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THE WEST’S WEAPONSOF MASS

DESTRUCTION ANDCOLONIALIST FOREIGN

POLICY

THE ASSESSMENT OF THEMUSLIM COMMUNITY IN BRITAIN

Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain

3 November 2002 / 28 Sha’ban 1423

Khilafah Publicationswww.mindspring.eu.com



Contents Page

Foreor! "# Dr$ I%ran Wa&ee!

E'e()ti*e S)%%ar#

C&a+ter , The West’s Weapons of Mass Destruction

C&a+ter - The West’s History of Non!onformity with"nternational #aw

C&a+ter . The West’s #o$e of Dictatorial %egimes

C&a+ter / How the West %epresses the %ights of its &wn!iti'ens

C&a+ter 0 The History of Western !olonialism in theMiddle (ast

Con(1)sion

A++en!i(es

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FOREWORD BY DR$ IMRAN WAHEED2 Hizb ut-Tahrir 3 BRITAIN

‘Statesmen will invent cheap lies, putting blame upon the nation that isattacked, and every man will be glad of those conscience-soothing

falsities, and will diligently study them, and refuse to examine any refutations of them; and thus he will by-and-by convince himself that thewar is just, and will thank God for the better sleep he enjoys after thisprocess of grotesue self-deception!" )Mar* Twain+

The dossier published today is un$eiled as the drums of war are beating.The ,merican and -ritish war machine prepare to bomb the innocentpeople of "ra in a colonial war and replace its corrupt Western inspiredregime with a loyal /"rai Hamid Kar'ai’.

&n the 01 of 2eptember 0330 the -ritish 4o$ernment issued a shabbydossier entitled /"ra’s Weapons of Mass Destruction’5 which was long on

propaganda but short on real facts. The lac* of facts came as no shoc* gi$en that Tony -lair had said in ,ugust 03305 /#e haven"t the faintestidea what has been going on in the last four years" . This admission of ignorance howe$er did not pre$ent the publication of the ‘dossier of evidence", con6rming that it was merely intended as a P% stunt in orderto sal$age public opinion for military action against "ra.

"t was not surprising therefore that the -ritish 4o$ernment’s dossier wasmet with much scepticism and incredulity. This was especially the caseamongst Muslims who ha$e come to regard the /War on Terror’ asnothing more than a campaign to establish and strengthen Westernhegemony and in7uence o$er the "slamic lands5 their people and theirresources in order to repress any semblance of "slamic politicalresurgence.

This dossier5 /The West’s Weapons of Mass Destruction and !olonialist8oreign Policy’5 painsta*ingly catalogues the real moti$es behind theimpending war on "ra by studying the strategic5 economic and politicalinterests at sta*e for Western go$ernments. "n addition it charts thecontemporary history of the world under the domination of the !apitalistideology by outlining the West’s use of Weapons of Mass Destruction)WMD+5 the West’s support for a $ariety of unsa$oury dictators andtyrants the world o$er and the disregard of the 9nited Nations and

international law by Western states. "t presents a damning indictmentand a shameful history of Western go$ernments5 the ideology of capitalism and its colonialist world$iew.

4athering intelligence and information about Western foreign policy iseasy. The regimes of the !apitalist West are $ery open in stating the realob:ecti$es of their foreign policies and that is why this dossier is able tore$eal ‘the detailed raw intelligence". While some may hide behind claimsof altruism5 nation building5 defence of human rights and democracy5 thereal ob:ecti$es of Western foreign policy are unmitigatingly clear to alland sundry.

‘$he %nited States has for decades sought to play a more permanent rolein Gulf regional security! #hile the unresolved con&ict with 'ra provides

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the immediate justi(cation, the need for a substantial )merican forcepresence in the Gulf transcends the issue of the regime of Saddam

*ussein!" )%ebuilding ,merica’s Defences; 2trategies5 8orces and%esources for a New !entury+

The e<istence of a /world order’ or international law which controls therelations between the e<isting countries in the world5 translates into thecontrol of one country5 or a small group of countries5 o$er the rest of theworld. This threatens international stability and the so$ereignty of thewea*er states. This has resulted in wars o$er the most tri$ial of matters."n addition5 such a world order gi$es the powerful countries an e<cuse toshamelessly interfere with the most pri$ate of issues and the highest of

$alues of other countries establishing colonialism5 insolence andtyranny5 and imposing in7uence thereby ensla$ing entire nations= all inthe name of international law and /the world order’. The chasm betweenthe rich and the poor5 the north and the south and the 6rst world and thede$eloping world5 continues to grow deeper and wider.

%esultantly5 people in most parts of the world5 Muslim and nonMuslim5see Western states not as beacons of freedom and opportunity5 but asbeacons of greed and selfinterest= economic and military bullies thatundermine the cultures of other nations= pirate nations at land and seathat become richer at the e<pense of e$eryone else.

The threat from Western colonialist states is therefore serious andcurrent5 and thus they must be stopped in pursuing their materialisticambitions o$er the entire world. ,ll people of conscience ha$e a duty toact against this barbarism.

This dossier concludes with a clear5 unambiguous message that is nowcarried by the ma:ority of the Muslims in the world. , message forchange5 not :ust /regime change’ but for /ideology change’ > a change tothe political landscape of the world. The world today needs to discard thedecadent ideology of !apitalism5 and all the ills that spring from it. "n itsplace must return a :ust ideology that the peoples of the world need tounderstand and will then adopt after they see its practicalimplementation. This is the "slamic "deology.

The Muslim !ommunity in$ite you to study5 contemplate and see* change5 for it is the people of conscience who need to stop !apitalism.

Dr I%ran Wa&ee!. No*e%"er -44- 5 -6 S&a’"an ,/-.

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was a /!", 2pecial ,cti$ities 2taA’ and co$ert operations specialistwho5 using !", technology5 relayed intelligence information directto the 92 National 2ecurity ,gency at 8ort Meade for decodingand translation. "n his memoirs %itter also re$eals that he met with"sraeli intelligence and that they too pro$ided him with freuency

scanners and digital recorders to record coded communicationsfrom "ra. )2cott %itter5 /(ndgame’ p.?@F and Dilip Hero/Neighbours Not 8riends’ p.?3@1+. Would any nation allowinspectors into their country who on the surface of it weremasuerading as 9N personnel but in reality were agents wor*ingfor foreign intelligence agenciesG

2! -ritain and ,merica ha$e repeatedly argued that "ra’s possessionof Weapons of Mass Destruction and its desire to acuire a nuclearcapability somehow illustrates a *ind of default e$il intention whichreuires countering. Howe$er any astute nation or state including

,merica and -ritain see*s to ha$e such weapons for either

defensi$e purposes or to further their foreign policy goals. ,s isdiscussed in !hapter ? the West has systematically used its ownWMD’s to do e<actly this. What -ritain and ,merica fail to mentionis that "ra is situated in a precarious strategic position5 facingpotential enemies in the form of "srael as well as being threatenedby the presence of large number of Western forces in the 4ulf andoperating in the no 7y 'ones. "srael itself possesses nuclearweapons and apparently de$eloped a mustard gas and ner$e gasproduction facility in the 2inai as long ago as ?B0. 92 Militaryanalysts ,nthony !ordesman and ,hmed Hashim ma*e e<actly thispoint when they state5 ‘'t is also dangerous to assume such e3orts)to de$elop Weapons of Mass Destruction+ can be linked to thesurvival of Saddam *ussain and the 4a"ath elite! 5ost future 'raileaders are likely to have somewhat similar fears and ambitions atleast in the near term! o 'rai leader will be able to ignore thee3orts of 'ran or 'srael or the potential challenge posed by the %Sand its allies in the Southern Gulf". )!ordesman and Hashim5 /"ra2anctions and -eyond’ p.@@+

6! ,merica and -ritain ha$e made continuous arguments that thecurrent "rai regime has repressed its own citi'ens5 speci6callywith regards to the treatment of the Kurds and the 2hias. We willin !hapter @ e<pose this argument by illustrating the closeness of

the Western nations with some of the /world’s worst leaders’!Howe$er what can clearly be seen is that ,merica and -ritain ha$eno inclinations towards anyone e<cept their own material interests.This can be clearly illustrated after the last 4ulf war when theyabandoned the Kurds and the 2hias to be butchered whilst theyloo*ed on from abo$e. -rigadier ,li an e<iled "rai oAicer said5 ‘#ehad the message that the )mericans would support us! 4ut ' sawwith my own eyes the )merican planes &ying over the helicopters!#e were expecting them to help; now we could see themwitnessing our demise between ajaf and 7erbala! $hey weretaking pictures and they knew exactly what was happening"!),ndrew and Patric* !oburn5 /&ut of the ,shes’ p.0@+

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8! -ritain and ,merica ha$e claimed that despite 9N"!(8’scontention that an additional F335333 "rai children ha$e died dueto 9N economic sanctions5 that if deaths ha$e occurred it has beendue to the policy of the "rai regime. This argument is systematicof the !apitalist nations and the lac* of $alue they put to people’s

li$es. Dr #eon (isenberg who does not wor* for the "rai Ministryof Health but Har$ard Medical 2chool noted that the destruction of the country’s power plants in ?BB?5 ‘brought its entire system of water puri(cation and distribution to a halt, leading to epidemicsof cholera, typhoid fever, and gastroenteritis, particularly amongchildren’. ,n "nternational study group supported by 9N"!(8concluded that5 ‘$here were approximately 06,999 excess deathsamongst children under the age of 1 in the (rst 8 months of +::+"!)#en (isenburg5 /The 2leep of %eason Produces Monsters >Human!osts of (conomic 2anctions’ New (ngland Eournal of Medicine 01

,pril ?BBC pp?01?0F3+. ,s Milan %ai states5 ‘5uch was made of the fabricated< story of incubators being stolen from 7uwait by

'rai forces! =ittle was said of the incubators in 'ra that weree3ectively stolen by the cutting o3 of electricity supplies"! )Milan%ai5 /War Plan "ra’ p.?@+

:! The 92 and her -ritish ally claim that any future military attac* against "ra will see* to minimise deaths to ci$ilians and thatattac*s on power stations are carried out due to the fact that theyha$e a utility for "ra’s armed forces. Howe$er5 if any attac* follows the precedent of ?BB?5 then we are mo$ing towardsanother humanitarian disaster. 8irst of all the myth that targetingpower stations had some military utility was comprehensi$elyrefuted by 92 Human rights group Middle (ast Watch who said5‘7ey military targets were attacked in the opening days of the war,the direct attacks on these military targets should have obviatedthe need to simultaneously to destroy the (xed power sourcesthough to have formerly supplied them!" )Middle (ast Watch5/Needless Deaths in the 4ulf War ?BB?’ cited in Mar* !urtis /The

,mbiguities of Power’ p?B0+! The attac*s on power stations hadminimal eAect on the "rai military but they did ha$e a tremendousimpact upon ci$ilian deaths especially children due to the eAect onwater puri6cation. 8or what purpose did the predecessors of -ushand -lair ha$e for doing thisG This was answered in the words of !olonel Eohn Warden spea*ing after the war5 he was a colleague of

4eneral -uster 4losson who was in$ol$ed in the compilation of target lists5 Warden said5 ‘Saddam *ussein cannot restore hiselectricity! *e needs help, if there are political objectives that the% coalition has it can say Saddam, when you agree to do thesethings, we will allow people to come in and (x your electricity"!)Normand /2anctions against "ra’.+ "n other words "rai childrenhad to die so that political le$erage and economic bene6t could beobtained for the West.

