三）其他国家在沿海国大陆架上的权利和义务1. navigation ， overflight ；2. laying of submarine cables and pipelines； The delineation of the course for the laying of such pipelines is subject to the consent of the coastal State.

NoticeThe rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf do not affect the legal status of the superjacent waters or of the air space above those waters.

The rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf do not depend on occupation, effective or notional, or on any express proclamation.


（四） Delimitation of the continental shelf- 大陆架的界限（一） Delimitation of the continental shelf between State

s with opposite or adjacent coasts 《公约》：“ The delimitation of the continental shelf bet

ween States with opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effected by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in order to achieve an equitable solution. ”

Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf of the PRC

纠纷得到解决以前，我国主张“搁置争议、共同开发”有关海域的资源。

[ 'd eis nt] ə ʒ ə

中国在黄海和东海有着广阔的大陆架。中国坚持公平原则，认为东海大陆架自然延伸至冲绳海槽，日方则继续坚持中间线主张。

第 5章第四节专属经济区、大陆架The Exclusive Economic Zone, Continental Shelf

日本主张

中间线，提供油气资料

停止开发

中间线两侧共同开发

中国立场：

自然延伸，无争议区

共同开发

中间线东侧共同开发

第 5章第四节专属经济区、大陆架The Exclusive Economic Zone, Continental Shelf


我国对南海诸岛的领土主权及其大陆架或专属经济区的权利以及我国在南海的历史性权利，都是有充分的国际法和事实依据的。（二） 200 海里以外大陆架的界限

有些国家，大陆边可能延伸到离海岸 800 海里的地方。200 海里以外大陆架的界限不是可以由沿海国自行划定的。根据《公约》附件二，缔约国大会应选出 21名委员组成大陆架界限委员会，负责审议沿海国提出的关于扩展到 2

00 海里以外的大陆架外部界限的资料和其他材料，并依

照《公约》的要求提出划界建议。

第 5章第五节公海 The High Sea 一、一、 Definition of the High SeaDefinition of the High Sea

High seas is defined as the areas of the sea within which no State sovereignty or jurisdiction may be claimed or exercised.

二、二、 Legal status of the high sea-Legal status of the high sea- 公海的法律地位公海的法律地位 1. General legal status of the high seas1. General legal status of the high seas1) High sea is part of the sea area within which no Sta

te sovereignty or jurisdiction may be claimed or exercised;

2) High sea is open to all States, whether coastal or land-locked States, for their utilizations as permitted under international law;

3) The flag State has exclusive jurisdiction over its ships navigating through the high seas.

4 ） The high seas shall be reserved for peaceful purposes.

第 5章第五节公海 -The High Sea

2.Freedom of the States on the high seas 2.Freedom of the States on the high seas 1 ） Freedom of navigation ； 2) Freedom of fishing ； 3) Freedom of laying submarine cables ；4)Freedom of flying over the high sea ；5)Freedom of the construction of artificial islands and

other installations;6)Freedom of making scientific researches. 注意：公海自由“应由所有国家行使”，尤其包括内陆国；公海自由是在国际法限制下的自由；《公约》只是列出了各国享有公海自由的主要事项，没有穷尽各国现

在可以享有的公海自由事项。


三、公海航行制度三、公海航行制度（一）各国均享有公海航行自由（一）各国均享有公海航行自由 Every State, whether coastal or land-locked, has the right to saEvery State, whether coastal or land-locked, has the right to sa

il ships flying its flag on the high seas. il ships flying its flag on the high seas. 为确保内陆国的公海航行自由： land-locked States shall enjoy freedom of transit through the territ

ory of transit States by all means of transport. The terms and modalities for exercising freedom of transit shall be

agreed between the land-locked States and transit States. Transit States have the right to take all measures necessary to ens

ure that the rights and facilities provided for land-locked States shall in no way infringe their legitimate interests( 合法利益） .


（二）（二） The ship sailing on the high seas must have a nThe ship sailing on the high seas must have a nationalityationality

There must exist a genuine link between the State and the ship. Ships shall sail under the flag of one State only 在在公海航行的船舶应当具有国籍并与船旗国有真正联系公海航行的船舶应当具有国籍并与船旗国有真正联系

flag of convenience –FOCflag of convenience –FOC

中国授予船舶国籍的条件包括： ⑴船舶的所有权属于中国国家、集体或个人； ⑵船员为中国公民。


《公约》规定，每个国家应对悬挂其旗帜的船舶履行下列义务：

1. 有效地行使行政、技术及社会事项上的管辖和控制；

2. 保证船上人员遵守关于海上生命安全、防止碰撞、防止海洋污染和维持无线电通讯所适用的国际规章；

3. 保证船舶本身和船上所配备的人员符合海上航行的要求；

4. 责成船长在不严重危及其船舶、船员或乘客的情况下，尽速救助在海上遇到的任何有生命危险的人；

5. 调查或配合调查船舶因海难或航行事故而对另一国国民、船舶或海洋环境造成的损害等。

《国际海上人命安全公约》

《国际海上搜寻救助公约》

《国际救助公约》


(( 三三 ) Jurisdiction on the high seas ) Jurisdiction on the high seas only flag State has jurisdiction over its ships on the high s

eas; international law authorizes all States to exercise jurisdict

ion over the following acts on the high seas : 1) Piracy; 2) Slave trading ; 3) Illicit drug trafficking; [i‘lisit] 非法 4) Unauthorized broadcasting.