+9!The 92 has maintained that "ra had lin*s to the attac*s andbombings of 2eptember ?? 033? in New Ior* and Washington. The*ey e$idence to date has been an alleged meeting that too* place

in ,pril 033? between Muhammad ,tta the purported leader of 2eptember ?? and an "rai intelligence agent in Prague in the

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#ouis /"mperialism at -ay’+! The ,mericans were also aware of theimportance describing the oil reser$es5 ‘as a stupendous source of strategic power, and one of the greatest material pri>es in worldhistory" )92 2tate department documents ?B1F Jolume J"""+. "norder to illustrate the si'e of pro6ts that were being made5 ,"&!

the precursor to -P too* out L?C3 million pro6t from "ran in ?BF3alone. When the "ranian 4o$ernment had the temerity to want tonationalise its oil interests for the betterment of its citi'ens5 the#abour 4o$ernment which had nationalised its own assets wasfurious5 with the 8oreign oAice saying5 ‘$he only hope of gettingrid of 5r 5ussadi )the "ranian Prime Minister+ lies in a coupd"etat provided always that a strong man can be found eual to thetask! Such a dictator would carry out the necessary administrativeand economic reforms and settle the oil uestion on reasonableterms" )8oreign &Aice Memorandum5 2ir 8. 2hepherd’s analysis of the Persian situation 0 Eanuary ?BF0. 8& @C?B1+. 8or thoseremaining sceptics it should be enough :ust to uote !ondolee'a

%ice the 92 National 2ecurity ,d$isor who said on 8o< TJ recentlywhen she was as*ed about her past lin*s as a board director with!he$ron5 ‘ '"m very proud of my association with ?hevron, and ' think we should be very proud of the job that )merican oilcompanies are doing in exploration abroad, in exploration at home,and in making certain that we have a safe energy supply"! Despitethis abundance of information to the contrary Messrs -ush and-lair still maintain that this has nothing to do with oil.

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CHAPTER ,

THE WEST’S WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION

The -ritish dossier ma*es a great deal of play about "ra’s alleged

Weapons of Mass Destruction )WMD+ and its desire to acuire nuclearweapons5 con$eniently forgetting that western nations ha$e enoughWMD’s to destroy the planet se$eral times o$er. This chapter turns thespotlight on the West and its WMD arsenal5 highlighting the immensedangers faced by man*ind and clearly illustrating that the West has hadan irrefutable trac* record of systematic and deliberate use of the/world’s worst weapons’.

+! T&e US as t&e or1!’s 9rst nation to !e*e1o+ an ato%i("o%" in ,:/0$ The 92 go$ernment identi6ed that there was apossibility to build a 6ssion weapon that would ha$e hugedestructi$e capabilities. They too* the 6nancial ris* of spending 0

billion during the ?B13s on their atomic bomb pro:ect5 *nown asthe Manhattan pro:ect= this drew together their best scienti6c andengineering minds. They saw this pro:ect as a race to be the 6rstnation with an atomic bomb since they had identi6ed the strategicpower it would gi$e them. 0 billion of e<penditure in the ?B13s iseui$alent to a spend of about 03 billion today. The 92 6rstpro$ed the operation of their atomic bomb in the test site Trinity5near ,lamogordo5 New Me<ico. "nspecting the damage after thee<plosion5 they found it to be much more powerful than originallye<pected= it was eui$alent to some 035333 tons of TNT.

! Assess%ent o; t&e e<e(ts o; a n)(1ear e'+1osion$ The 92scientists found that the Trinity test e<plosion had the followingresults. The land under the e<plosion was di$ided into sections of destructi$eness. 9p to half a mile radius from the hypocenter wascalled the $apori'ation point )BO fatalities5 bodies would be eithermissing or burned beyond recognition+. ($erything was destroyedin this area. Temperatures would almost immediately rise to @1333!. 9p to a ?mile radius was called the total destruction 'one)B3O fatalities would be found+. ,ll the buildings abo$e groundwere destroyed. 9p to a ?.CF mile radius was called the se$ereblast damage area )FO fatalities5 @3O in:uries+. #arge structurescollapsed and damage was done to bridges and roads. 9p to a 0.F

mile radius was *nown as the se$ere heat damage area )F3Ofatalities5 1FO in:uries+. ($erything in this area had some *ind of burn damage. 9p to a @ mile radius was *nown as se$ere 6re andwind damage areas )?FO fatalities5 F3O in:uries+. Homes and otherbuildings were damaged. People would be blown around and wouldsuAer 0nd and @rd degree burns5 if they sur$i$ed in this area.

.! T&e n)(1ear atta(= on >a+an$ -ased on what the 92 go$ernmenthad ascertained about the eAecti$e destructi$eness of the bomb5they still decided to drop two atomic bombs on the ci$ilian

Eapanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasa*i. The deliberate *illing

and targeting of ci$ilians in war was e$en at that time consideredillegal under the 4ene$a !on$ention. Iet the targets chosen for theatom bombs named5 /#ittle -oy’ and /8at Man’ were done so

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because their respecti$e si'es would demonstrate the newdestructi$e power a$ailable to the 92.

0! T&e ?)sti9(ation ;or t&e atta(= on >a+an$ ,t the time the 92go$ernment :usti6ed the decision to drop atom bombs on Eapan on

two grounds. 8irstly5 a Eapanese home island in$asion would ha$eresulted in appalling casualties li*e those suAered during thebattles for "wo Eima and &*inawa. 2econdly5 a swift end wasneeded for a war that the Eapanese military was not ready toabandon. ,fter the surrender of Na'i 4ermany in May5 it wasob$ious to all that Eapan was doomed and se$erely wea*ened. -ylate ?B1F5 Eapan did not ha$e one single plane left5 and ,mericanpilots could 7y and bomb at will. To*yo5 Nagoya5 &sa*a5 Kobe5

Io*ohama were already utterly destroyed. Eapan was defeated5 onthe point of surrender5 and *nown to be so. The Eapanese 8oreign&Aice had oAicially noti6ed the %ussians on May ?@ ?B1F that the(mperor was ‘desirous of peace" with the ,llies. 4i$en that

-ushido5 the Eapanese military code5 demanded absolute andunuestioning obedience5 e$ery bit as much as it did bra$ery5 if the(mperor had accepted surrender this order would ha$e beene<ecuted immediately and uneui$ocally by the Eapanese military.%ussia ignored these diplomatic mo$es because of strategicreasons5 because under the Ialta agreement it was due to enter thewar against Eapan three months after the surrender of 4ermany5and it was *een to pic* up some of the spoils. 92 intelligence *newof these diplomatic approaches to Moscow yet wor* on theManhattan Pro:ect was speeded up in fear that Eapan maysurrender before the bomb could be used. The two target cities hadbeen left undamaged throughout the war because they werealready selected for the /experiment’ the actual word used byTruman and Ma:or 4ro$es )at the time5 head of the ManhattanPro:ect+. The spin used by President Truman in ,ugust ?B1F on theHiroshima bombing was5 ‘$he world will note that the (rst atomicbomb was dropped on *iroshima, a military base! $hat wasbecause we wished in this (rst attack to avoid, in so far aspossible, the killing of civilians"! He also stated in ?B1F5 ‘#e havespent billion dollars on the greatest scienti(c gamble in history -and won"! What the 92 achie$ed was a clear demonstration of theirnew power which in$ol$ed the deaths of 0335333 people= the $astma:ority of whom were ci$ilians= some who died immediately and

others who died as a result of their burns or e<posure to radiation.Many senior allied military 6gures considered that the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasa*i was completely unnecessary. 8ieldMarshal Montgomery wrote in his History of Warfare5 ‘'t wasunnecessary to drop the two atom bombs on @apan in )ugust +:01,and ' cannot think it was right to do so, the dropping of the bombswas a major political blunder and is a prime example of thedeclining standards of the conduct of modern war"! 4eneral(isenhower the 2upreme ,llied !ommander and future Presidentof the 9nited 2tates himself said that Eapan was at that $erymoment see*ing some way to surrender with minimum loss of face.‘'t wasn"t necessary to hit them with that awful thing"! Truman’s

!hief of 2taA5 ,dmiral #eahy wrote5 ‘'t is my opinion that the useof this barbarous weapon at *iroshima and agasaki was of no

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ha$e been promised for the damage done to their land and theirli$es. The second test ground used by the 92 was the Ne$adaPro$ing 4round test range at Iucca 8lat5 about F miles north of #as Jegas. During the ?BF3s and Q3s5 ninety nuclear bomb testswere underta*en in the Ne$ada desert. The 92 go$ernment’s

National !ancer "nstitute )N!"+ e<amined the eAect of these testsin the mid ?BB3s. They determined that the tests sent clouds of fallout o$er most of the 9nited 2tates5 and among the harmfulsubstances spread by the e<plosions was an isotope *nown asiodine?@? )"?@?+. These radioacti$e particles5 which accumulatein the thyroid gland are a suspected cause of cancer. The National!ancer "nstitute recently estimated that ?35333CF5333 cases of thyroid cancer in the 9nited 2tates were caused by the radioacti$eisotope iodine?@? from the Ne$ada ,bomb fallout. "n addition tothe military personnel e<posed to high le$els of radiation in the

$icinity of the tests5 thousands of 9.2. citi'ens downwind are li*elyto ha$e paid a lethal price as a result of the atom bomb testing. ,

clear e<ample of the West using WMD’s on its own unsuspectingciti'ens.

8! T&e n)(1ear !e*e1o+%ents !)ring t&e Co1! ar$ During the!old war5 the 92initiated an arms race with the 2o$iet 9nion and stoc*piled manythousands of nuclear weapons. They also de$eloped multiple waysto deli$er these de$ices including= the -F0 bomber5 many types of landlaunched intercontinental ballistic missiles5 as well assubmarine launched ballistic missiles. The 92 also basedthousands of tactical nuclear weapons all around the borders of the2o$iet 9nion5 in Western (urope5 Tur*ey5 2outh Korea5 Eapan etc.in order to pro$ide itself a 6rst stri*e capability and to deter 2o$ietaggression. Howe$er when the !ubans in$ited the 2o$iets to locate2o$iet Nuclear missiles on !uban soil in order to deter ,mericanaggression > the 92 had already in the early ?B3 demonstratedtheir desire to remo$e 8idel !astro from power > the 92 wentberser* and forced the 2o$iets to withdraw their missiles bythreatening an all out war.

:! N)(1ear ea+ons ar%s (ontro1$ There are many nuclearweapons arms controltreaties that the 92 has signed up to5 including /2trategic ,rm

#imitation Tal*s’ )2,#T ? and 0+5 /2trategic ,rms %eduction Treaty’)2T,%T ? and 0+5 /Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty’5/!omprehensi$e Test -an Treaty’5 /"ntermediate %ange Nuclearforces treaty’ )"N8+ and so on. Howe$er gi$en the impro$ements intechnology5 missile accuracy5 range5 missile stealth capability thatha$e ta*en place o$er the last few decades as well as the widerange of test data already a$ailable to the 925 none of thesetreaties has substantially degraded the 92’s ability to conduct orthreaten a nuclear attac* on any nation. 2e$eral of these treatiesare discriminatory towards most nations in the world. 8or e<ample5the NonProliferation Treaty )NPT+5 which entered into force in?BC3 and is strongly supported by the 925 see*s to inhibit the

spread of nuclear weapons. "ts ?C signatories are classi6ed in twocategories; nuclearweapon states )NW2+5 consisting of the 9nited

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2tates5 %ussia5 !hina5 8rance5 and the 9nited Kingdom and nonnuclearweapon states )NNW2+. 9nder the treaty5 the 6$e NW2commit to pursue general and complete disarmament5 while theNNW2 agree to forgo de$eloping or acuiring nuclear weapons.

With its nearuni$ersal membership5 the NPT has the widestadherence of anyarms control agreement5 with only !uba5 "ndia5 "srael5 and Pa*istanremaining outside the treaty. "n order to accede to the treaty5 thesestates must do so as nonnuclearweapon states5 since the treatyrestricts nuclearweapons states status to nations that/manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive devices prior to + @anuary +:26". 8or "ndia5 "srael5 andPa*istan5 all *nown to possess or suspected of ha$ing nuclearweapons5 :oining the treaty as NNW2 would reuire that theydismantle their nuclear weapons and place their nuclear materialsunder international safeguards. With this treaty in place5 any

NNW2 nation that see*s to acuire nuclear weapons can be easilydescribed as a rogue state and targeted5 as has happened to "ra5"ran and North Korea recently. The 925 though it remains as thesole superpower5 still insists on the right to threaten other stateswith the 6rst use of nuclear weapons in order to deter potentialad$ersaries. "n practice none of the 6$e NW2 ha$e demonstratedany serious intention of disarmament as reuired by the treaty and

yet they led by the 92 aim to maintain monopoly control onnuclear weapons denying other nations the same umbrella thatthey operate under5 yet another bi'arre form of double standards.Thus far5 the 92 sees the NPT merely as a tool to constrain thenuclear capabilities of states such as "ran5 "ra5 and North Koreaand a way of impro$ing the proliferation beha$iour of %ussia and!hina5 without ma*ing any progress on its own nucleardisarmament. "n fact the 92 plans to de$elop a new range of nuclear weapons. This can be seen in the hypocrisy of the 92 whoonly recently unilaterally uit the ,nti -allistic Missile Treaty withthe 2o$iet 9nion in its 'ealous pursuance of a /missile defensi$esystem’5 yet now the 92 condemns "ra and North Korea forbrea*ing treaties pre$enting these nations from acuiring nuclearweapons of their own.

+9!C)rrent an! ;)t)re n)(1ear !e*e1o+%ents$ "n early 03305 the

92 put together a re$iew of their nuclear strategy5 /the 92 NuclearPosture %e$iew’ )NP%+. 2ections of this re$iew were lea*ed to the92 press. The re$iew reuested that contingency plans be drawnup to target North Korea5 "ran5 #ibya5 2yria5 %ussia and !hina. There$iew calls for the 92 to ha$e more 7e<ibility in de$eloping anddeploying the nuclear forces that it may need. &ne such area of 7e<ibility comes from resuming nuclear testing. &ne of the reasonswhy this testing is needed is to de$elop a new range of bombs andmissiles that can destroy hardened and deeply buried targets)HD-Ts+. These are buildings and facilities that an ad$ersary coulduse for hosting command and control operations5 leadershipshelters or storage areas for WMD. &ther 92 policy documents

such as that by Paul %obinson5 the director of 2andia National#aboratories call for the de$elopment of low yield nuclear

14



weapons. ,t present the 92 is a signatory to the !omprehensi$eTest -an Treaty )!T-T+ though the 92 2enate has not rati6ed thetreaty. Thus the message that such de$elopments indicate to therest of the world is that the 92 is interested in de$eloping moreuseable nuclear weapons and will repudiate the !T-T because of

her interests. The 92 has also stated in the NP% and in otherpresentations5 their intention to introduce strategic missiledefences that will deter other countries from see*ing longrangemissiles. The belief is that a global missile defence system wouldcreate a shield that would gi$e the 9nited 2tates freedom of actionto operate with relati$e impunity throughout the world. Thus the92 could militarily tac*le with impunity other nations armed withWeapons of Mass Destruction and the longrange missiles neededto deli$er them against the 9nited 2tates. &n December ?@ 033?5the 9nited 2tates announced that it would withdraw from the ?BC0

,nti-allistic Missile ),-M+ Treaty5 ostensibly because the treatywas restricting testing of mobile missile defences against "!-Ms.

Then in its 6rst defence budget5 the new 92 administrationreuested a FC percent increase in funding for missile defence5from F.@ billion to .@ billion5 of which it recei$ed C. billionfrom !ongress. ,ll this indicates that many other nations are li*elyto ha$e much to fear from the 92 as it proceeds down the road of ma*ing itself in$ulnerable from nuclear missile attac* as well asma*ing more useable nuclear weapons. This is a nation that5 as weha$e seen before5 has no ualms about the use of these weaponsupon innocent ci$ilians.

++!C&e%i(a1 an! "io1ogi(a1 ea+ons. The 6rst uses of chemicalweapons in the modern era were by many of the participants of the8irst World War; 8rance5 4ermany5 9K and the 925 the samenations who now sit on :udgement on "ra. "n response to chlorineattac* by the 4ermans around Ipres -elgium5 in which more thanF5333 ,llied forces were *illed5 the 9K established its ownchemical warfare eAort. Ma:or !harles 8oul*es of the %oyal(ngineers was appointed as their 6rst /gas ad$iser.’ His :ob was touic*ly organi'e the -ritish chemical warfare eAort withoutconcern for ethics. 2oon $irtually e$ery leading chemist in -ritainwas wor*ing on gas warfare. The Porton Down facility was builtand became the headuarters of the -ritish chemical warfareeAort5 e$entually employing more than ?5333 scientists and

soldiers.

+!T&e US C&e%i(a1 ea+ons ser*i(e$ The 9.2. created the!hemical Warfare 2er$ice )!W2+ in mid?B?5 with 4eneral ,mos

,. 8ries as its director. The (dgewood ,rsenal5 a military base near-altimore5 Maryland5 became the centre for 9.2. chemical weaponsresearch5 employing more than ?5033 technical and C33 ser$iceassistants who tested more than 15333 poisonous substances. With0? manufacturing buildings and 0 miles of railway5 (dgewoodwas capable of producing 0335333 chemical bombs and shells perday. -y ?B?5 between one6fth and onethird of all shells 6red

were 6lled with chemicals of some type. "n the last ? months of the war5 the muchfeared mustard gas was responsible for one in

15



si< casualties. Mustard gas burned and blistered the s*in5 thencaused slow death or debilitation by stripping the mucousmembrane of the bronchial tubes and bloc*ing breathing. Therewere more than B?5333 deaths and ?.@ million casualties@o<i(ia11#’ attributed to gas warfare5 but historians today consider

these 6gures to be on the low side.

+.!Inter3regn)% )ses$ 9se of chemical weapons was not onlylimited to the 8irst World War. "nter$ening on the side of the White

,rmy in the %ussian !i$il War in ?B?B5 the -ritish armed them withmustard gas shells5 and used the /M’ de$ice to produce clouds of arsenic smo*e o$er the %ed ,rmy. The -ritish too* ad$antage of e$ery opportunity to use their new weapons. Ma:or 8oul*es5 whowas sent to "ndia in ?B?B5 pressured the -ritish military to usechemical weapons in their war against ,fghanistan5 ‘'gnorance,lack of instruction and discipline, and the absence of protection onthe part of )fghans and tribesmen will undoubtedly enhance the

casualty producing value of mustard gas in frontier (ghting!" The-ritish War Department agreed5 sending stoc*s of phosgene andmustard gas5 and -ritish troops were trained in antigas suits onthe Khyber Pass. Iet Tony -lair today has the audacity to presentthe -ritish 4o$ernment as one of the /civilised’ nations with a‘clean record" and noble $alues as compared to 2addam’s regime in-aghdad.

+0!T&e esta"1is&%ent o; t&e Gene*a +roto(o1$ ,fter the 8irstWorld War5 there was widespread disillusionment with gas warfare."n May ?B0F5 under the auspices of the #eague of Nations5 aconference on the international arms race was con$ened in4ene$a5 2wit'erland. The 4ene$a Protocol5 as it was called5banned the use of chemical as well as biological weapons in anyfuture con7ict. ‘$he signing of the Geneva protocol of +:1"5 as oneobser$er put it5 ‘was the high-water mark of the hostility of publicopinion towards chemical warfare". 2igning the pact did not meanthat it was binding howe$er because go$ernments also had toratify it. The 92 !hemical Warfare 2er$ice led the attac* on the4ene$a Protocol in the 9nited 2tates and enlisted the help of suchorgani'ations as the ,merican !hemical 2ociety5 which declaredthat5 ‘the prohibition of chemical warfare meant the abandonmentof humane methods for the old horrors of battle"! "n the face of

strong opposition5 the 2tate Department withdrew rati6cation of the treaty. Most (uropean countries rati6ed the 4ene$a Protocol5but added ualifying clauses that rendered it worthless. &ne clauseadded to the protocol made it nonbinding on a country unless thecountry it was 6ghting against had also rati6ed it. Moreo$er5signatories reser$ed the right to respond with chemical orbiological weapons if they were attac*ed with them. The 4ene$aProtocol also crucially did not pre$ent researching or stoc*pilingbiochemical weapons= it simply banned 6rst use. The net eAect of the 4ene$a Protocol was not to stop the de$elopment of biochemical weapons but to ma*e the research and de$elopment of such weapons much more secret. "n ?B0F5 the future -ritish Prime

Minister Winston !hurchill let the pro$erbial cat out of the bagwhen he wrote of pestilences methodically prepared and

16



deliberately launched upon man and beast. -light to destroy crops5 ,nthra< to slay horses and cattle5 Plague to poison not armies onlybut whole districtssuch are the lines along which military scienceis remorselessly ad$ancing. This type of war research had to be*ept secret for fear of public opposition.