（四）政府公务船舶的豁免权、登临权（四）政府公务船舶的豁免权、登临权 (right of visit)(right of visit) 和紧追权和紧追权 (right of (right of hot pursuit) hot pursuit) 对有合理根据认为有下列嫌疑的船舶，才可以登临和检查：（ a）从事海盗行为；（ b）从事奴隶贩卖；（ c）从事未经许可的广播；（ d）没有国籍；（ e）虽悬挂一国旗帜或拒不展示旗帜而事实上与军舰属同一国籍。按照在《公约》之后达成的《促进公海上渔船遵守国际养护和管理措施的协定》，在公海上对涉嫌非法捕鱼的船舶，也可以登临检查。

第 5章第六节国际海底区域 The International Sea-bed Area

一、 Definition ： The Area of the International Seabed, shortly, the Area, just refers to the area of the seabed beyond the continental shelf, which, with its resources, is stipulated as the common heritage of mankind.

国际海底区域：国际海底区域：简称“区域” ，指国家管辖范围以外的海床洋底及其底土，即各国的大陆架外部界限以外的深海洋底及其底土。

第 5章第六节国际海底区域 The International Seabed Area

二、二、 Legal status of the AreaLegal status of the Area1. common heritage of mankind.2. All rights in the resources of the Area are vested in ma

nkind as a whole, on whose behalf the Authority shall act.

3. Benefit of mankind : Activities in the Area shall be carried out for the benefit of mankind as a whole, irrespective of the geographical location of States, and taking into particular consideration the interests and needs of developing States and of peoples who have not attained full independence

4. Use of the Area exclusively for peaceful purposes

三、三、 DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES OF THE AREADEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES OF THE AREA 国际海底区域的勘探和开发制度国际海底区域的勘探和开发制度

developing countries: single exploitation system 单一开发制developed countries: free exploitation System 自由开发制 parallel exploitation system 平行开发制管理局企业部，联合企业；缔约国或其国民

'reserved site‘: may only be exploited by the Authority

contract zone合同区

to specify two sites of equal estimated commercial value

第 5 章第六节国际海底区域 The International Seabed Area


《关于执行《关于执行 19821982 年年 1212月月 1010日〈联合国海洋法公约〉第十一部分的日〈联合国海洋法公约〉第十一部分的协定》协定》对《公约》第十一部分作出的实质性修改：

1. 生产限额和补偿基金：《公约》规定了海底矿物每年的产量最高限额，为那些受到海底生产冲击的发展中国家建立补偿基金。

《协定》规定按健全的商业原则进行开发，适用现有的国际贸易制度；由管理局设立经济援助基金代替原定的补偿基金制度。

2. 关于技术转让 : 《公约》带有一定的强制性要求发达国家向发展中国家转让技术。《协定》取消了有关强制性技术转让的条款，规定按照公平合理的商

业条件进行。 3. 合同的财政条款：《公约》规定，每份申请应缴规费 50万美元，合同生效之日起每年交纳固定年费 100万美元；自商业生产开始之日，按照生产费或净收益的一定比例交纳年费。

《协定》规定每份申请应缴的规费为 25万美元，自商业开采之日才应缴付年费，其年费数额应由管理局理事会确定，且年费可冲抵其他应缴费用，其他费用的负担也相对减轻。

第 5章第六节国际海底区域 The International Seabed Area 四、四、 International Sea-Bed Authority-International Sea-Bed Authority- 国际海底管理局国际海底管理局是代表全人类依据《公约》对“区域”内的活动进行组织和控制，特别是对“区域”资源进行管理和勘探开发的国际机构。

管理局所在地牙买加（古巴南部一个岛国，位于加勒比海沿岸）。大会大会由管理局的全体成员国组成，其他机关都向其负责。①大会“就管理局权限范围内的任何问题或事项制定一般性政策”；②选举理事会成员国、秘书长、企业部的 15名董事和总干事；③决定各成员国应缴的会费，审议和核准管理局的年度预算；④审议和核准从“区域”获得的财政及其他经济利益并决定这些利益的分配；⑤审查理事会和企业部的定期报告和其他机关的特别报告。

理事会理事会是管理局的执行机关，由 36 个成员国组成，任期四年。 4 个投资最大国； 4 个主要消费国或进口国（最大的消费国自动成为理事会成员，这实际上是为美国保证了一个席位）； 4 个主要陆地出口国；6 个诸如内陆国、地理不利国和潜在的生产国等“特别利益集团”；18 个按地理区域分配。中国以主要消费国的身份当选管理局理事会首届理事国即 B类理事国。


企业部：企业部：管理局从事国际海底采矿业务的机关，可直接在“区域”内进行活动，以及从事运输、加工和销售从“区域”回收的矿物，其职能现在由秘书处代行。设总干事一人和执行其职务所需的其他工作人员，总干事由大会根据理事会的推荐和董事会的提名选举产生，任期不应超过 5年，可连选连任。企业部设董事会，由大会选出的 15名董事组成，董事任期 4年，可连选连任。

秘书处：秘书处：由秘书长和其他工作人员组成。秘书长是管理局的行政首长，在大会和理事会以及任何机构的会议上执行秘书长的职务，并执行管理局的任何机关交给他的行政职务。


eight 'pioneer investors', four from France, Japan, India and the USSR ,four from Belgium, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, the UK and the USA, and possibly others from developing states, to be given pioneer status. Each investor must have invested at least $30 million in preparation for seabed mining, at least 10 per cent of which must be invested in a specific site.China was registered as a pioneer investor in March ，1991- 中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会，已经在东太平洋国际海底区域获得了 7.5万平方公里的专属勘探开发区

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第六章 国际海洋法 the international law of the sea

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第六章国际海洋法 the international law of the sea