+1!Esta"1is&%ent o; Porton Don in t&e U$ The Holland!ommittee5 set up by the -ritish go$ernment after the 8irst WorldWar to study chemical warfare and -ritain’s future policy toward it5recommended that the Porton Down facility be maintained on apermanent basis. Porton Down was to add the study andde$elopment of germ warfare to its agenda. The Holland!ommittee also made a crucial admission. "t concluded5 ‘'t isimpossible to divorce the study of defence against gas from the useof gas as an o3ensive weapon, as the e3iciency of the defencedepends entirely on an accurate knowledge as to what progress isbeing or is likely to be made in the o3ensive use of this weapon" .

4o$ernments *new from the onset that there was no such thing asa purely defensi$e chemical weapons research. ,s a result5go$ernments ga$e their scientists a free hand to design thedeadliest weapons they could imagine5 on the grounds that they6rst had to be in$ented before a defence could be prepared.2cientists at the Porton Down secret weapons base *new they wereris*ing the li$es of young national ser$icemen used as guinea pigsin ner$e gas tests5 according to to<icologists. The family of oneman who died in the e<periments are accusing the scientists of murder. ,ccording to ,lastair Hay5 from #eeds 9ni$ersity5 thebrie6ng notes made by scientists at the Wiltshire base suggestedthey *new the doses they were gi$ing the ser$icemen could befatal. ‘$hey were playing with (re, they were exposing people toconcentrations which in the event only killed one man but werenBt

far o3 perhaps killing a number of others,"! 2ome ser$icemen5 whowere gi$en e<tra pay and time oA in e<change for ta*ing part in thetests5 said they were told the e<periments were for a cure for thecommon cold. The Ministry of Defence has repeatedly denied theallegation that ser$icemen were misled in any way. , TJ documentary broadcast in ?BBB featured a former /guinea pig’Mi*e !o<5 5 from 2outhampton5 who was with 2er$ice man%onald Maddison on the day he died in the gas chamber where thetests were carried out. The programme also featured relati$es of

Mr Maddison spea*ing of the e$ents which too* place 1 yearsprior. #ilias !rai*5 his sister5 said, ‘'f heBd died in the war, then ' could understand, but to die over some stupid stu3 that they puton his arm, which you shouldnBt do to anybody, then, 'Bm sorry, ' think they murdered him"!

+2!T&e ro1e o; (&e%i(a1 an! "io1ogi(a1 ea+ons in t&e Se(on! Wor1! War$ 4as warfare was absent from the 2econd World War5primarily because of the diAiculty of deli$ering such weaponswithout aAecting one’s own troops and the possibility of similarretaliation as all of the ma:or powers had stoc*piled hundreds of tons of chemical weapons5 especially mustard gas5 for possible use.

-ritain built the 6rst anthra< bomb in ?B10. , crude bomb 6lledwith anthra< spores was e<ploded on 4ruinard "sland oA the west

17



coast of 2cotland. The sheep on the island soon began to die. Tothis day5 4ruinard is uninhabitable5 and no aircraft is allowed toland there. The -ritish e$entually produced F million /anthra<ca*es’ to drop on 4ermany. &ne -ritish contingency plan to bomb4ermany with anthra< would ha$e resulted in an estimated @

million deaths. -ritain also e<perimented with the deadly to<in-R"S5 or botulism. The 9.2. also massi$ely e<panded its germwarfare program during the 2econd World War. "n ?B135 the 9.2.Health and Medical !ommittee of the !ouncil for National Defencebegan to consider5 ‘the o3ensive and defensive potential of biological warfare"! 4eorge Merc*5 of Merc* Pharmaceuticals5 wasappointed director of the War %esearch 2er$ice5 which was incharge of germ warfare research. "n ?B1@5 !amp Detric* wasopened in Maryland5 and it uic*ly became the centre of the 9.2.germ warfare eAort. The 9.2. in$ested more than 13 million inplant and euipment between ?B10 and ?B1F and employed morethan 15333 people at !amp Detric*= the 8ield Testing 2tation at

Horn "sland in Pascagoula5 Mississippi= the production plant at Jigo5 "ndiana= and at the Dugway Pro$ing 4rounds. ,t !ampDetric*5 anthra<5 tularaemia5 plague5 typhus5 yellow fe$er5 andencephalitis were tested for battle6eld use5 as well as $arious rice5potato5 and cereal blights. The 9.2. studied the possibility of destroying Eapanese rice crops with germ warfare. "n May ?B115the 6rst batch of F5333 anthra<6lled bombs came oA theproduction line at !amp Detric*. "n Jigo5 "ndiana5 the 9.2. built aplant which was capable of producing F335333 anthra< bombs amonth and 0F35333 bombs 6lled with botulism. 8ortunately5 theywere ne$er used. The 9.2. built the largest poison gasmanufacturing operation in the world during the 2econd WorldWar5 producing ?@F5333 tons of poison gas. This was 035333 tonsmore than the combined total used by e$ery country during the8irst World War. The 9.2. also began to surpass the -ritish in germwarfare.

+6!Learning ;ro% t&e >a+anese e'+erien(e$ ,fter the 2econdWorld War5 4eorge Merc* wanted the wartime germ warfareprograms to continue. "n ?BF !amp Detric* became 8ort Detric*5a permanent military research and de$elopment institution. Thedeadliest $iruses and gases *nown to humanity were now added tothe ,merican arsenal5 including ner$e gases such as 4- and JS

gas5 so deadly that a tiny drop on the s*in could cause death in lessthan a minute. The !old War also meant that former enemies wererehabilitated and put on the 9.2. payroll. This meant that Eapanesewar criminals that had e<perimented on human beings were nowshielded from prosecution. During EapanQs long and brutaloccupation of !hina during the ?B@3s and ?B13s5 a special unit of the Eapanese ,rmy5 *nown as 9nit C@?2 e<perimented on !hinesesoldiers and ci$ilians with gas and germ warfare. 9nit C@?5 led by4eneral "shii 2hiro5 carried out $ast war crimes. 8or instance5 theytested the eAects of anthra< bombs on human beings and in:ected!hinese soldiers and ci$ilians with tetanus5 smallpo< and plague.&f the human remains studied by the 9.2. in ?B1C5 anthra<

accounted for @? deaths= cholera5 F3= mustard gas5 ?= plague5?3= typhoid5 00= and typhus5 B. Many more diseases were also

18



tested. The %ussians wanted to put members of 9nit C@?5 including2hiro5 on trial5 but the 9.2. granted them immunity. "n return5 the9.2. were gi$en the results of their e<periments. ,s historians%obert Harris and Eeremy Pa<man ha$e written5 /$he %!S! wasindeed shielding @apanese bacteriologists from war crimes charges

in return for data on human experimentation"! This information washidden for @3 years after the war.

+8!Use o; (&e%i(a1 ea+ons in t&e 8ietna% War$ The 9.2.launched the 6rst biochemical war since the 8irst World War in

Jietnam. The 9.2. used !2 gas against National #iberation 8rontguerrillas and used defoliants such as the infamous ,gent &range.-y ?BC35 /&peration %anch Hand’ dumped ?0 million gallons of

,gent &range on Jietnam5 destroying 1.F million acres of $egetation in the Jietnamese countryside and poisoning it for yearsto come. The slogan of %anch Hand supporters was ‘only we canprevent forests!" ,gent &range contained dio<in5 one of the

deadliest cancercausing chemicals on earth. The use of ,gent&range by the 9.2. has caused agony for hundreds of thousands of

Jietnamese people and ,merican soldiers and their families.

+:!T&e rationa1 "e&in! A%eri(a’s s)++ort ;or t&e Bio an!C&e%i(a1 ea+ons(on*entions$ "n ?BC0 President %ichard Ni<on announced that the9.2. washalting its chemical and biological weapons program. This was notdone forany altruistic purposes but because the administration had realisedthat the technologies needed to produce these weapons would5 intime5 become so widespread that proliferation would be ine$itable.The production of these weapons would be much cheaper andeasier than nuclear weapons. Thus it would be diAicult to maintaina monopolistic position with respect to these weapons. 8ollowingthe 92 decision on these weapons5 the -iological Weapons!on$entions )-W!+ opened for signature on ?3 ,pril ?BC05 andentered into force on 0 March ?BCF5 and the !hemicals Weapons!on$ention opened for signature on ?@ Eanuary ?BB@ and enteredinto force on 0B ,pril ?BBC. 2imilar to the nuclear arm controltreaties5 the chemical and biological treaties were either highlydiscriminatory or selecti$ely applied by the 92. The 2ecurity

!ouncil can in$estigate complaints5 but this power has ne$er beenin$o*ed. 2ecurity !ouncil $oting rules gi$e !hina5 8rance5 %ussia5the 9nited Kingdom and the 9nited 2tates $eto power o$er2ecurity !ouncil decisions5 including those to conduct -W!in$estigations. "n Euly of this year the 92 re:ected an enforcementprotocol of this treaty primarily out of concerns for its owndomestic interests.

9!C)rrent "io5(&e%i(a13ea+ons !e*e1o+%ents$ &n 1 2eptember033? the New Ior* Times re$ealed that the 9.2. !entral"ntelligence ,gency’s )!",+ bio defence researchers5 under theprete<t of defensi$e wor*5 had tested moc* biological bombs and

built a real bio weapons production facility in Ne$ada5 acti$itiescompletely indistinguishable from oAensi$e biological warfare

19



research. The 9.2. *ept these acti$ities secret and did nor di$ulgethem in annual con6dence building reports to the -io weapons!on$ention. These defensi$e studies that the 92 has beenunderta*ing can be easily translated into biological weapons. 8ore<ample5 the anthra< attac*s of &ctober 033? that occurred in the

92 appear to ha$e been initiated by domestic scientists fromwithin the 92 biological warfare laboratories.

+!US re1ations&i+ it& Bio5(&e%i(a13ea+ons (on*entions$ ,sregards the !hemical Weapons !on$ention5 it is enforced by the&rganisation for the Prohibition of !hemical Weapons who inspectlabs5 factories and o$ersee the destruction of weapons they maycontain. The 92 forced the organisation to remo$e its directorgeneral Eose -ustani. His crime was his desire to e<amine the 92with the same rigour applied anywhere else and to in$ite 2addamHussein to sign up to the !hemical Weapons !on$ention. "ncontrast to the 92 approach in as*ing for intrusi$e "rai weapons

inspections5 the 92 will not e$en contemplate applying anyinspection rules to itself. "n ?BBC5 the 92 2enate passed the!hemical Weapons !on$ention "mplementation ,ct. 2ection @3Cstipulates5 ‘$he Cresident may deny a reuest to inspect any

facility in the %nited States in cases where the Cresidentdetermines that the inspection may pose a threat to the nationalsecurity interest of the %nited States"!

!US s)++ort ;or Ira’s "io5(&e%i(a1 ea+ons +rogra%%es$The 92 has also played a role in the proliferation of these weapons."n ?BB !hannel 1 news broadcast in the 9K5 claimed that theyhad comes across 92 intelligence documents that showed that ?1consignments of biological materials had been e<ported from the92 to "ra. These included ?B batches of anthra< bacteria and ?Fbatches of botulinum5 the organism that cause botulism. Theprogram indicated that they had seen proof that "ra had bought anumber of to<ins after "ra had used gas in an attac* on theKurdish town of Hala:aba in which F5333 people were *illed.

Con(1)sion

"t is clear from the abo$e that the West cannot be trusted in itspossession of Weapons of Mass Destruction. There has been

systematic used of these weapons by the West on millions of innocentpeople in World War ?5 World War 05Jietnam and e$en on their ownser$icemen. This clearly demonstrates that the children of today andtomorrow should not be left to the lottery of future Western slaughteror in President Truman’s words of the ne<t ‘experiment" which willundoubtedly face them. "t is apt to remind oursel$es of the $alues thatare present within !apitalist Western 4o$ernments by reiteratingoursel$es of what Ma:or 8oul*es5 one of the early -ritish architects of chemical weapons5 said when he was sent to "ndia in ?B?B.Pressurising the -ritish military to use chemical weapons in their waragainst ,fghanistan5 he argued5 ‘'gnorance, lack of instruction anddiscipline, and the absence of protection on the part of )fghans and

tribesmen will undoubtedly enhance the casualty producing value of mustard gas in frontier (ghting"!

20



21



CHAPTER -

THE HISTORY OF THE WEST’S NON3CONFORMITY WITHINTERNATIONAL LAW

&ne of the central plan*s of the argument waged on "ra is the claim that"ra is in breach of international law and has ignored countless 9Nresolutions. This chapter see*s to highlight the West’s owncontra$entions of international law and the fact that the permanent 6$emembers ha$e the right of $eto5 an option not allowed for nations such as"ra. T&e Leag)e o; Nations an! t&e Unite! Nations

1. The 03th !entury may become *nown as the !entury of War.8ollowing the two world wars where tens of millions of people losttheir li$es5 many smaller con7icts resulted in the deaths of furthermillions. Whether it was the shoc* of the $ast loss of life or thechallenge to the balance of power5 following the two world warsthe remaining world powers came together to create an alliance topre$ent further con7ict. Thus following the 8irst World War the#eague of Nations was born and after World War Two5 the 9nitedNations was born. -oth organisations had the stated ob:ecti$e of maintaining the preser$ation of peace through internationalalliances. -oth ha$e failed to achie$e their ob:ecti$es of peace andsecurity.

2. The #eague of Nations was formed in the aftermath of the 4reatWar )?B?1?+. President Woodrow Wilson of the 92 was one of itsprinciple ad$ocates with his ?1 points which included items li*ethe abolition of secret diplomacy by open co$enants5 freedom of the seas in peace and war5 remo$al of international trade barrierswhere$er possible and so on. ,s a result of the #eague5 aredesigned map of (urope and the Middle (ast emerged= Poland5

Iugosla$ia5 !'echoslo$a*ia5 a reshaped (urope and5 of course5 anew Middle (ast. The modern "ra was created by the #eague aswas a new Palestine5 2yria and #ebanon. Howe$er not all powersparticipated in the league= the 92 congress pre$ented 4ermanyfrom :oining the #eague5 and in ?B@@ she left.

3. 8rom within the members of the #eague5 the then World Powerspreferred to handle their own aAairs= 8rance occupied the%hineland to force 4ermany to pay wartime reparations5 and "talyoccupied !orfu5 both in ?B0@. "taly in$aded ,byssinia in ?B@F andthe 2panish ci$il war5 which began in ?B@ further pro$ed the#eague’s impotence5 especially when sanctions on 2pain did notend the ci$il war.

4. #ittle nations did attempt to sway the giants. Whilst (amon de Jalera of "reland was president of the #eagueQs council the

forerunner of our presentday 2ecurity !ouncil > he proposed the#eague ha$e a multinational force to stop the ?B@F "talianaggression. He was e$en prepared to commit his own new and tiny

22



"rish army to such a pro:ect5 an oAer which did not interest thema:or powers. ‘#e have been unable to bend our wills to sacri(cesel(sh advantage when it con&icts with justice to others," de Jaleralater complained. )The "ndependent5 &ctober 0330+ The 922%5 amember since ?B@15 was e<pelled following the 2o$iet attac* on

8inland in ?B@B. ($entually the #eague was powerless to pre$entthe onset of World War "". "n ?B1 the #eague $oted to aAect itsown dissolution5 whereupon much of its property and organi'ationwere transferred to the 9N.

5. The 9nited Nations is an organisation established by the worldpowers with the aim5 in theory5 of resol$ing international disputesthat would otherwise lead to wars and loss of human life. The 9Nalso promotes $alues such as human rights5 which are in line withthe $alues of the Western world powers. Iet despite the e<istenceof this large organisation with the representati$es of o$er ?3memberstates present to resol$e international disputes

diplomatically5 the world powers time and again bypass andundermine this organisation to further their own interests.Presently the 9nited 2tates5 -ritain5 !hina5 %ussia and 8rancema*e up the unelected permanent membership of the securitycouncil of the 9nited Nations. They ha$e the power to $eto any 9Nresolution that they do not agree with5 thus pre$enting it frombecoming law. "t is for this reason you do not 6nd any 9N 2ecurity!ouncil resolutions condemning the 92’s in$asions of Panama5 itsuse of chemical weapons in Jietnam or %ussia’s butchery in!hechnya.

"ra’s in$asion of Kuwait in ?BB? was said to ha$e breachedinternational law and 9N resolutions. Iet if Kuwait had beenin$aded by any of the Permanent 6$e 2ecurity !ouncil members5the 9N 2ecurity !ouncil would ha$e been powerless to act.!onseuently the Jeto power gi$en to the 6$e main 2ecurity!ouncil members enables them to bloc* resolutions that may e$enha$e large international support. The 92 is well *nown fore<ercising her $eto powers freuently to bloc* resolutions thatcon7ict with her own national interests. 2till the 9N is held up bymany as a bastion of democracy and a bedroc* of internationalob:ecti$ity.

6. With regards to the Middle (astern issues5 many resolutions ha$ebeen bloc*ed by ,merican $etoes. The -ritish publication $he Dconomist recently attempted to illustrate the fact that there wereno double standards between the use of force against "ra and thelac* of a military option against countries such as "srael. "t wassaid the resolutions passed were legally diAerent )(conomist pp0@0F &ct ?0? 0330+. Howe$er this fails to ta*e notice of the factthat countries such as ,merica and -ritain would not permit anyresolutions to be passed authorising military force against "srael5despite the latter’s occupation of land5 its war crimes andsystematic butchery of the ci$ilian population. %ecent 92 $etoesinclude= the call for a 9N &bser$ers 8orce in West -an*5 4a'a5

033?= demands that "srael cease construction of the settlement ineast Eerusalem as well as all the other "sraeli settlement acti$ity in

23



the occupied territories5 ?BBC= calls upon "sraeli authorities torefrain from all actions or measures5 including settlement acti$ities?BBC= con6rmation that the e<propriation of land by "srael in (ast

Eerusalem is in$alid and in $iolation of rele$ant 2ecurity !ouncilresolutions and pro$isions of the 8ourth 4ene$a con$ention=

e<pressing support of the peace process5 including the Declarationof Principles of ?@ 2eptember ?BB@5 ?BBF= N,M draft resolution tocreate a commission to send three 2ecurity !ouncil members to%ishon #e'ion5 where an "sraeli gunmen shot down se$enPalestinian wor*ers5 ?BB3= the list goes on! See inserted table atthe end of this section, where the %S has vetoed severalresolutions which condemn 'srael! <

7. "n the summer of 0330 the 92 $etoed the renewal of the -osnianmission5 fearing that 92 troops ser$ing o$erseas could be

$ulnerable to un:usti6ed accusations by ,mericaQs enemies beforethe new "nternational !riminal !ourt. )@ Euly 03305 --! online+!

This illustrates the dri$e by the 92 to support the 9N only when itsuits herself. 2uch selecti$e adherence to international law5howe$er5 is part and parcel of the 92’s foreign policy5 yet still itdemands that "ra stic* rigidly to the same international law that ititself ignores and $iews with disdain. ,s %obin Theur*auf5 Jisiting8ellow at Iale 9ni$ersity and wife of one of the 2eptember ??

$ictims said5 ‘#e in the %S like international law, speci(cally welike other nations to obey! *owever it is the height of hypocrisy todemand that others live up to their obligations while weaggressively reject the notion that we should submit to a legitimateinternational system of laws as part of a community of nations"!)Milan %ai5 /War Plan "ra’ p.03F+.

8. Human rights5 a highly sub:ecti$ely used term5 are in theoryrecogni'ed as fundamental by the 9nited Nations and5 as such5feature prominently in the Preamble of the !harter; ‘!!! to rea3irm

faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of thehuman person, in the eual rights of men and women and of nations large and small!!!". Whilst preaching the $alues adopted bythe 9N to the rest of the world5 the world powers such as the 925-ritain5 %ussia and others ha$e all openly supported regimes whoabuse their people and $iolate their basic rights. Whilst a separatesection has been dedicated in this report speci6cally on this topic5

it is important to note the manner in which the 9N brea*s its ownprinciples by remaining inacti$e whilst the world powers $iolatee$ery basic right of people. When calling on the world to adhere tosuch /uni$ersal’ $alues5 the 925 -ritain and others all openlysupport5 morally and 6nancially5 regimes including (gypt and9'be*istan who openly abuse people’s rights.

9. %ecently at a :oint press conference with the 9N 2ecretary 4eneralin Tash*ent5 9'be* President Karimo$ lashed out in response to auestion on Human %ights abuses in 9'be*istan. He said5 ‘' wouldlike to answer the correspondentBs uestion with a uestion," hesaid! ‘$ell me, do you know a country in the world where human

rights are not abusedE Cerhaps you could name one country in theworld which has not abused human rights or where there are no

24



facts connected with disregarding human rightsE" )%euters5 ?&ctober 0330+. Whilst preaching the $alues of Human %ights toe$eryone in the world and until 033? e$en being a member of the9N Human rights body5 a Western nation li*e ,merica does notha$e a blameless record when it comes to loo*ing after people’s

basic rights. %eports by Human %ights groups highlight abuses ino$ercrowded 92 Prisons5 including racism )!NN &ctober ?BB+,racism in the application of the death penalty ),mnesty"nternational ? &ctober 0330+, and police brutality highlighted inthe infamous cases of ,mado Dialo and %odney King. The 92’ssystematic annihilation of the indigenous %ed "ndian population forthe sa*e of acuiring more land cannot be put aside either. Despitethis ,merica and -ritain5 whose colonialist past needs no furthercomment5 ha$e the gall to lecture countries li*e "ra on theirappalling Human %ights record. ($en ,ustralia has been reportedof abusing rights of refugees see*ing nothing more than shelter inher territory. ,merica and -ritain are not alone amongst the ma:or

powers with grim records with regard to maintaining peoplesrights5 %ussia is also infamous for its atrocities in !hechnya as is!hina in Sin:aing.

10. 2uch abuses by world powers5 members of the 9N5 the2ecurity !ouncil and members of the 9N Human %ights bodycon6rms that self interest is more important than people’s rights5welfare5 housing5 employment or general human compassion.

11. ?BB1 saw the massacre of almost a million people in !entral ,frica. 9N 2ecretary 4eneral -outros -outros4hali accused theHutudominated %wandan ,rmy of genocide against the Tutsi. ,tthe height of the $iolence the 9N forces5 lac*ing a mandate toprotect ci$ilians shamelessly abandoned Kigali and o$er the ne<tfew months the %wandans5 mostly Tutsi5 were massacred. The %P8army pushed toward Kigali and a ci$il war ensued. The 9N waspresent in the region. -outros -outros4hali5 the then 9Nsecretary general complained of a lac* of will and support by theworld powers particularly the 9nited 2tates to ful6l 9N peace*eeping operations. The %wandan massacre could ha$e beena$oided though5 as three 9N members )-elgium5 8rance and the92+5 two of who were on the 2ecurity !ouncil were aware of thepreparation of the massacre of the Tutsi’s.

The following e<tract from -outros -outros4hali biographye<poses the fact that the world powers had *nowledge of theensuing massacre; ‘) cable had been sent by General Aalaire to the% Aepartment of Ceace-7eeping /perations AC7/< reporting aninformant"s claim that weapons were being stockpiled by *utu

forces in preparation for mass killings of $utsis! Aalaire reuestedauthorisation to try to sei>e the weapons, but his reuest wasdenied by AC7/ on the ground that the %nited ations mandate

for Fwanda did not cover such operations! $he next day, @anuary + +::0, Aalaire acting under % instructions, told theambassadors of 4elgium, rance and the %nited States about the

informant"s report! 'n other words, the powers that could haveacted to prevent the ensuing massacre H the %nited States, rance

25



%epublican politician5 4eorge Miller )D!alif.+5 who attended the Eohannesburg summit5 :oined critics of the -ush administrationQsproposals. ‘$he %!S! government is becoming somewhatobstructionist in meeting the goals of sustainable development," hesaid! )Washington Post5 @3 ,ugust 0330+

15. The 92 4o$ernment denied blame and instead focussedresponsibility on the third world. The 92 2ecretary of 2tate5 !olinPowell critici'ed the ,frican country of ambia for refusing

,merican food aid5 which included genetically modi6ed grain andwhich would ha$e bene6ted 92 companies. This is the same 92regime which has opposed increases in aid to the third world5 whileit colonises them through institutions li*e the "M8 and the World-an*. The 92 also opposed a resolution at the 9N global 2ummitin Monterrey earlier this year to increase the aid target to 3.CO of the national income to the third world. Washington is already oneof the least generous donors despite being the worldQs largest

economy de$oting :ust 3.?O of national output to its internationalaid eAort! )The 4uardian5 0@ Eanuary 0330+! Prior to the meetingthe 92 sought to delete any mention of the internationally agreedde$elopment goals and of the suggestion that rich countries shouldmeet the 9N target of spending 3.CO of national income on aid.

16. "t was well *nown that during the ?BB3’s the 92 was holdingbac* its dues to the 9N5 by the time ,merica started to pay oA these debts to the 9N5 they had reached ?.F billion. ,merica’sreasoning for not paying sooner was not lin*ed to any 6nancialconstraint as during the ?BB3’s it was going through a substantialeconomic boom on the bac* of the dot com mania. 8aced withlosing her $ote in the general assembly and the increasing loss of in7uence within the organisation5 Washington pro$ided some of themoney in ?BBB. -ut Washington li*es to do things her own way andhas bal*ed at paying an e<panded assessment for peace*eeping5has withheld money for some pro:ects that it considers wasteful orbiased5 and disputes the amount of ta< that the 9nited Nationspays for ,merican employees in its ta< euali'ation program. )New

Ior* Times5 0 Eune ?BB+

Con(1)sion

"nternational institutions such as the 9N and the "M8 are imperialisticorgans designed to colonise the de$eloping world including the Muslimworld. "slamic :urisprudence prohibits Muslims from referring to theseinstitutions in any instance of politics and ruling. Howe$er5 as has beenillustrated in chapter5 nations such as ,merica and -ritain do not belie$ethe concept of international law should be held abo$e each country’snational interest. "t is therefore intellectually and politically ban*rupt toattempt to :ustify a war on "ra by using the argument of "ra’s breach of international law. "t is clear that the use of the 9N by the allies is atactical mo$e not a strategic one5 which is why they ha$e always heldonto the unilateral route as a $iable option. The propensity and

determination to act unilaterally therefore is the 6nal nail in the coAin of

27



those who hold onto the argument that this dispute is about the eminenceof the 9N and international law.

28



U$S$ 8etoes o; UN Reso1)tions Criti(a1 o; Israe1 3 ,:-3-44-

8etoes ,:-3,:6-

S)"?e(tDate

Meeting

US Re+

Casting 8eto

8ote

Palestine; 2yrian#ebanese!omplaint. @ power draftresolution 0?3C1

B?3?BC0 -ush ?@?5 ?

Palestine; (<amination of Middle(ast 2ituation. power draftresolution )2?3BC1+

C0?BC@ 2cali?@?5 3

)!hina notpartic.+

Palestine; (gyptian#ebanese!omplaint. Fpower draft powerresolution )2??B+

?0?BCF Moynihan ?@?5 ?

Palestine; Middle (ast Problem5including Palestinian uestion. power draft resolution )2??B13+

?0?BC MoynihanB?5@ )!hinaU #ibya not

partic.+

Palestine; 2ituation in &ccupied ,rab Territories. Fpower draftresolution )2?0300+

@0F?BC 2cranton ?1?53

Palestine; %eport on !ommittee on%ights of Palestinian People. 1power draft resolution )2?0???B+

0B?BC 2herer ?3?51

Palestine; Palestinian %ights.Tunisian draft resolution. )2?@B??+

1@3?B3 McHenry ?3?51

Palestine; 4olan Heights. Eordandraft resolution. )2?1@0%e$. 0+

?03?B0 Kir*patric* B?5F

Palestine; 2ituation in &ccupiedTerritories5 Eordan draft resolution)2?1B1@+

10?B0 #ichenstein ?@?5?

Palestine; "ncident at the Dome ofthe %oc* in Eerusalem. 1powerdraft resolution

103?B0 Kirpatric* ?1?5 3

Palestine; !on7ict in #ebanon.2pain draft resolution. )2?F?F+

?B0 Kirpatric* ?1?53

Palestine; !on7ict in #ebanon.8rance draft resolution.)2?F0FF%e$. 0+

0?B0 #ichenstein ?1?

Palestine; !on7ict in #ebanon.922% draft resolution.)2?F@1C%e$. ?5 as orallyamended+

?B0 #ichenstein ???5@

Palestine; 2ituation in &ccupiedTerritories5 03power draftresolution )2?FBF+

0?B@ #ichenstein ?@?5?

29



Se()rit# Co)n(i1 8etoes5Negati*e *oting ,:6.3+resent

S)"?e(t Date 8ote

2. #ebanon; !ondemns "sraeli action insouthern #ebanon. 2?C@0 B?B1

Jetoed; ?@?

)9.2.+5 with ?abstention )9K+

&ccupied Territories; Deplores /repressi$emeasures’ by "srael against ,rab population.2?B1FB.

B?@?BF

Jetoed; ?3?)9.2.+5 with 1

abstentions),ustralia5

Denmar*5 9K58rance+

#ebanon; !ondemns "sraeli practicesagainst ci$ilians in southern #ebanon.

2?C333.

@?0?BF

Jetoed; ???)9.2.+5 with @

abstentions

),ustralia5Denmar*5 9K+

&ccupied Territories; !alls upon "srael torespect Muslim holy places. 2?CCB%e$. ?

?@3?B

Jetoed; ?@?)92+5 with one

abstention)Thailand+

#ebanon; !ondemns "sraeli practicesagainst ci$ilians in southern #ebanon.2?CC@3%e$. 0.

??C?B

Jetoed; ???)9.2.+5 with @

abstentions),ustralia5

Denmar*5 9K+

#ibya"srael; !ondemns "sraeli interceptionof #ibyan plane. 2?CCB%e$. ?.

0?B

Jetoed; ?3 ?)92+5 with 1abstentions),ustralia5

Denmar*5 8rance59K+

#ebanon; Draft strongly deplored repeated"sraeli attac*s against #ebanese territoryand other measures and practices againstthe ci$ilian population= )2?B1@1+

???B Jetoed ?@? )92+5with ? abstention

)9K+

#ebanon; Draft condemned recent in$asion

by "sraeli forces of 2outhern #ebanon andrepeated a call for the immediatewithdrawal of all "sraeli forces from#ebanese territory= )2?B+

F?3?B Jetoed ?1? )92+

#ebanon; Draft strongly deplored the recent"sraeli attac* against #ebanese territory onB December ?B= )203@00+

?0?1?B

Jetoed ?1? )92+

&ccupied territories; Draft called on "sraelto accept de :ure applicability of the 1th4ene$a !on$ention= )2?B1+

?B Jetoed ?1? )92+

&ccupied territories; Draft urged "srael to

abide by the 8ourth 4ene$a !on$ention5rescind the order to deport Palestinian

?B Jetoed ?1? )92+

30



ci$ilians5 and condemned policies andpractices of "srael that $iolate the humanrights of the Palestinian people in theoccupied territories= )2?BC3+

&ccupied territories; 2trongly deplored

"sraeli policies and practices in the occupiedterritories5 and strongly deplored also"sraelQs continued disregard of rele$ant2ecurity !ouncil decisions.

0?C?BB Jetoed ?1? )92+

&ccupied territories; !ondemned "sraelipolicies and practices in the occupiedterritories.

B?BB Jetoed ?1? )92+

&ccupied territories; Deplored "sraelQspolicies and practices in the occupiedterritories.

??C?BB Jetoed ?1? )92+

&ccupied territories; N,M draft resolution

to create a commission and send threesecurity council members to %ishon #e'ion5where an "sraeli gunmen shot down se$enPalestinian wor*ers.

F@??BB3 Jetoed ?1? )92+

Middle (ast; !on6rms that thee<propriation of land by "srael in (ast

Eerusalem is in$alid and in $iolation ofrele$ant 2ecurity !ouncil resolutions andpro$isions of the 8ourth 4ene$a con$ention=e<presses support of peace process5including the Declaration of Principles of

B?@?BB@

F?C?BBF Jetoed ?1? )92+

Middle (ast; !alls upon "sraeli authorities torefrain from all actions or measures5including settlement acti$ities.

@C?BBC Jetoed ?1? )92+

Middle (ast; Demands that "srael ceaseconstruction of the settlement in east

Eerusalem )called Eabal ,bu 4hneim by thePalestinians and Har Homa by "srael+5 aswell as all the other "sraeli settlementacti$ity in the occupied territories

@0??BBC Jetoed ?@?5?

)92+

!all for 9N &bser$ers 8orce in West -an*54a'a

@0C033?

Jetoed B? )92+5

with fourabstentions)-ritain5 8rance5

"reland andNorway+

!ondemned acts of terror5 demanded an endto $iolence and the establishment of amonitoring mechanism to bring inobser$ers.

?0?F033?

Jetoed ?0? )92+with two

abstentions)-ritain and

Norway+

)2ource; 92 2tate department+

31



32



CHAPTER .

THE WEST’S LO8E OF DICTATORIAL REGIMES

The -ritish 4o$ernment’s dossier ma*es great attempts to :ustify a war

based on 2addam Hussein’s repressi$e regime. Howe$er there has longbeen an ignominious association of Qdemocratically electedQ Westernnations and Qdictatorial regimesQ in the World. When bene6t is the a<iomaround which politics in the West is conducted then international law5principles and /ethical’ foreign policies are con$eniently discarded. 4i$enthis5 it is of no surprise that the 9K and 92 ha$e been at the forefront of courting alliances with the most brutal of dictatorships o$er the best partof the last century and continue to do so today. "n many instances theyha$e installed5 supported and remo$ed leaders according to theirrespecti$e national interests. Their alliance with the world’s mostreprehensible regimes has been e<cused away under euphemisms relatedto strategy5 geopolitics and the li*e. This section of the dossier see*s to

e<amine the West’s trac* record of association with despotic regimes andbrings forth documentary proof of their collusion and support of theacti$ities of brutal dictatorships. %eaders should be left in no doubt as tothe $acuous premise upon which the 9K and 92 in particular ha$e soughtto impose laws and standards on the rest of the world’ nations.

@$errorists become any foreign people you don"t like!" )8ran* 8uredi+

‘'f the uremberg laws were applied today, then every Cost-#ar )merican president would have to be hanged!" )Noam !homs*y+

+! The list of Dictators5 which the West has aided and abetted5 is longand illustrious. "t would reuire a substantial dossier in its ownright to e<amine all. 8or information purposes we list the Dictators;

2ani ,bachaDaniel ,rap Moi

Eerry %awlings Ioweri Muse$eniMuammar 4hadda64amal ,bdul Nasser

,nwar 2adatHosni Mubara*

"slam Karimo$ ,deeb 2hish*alyHosni ,s aim

,bdul Vareem KassemHafe' ,l ,sad4eneral ,yub Khan4eneral Iahya Khan4eneral ia ul Ha4eneral Per$ai' Musharraf 4eneral 2uharto8erdinand MarcosPol Pot

Eosef 2talin ,dolf Hitler

33



4eneral ,ugustine Pinochet%e'a Pehla$i 2hah of "ranMobuto 2ese 2e*o#aurent Kabila%obert Mugabe

2addam Hussein

! History will probably ran* Eosef 2talin and ,dolph Hitler amongstthe greatest mass murderers and tyrants of our time. The total*illed by them numbers in the millions and this is only an estimate."t was howe$er the West who ha$e had a *ey treacherous role toplay in their rise and in aiding them in their crimes.

.! 4eorge W. -ush’s statement that ‘$he dictator of 'ra is a studentof Stalin," is somewhat ironic. 8or it was the West5 and the 92 inparticular5 who courted and made allies with arguably history’smost brutal dictator during World War Two. Eosef 2talin will go

down in history as the most brutal dictator of our recent times. "n?B@05 2talin ordered 9*raine star$ed to enforce collecti$isationand crush 9*rainian nationalism. ,t least million 9*rainianswere murdered5 others resorted to cannibalism. 8rom ?B?C to2talinQs death in ?BF@5 the 2o$iet 9nion shot5 tortured5 beat5 fro'eor star$ed to death at least 13 million of its people. 2ome %ussianhistorians claim the true 6gure is e$en higher. Howe$er this did notstop the West in courting his friendship and help during World WarTwo in the name of the /greater good’.

0! The rapport that wartime 92 President %oose$elt had with 2talin iswell *nown. "n his boo*5 /8rom !hronicles of Wasted Time; Number0 The "nfernal 4ro$e’5 the (nglish author Malcolm Muggeridgestates on page ?BB;"Foosevelt!!!! did everything in their power toinsure that, when Germany (nally collapsed, Stalin easily occupiedand dominated the countries adjoining his frontiers!!!! and our

young spy-masters such as 7im Chilby etc!< showed a likedetermination so to arrange matters that, in countries far away, heStalin< was presented with a well-armed, well-(nanced, and well-organi>ed underground army"! The 92 felt %ussian participationwas crucial to shape the postwar world order and so cutting dealswith 2talin was seen as an essential strategic imperati$e. HarryHop*ins5 %oose$eltQs closest aide5 re7ected this aspect of the

PresidentQs thin*ing when he wrote; ‘#e simply cannot organi>ethe world between the 4ritish and ourselves without bringing the Fussians in as eual partners! or that matter, if things go wellwith ?hiang 7ai-shek, ' would surely include the ?hinese too!BB

,mongst the -ritish there was mild admiration for the *iller of almost 03 million ‘'f ' had to pick a negotiating team, Stalin wouldbe my (rst choice," said ,nthony (den5 the -ritish 8oreign2ecretary. "n a meeting in Tehran in ?B1@ !hurchill said ‘5arshalStalin can take his place beside the major (gures in Fussianhistory, and deserves to be known as BStalin the Great!"’ )(dward%ad'ins*y5 /2talin’+.

1! ,l$in 8in*el and !lement #eibo$it' document -ritish in$ol$ementwith the Na'is most recently in the published wor*5 /The

34



!hamberlainHitler collusion’. The authors bring forthdocumentary e$idence to suggest that contrary to the con$entionalbelief that -ritain can be proud of its role in World War Twowherein the entire nation stood up as one to defend democracy andthe rights of smaller nations5 and to defeat the tyranny of fascism5

the -ritish ruling class in fact found nothing abhorrent in theNa'is. They welcomed HitlerQs regime )as they did 8rancoQs andMussoliniQs+5 encouraged 4ermany to rearm5 and fully e<pected towor* in alliance with it5 right up until ?B@B. The boo* dispels theidea that !hamberlain desired a deal with Hitler because he wasnai$e or wanted to a$oid bloodshed. 2ir Ne$ille Henderson5-ritainQs ambassador to 4ermany between ?B@C@B5 wrote in&ctober ?B@B that5 ‘$here are in fact many things in the a>iorganisation and social institutionsJ which we might study andadapt to our own nation and old democracy". ,s for Hitler5 ‘if hehad known when and where to stopK even, for instance, after

5unich and the uremberg decrees for the @ews, he would be

acclaimed as a great world leader". 8or the -ritish5 the Na'is couldha$e a free hand in (astern and !entral (urope. The -ritish rulingclass could accept HitlerQs actions in ,ustria5 !'echoslo$a*ia5 etc.That is5 they could accept it up until the point Na'ism threatened-ritainQs mar*ets and colonies.

2! 8in*el and #eibo$it' highlight how the -ritish ruling class was*een for 4ermany to rearm because they saw in the Na'is anatural ally and potential sa$iour against communism.!hamberlain wrote to the King e<pressing the idea that 4ermanyand (ngland would be5 ‘the two pillars of Duropean peace andbuttress against ?ommunism"! When in ?B@ the %hineland was remilitarised the cabinet acti$ely opposed 8rench plans to stop it.!abinet minutes show that they felt that if the 8rench planssucceeded Hitler would be o$erthrown and the 4erman!ommunists would bene6t. This became the constant line of argument of the !hamberlain go$ernment. They would :ustify4ermanyQs in$asion of ,ustria in 8ebruary ?B@ on the groundsthat the two countries had decided to peacefully unite. Hitler wastold that5 because of the large 2udeten 4erman population in!'echoslo$a*ia5 -ritain would not oppose Bher next goalB in$asion.The -ritish e$en signed the ,nglo4erman Na$al ,ccord in ?B@F5which allowed Hitler to e<pand his war machine in direct

contra$ention of the Treaty of Jersailles and the #eague of Nations.The arrangement would in$ol$e Hitler ha$ing a / free hand" in!entral and (astern (urope5 while the -ritish (mpire would be leftalone. This was the real meaning of !hamberlainQs proclamation of ‘peace in our time" stability for the ruling class and to hell with

Eews5 2la$s5 %omanians and any other undesirables5 especially!ommunists. ,merica’s in$ol$ement with the socalled Na'imenace was rather more insidious than they would care to admit.-etween ?B0B and ?B@B5 ,merican industrial in$estment grewfaster in Na'i 4ermany than in any other country.

6! More recently the 92 association with dictatorships and terrorist

groups ha$e in$ol$ed training5 funding and politically support themost brutal of regimes. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the

35



states of !entral and 2outh ,merica. -etween ?B? and ?BF an ,merican terrorist army5 the !ontra in Nicaragua were trained5armed and funded by the !", murdering @5@1 Nicaraguanchildren and teenagers and *illing one or both parents of 50@children )Dianna Melrose5 /Nicaragua; The Threat of a 4ood

(<ample’5 &<fam5 &<ford5 ?BF5 p0+! 8ormer !", analyst Da$idMacMichael ga$e reasons for this in e$idence gi$en to the"nternational !ourt of Eustice. The ,merican terror he said wasdesigned5 ‘to provoke cross border attacks by icaraguan forcesand thus serve to demonstrate icaragua"s aggressive nature"5 topressure the Nicaraguan go$ernment ‘to clamp down on civilliberties within icaragua itself, arresting its opposition,demonstrating its allegedly inherently totalitarian nature and thusincreasing domestic dissent within the country!" The aim was todestroy the Nicaraguan economy. "n ?B the World !ourtcondemned the 92 for its ‘unlawful use of force" and illegaleconomic warfare against Nicaragua. The 92 responded by $etoing

a 9N resolution calling on all go$ernments to obser$e internationallaw in ?B. )Noam !homs*y5 /Western 2tate Terrorism’ p?B.+

8! ,ccording to the 9nited 2tates !ommission on Human %ights5 in a6fteen month period5 more than 035333 ci$ilians in (l 2al$adorwere murdered by death suads related to or part of securityforces trained by the 9nited 2tates and funded with F0@ million in92 /aid’! )!entre for "nternational Policy ,id memo5 Washington5

,pril ?B?. 2ee New Ior* Times5 ? ,pril ?B?+$ "n !entral ,mericain the ?B3s5 after !ongress had denied it’s funding5 the 92*nowingly consented to drugs funding the !", ‘secret war" againstthe 2andanistas. The !ongressional hearings conducted by 2enator

Eohn Kerry’s subcommittee on Terrorism5 Narcotics and"nternational relations found that5 ‘on the basis of evidence, it isclear that the ?ontras knowingly received (nancial and materialassistance from drug tra3ickersJ 'n each case, one or another agency of the %S government had information about theinvolvementJ 'ndeed %S policy makers were not immune to theidea that drug money was a perfect solution to the ?ontras"

funding problems!" )%eport by the 2ub !ommittee on Terrorism5Narcotics and "nternational &perations of the !ommittee on8oreign %elations5 92 2enate5 Drugs5 #aw (nforcement and8oreign Policy5 December ?B p@.+

:! ‘' don"t see why we need to stand by and watch a country gocommunist because of the irresponsibility of its own people", HenryKissinger 92 2ecretary of 2tate and National 2ecurity ,d$iser said."n 2eptember ?BC3 the leftwing candidate 2al$ador ,llendegained power with @.0O of the $ote in the !hilean presidentialelections. ,mple documentary proof collated since then shows thatit was the 92 in$ol$ement and 6nancial assistance which allowedthe rise of 4eneral ,ugustine Pinochet. 4eneral Pinochet whocame to represent the military regime ordered many of the purges.The coup in which 4eneral ,ugusto Pinochet sei'ed power in ?BC@was the bloodiest in 03th !entury 2outh ,merica. More than @5333

were *illed in the 2eptember military onslaught5 which beganwhen 6ghter :ets bombed the Presidential Palace while the

36



democratically elected President5 2al$ador ,llende5 was still inside."t was the start of a ?Cyear rule by 4eneral Pinochet. ,bundantdocumentary proof points to 92 in$ol$ement in the rise of Pinochet. 2ome of these documents and their details are briefed asfollows;

+9!CIA2 Notes on Meeting it& t&e Presi!ent on C&i1e2 ,0Se+te%"er ,:4 These handwritten notes5 ta*en by !", director%ichard Helms5 record the orders of the President of the 9nited2tates5 %ichard Ni<on5 to foster a coup in !hile. HelmsQ notesre7ect Ni<onQs orders; l in ?3 chance perhaps5 but sa$e !hile=worth spending= not concerned= no in$ol$ement of embassy=?353335333 a$ailable5 more if necessary= fulltime :obbest menwe ha$e= game plan= ma*e the economy scream= 1 hours for planof action. This presidential directi$e initiates ma:or co$ertoperations to bloc* ,llendeQs ascension to oAice5 and promote acoup in !hile.

++!CIA2 Re+ort o; CIA C&i1ean Tas= For(e A(ti*ities2 ,0Se+te%"er to . No*e%"er ,:42 ,6 No*e%"er ,:4 The !", prepared a summary of its eAorts to pre$ent ,llendeQs rati6cationas president and to foment a coup in !hile trac* " and trac* ""co$ert operations. The summary details the composition of the Tas* 8orce5 headed by Da$id ,tlee Phillips5 the team of co$ertoperati$es /inserted individually into ?hile5’ and their contacts with!ol. Paul Winert5 the 9.2. ,rmy ,ttach detailed to the !", for thisoperation. "t re$iews the propaganda operations designed to push!hilean president (duardo 8rei to support ‘a military coup whichwould prevent )llende from taking o3ice on . ovember!"

+!CIA2 Me%oran!)% o; Con*ersation o; Meeting it& Henr# issinger2 T&o%as ara%essines2 an! A1e'an!er Haig2 ,0O(to"er ,:4 This memo records a discussion of promoting acoup in !hile5 *nown as ‘$rack ''" of co$ert operations to bloc*

,llende. The three oAicials discuss the possibility that the plot of one !hilean military oAicial5 %oberto Jiau<5 might fail with/unfortunate repercussions’ for 9.2. ob:ecti$es.

+.!Nationa1 Se()rit# Co)n(i12 Nationa1 Se()rit# De(isionMe%oran!)% :.2 Po1i(# Toar!s C&i1e2 No*e%"er :2 ,:4

This memorandum summari'es the presidential decisionsregarding changes in 9.2. policy toward !hile following ,llendeQselection. Written by Henry Kissinger and sent to the 2ecretaries of 2tate5 Defence5 the Director of the &Aice of (mergencyPreparedness and the Director of !entral "ntelligence5 this memodirects 9.2. agencies to adopt a ‘cool" posture toward ,llendeQsgo$ernment5 in order to pre$ent his consolidation of power and‘limit his< ability to implement policies contrary to %!S! andhemisphere interests!" The memo states that e<isting 9.2.assistance and in$estments in !hile should be reduced5 and no newcommitments underta*en. 8urthermore5 according to KissingerQsmemo5 ‘close relations" should be established and maintained with

military leaders throughout #atin ,merica to facilitate coordinationof pressure and other opposition eAorts.

37



+0!De+art%ent o; State2 Me%oran!)% ;or Henr# issinger onC&i1e2 De(e%"er /2 ,:4 "n response to a 0C No$emberdirecti$e from Kissinger5 an interagency ,d Hoc Wor*ing 4roup on!hile prepared this set of strategy papers co$ering a range of

possible sanctions and pressures against the new ,llendego$ernment. These included a possible diplomatic eAort to force!hile to withdraw or be e<pelled from the &rgani'ation of

,merican 2tates5 as well as consultations with other #atin ,merican countries ‘to promote their sharing of our concern over ?hile!" The documents show that the Ni<on administration didengage in an in$isible economic bloc*ade against ,llende5inter$ening at the World -an*5 "D-5 and (<port"mport ban* tocurtail or terminate credits and loans to !hile before ,llende hadbeen in oAice for a month. &ne of his erstwhile allies was formerPrime Minister Margaret Thatcher who became a personal friendof the 'ealous despot. "n a letter sent in response to Pinochet’s

arrest in ?BB in the 9K5 she wrote5 ‘ ) lot has happened since then- and not much for the better! $oday ' break my self-denyingordinance and for a very good reason - to express my outrage atthe callous and unjust treatment of Senator Cinochet!"

Lin=s it& S)&arto

+1!When 2uharto $isited Washington in ?BBF a !linton administrationoAicial was uoted in the New Ior* Times as saying that 2uhartowas ‘our kind of guy!"! "n ?BF5 when he toppled 4eneral 2u*arnoas leader of "ndonesia5 it is estimated that some half a million"ndonesians were *illed. Half a million constitutes one of the greatslaughters in modern history. "n (ast Timor5 it is belie$ed 4eneral2uhartoQs decisions ha$e led to the deaths of 0335333 people oronethird of (ast TimorQs population. "n ?BB3 retired 92 diplomatsand !", oAicers5 including former ,mbassador to "ndonesiaMarshall 4reen5 admitted helping the "ndonesian military organi'eits mass *illing. ,ccording to a report by 2tates News 2er$ice5published in the Washington Post May 0?5 ?BB35 2tate Departmentand !", oAicials at the 92 (mbassy in Ea*arta personally pro$idedthe names of thousands of local5 regional and national leaders of the "ndonesian !ommunist Party )PK"+ to the armed forces5 whichthen *illed or detained most of those named.

+2! , former political oAicer in the 92 (mbassy in Ea*arta5 %obertMartens5 was uoted as saying5 ‘$hey probably killed a lot of people and ' probably have a lot of blood on my hands, but thatBsnot all bad! $hereBs a time when you have to strike hard at adecisive moment!". Martens said he supplied the names to an aideto ,dam Mali*5 the "ndonesian foreign minister who played aprominent role in the planning of the military coup. The aide5 TirtaKent:ana ,dhyatman5 who was inter$iewed in Ea*arta5 con6rmedthat he recei$ed lists of thousands of names from Martens andpassed them on to Mali*5 who ga$e them in turn to 2uhartoQsheaduarters. The former 2tate Department and !", oAicials

inter$iewed by 2tates News 2er$ice in ?BB3 freely admitted thatthe purpose of the lists of PK" leaders was to organi'e mass

38



*illings. ‘o one cared, so long as they were communists, that they were being butchered," said Howard 8ederspeil5 who was an"ndonesian e<pert wor*ing at the 2tate Department when 2uhartoorchestrated the anticommunist pogrom. ‘o one was getting very worked up about it!"

+6!Millions were *illed outright or imprisoned in concentration campswhere they died of torture5 neglect and sla$e labour. ($en aninternal !", report5 lea*ed to the press in ?B5 said that the"ndonesian security forces *illed 0F35333 people in ‘one of thegreatest massacres of the twentieth century". "n addition the 92has supported the regime of 8erdinand Marcos in the Philippinesand indirectly aided the rise of the butcher Pol Pot in !ambodia

T&e West’s ro1e it& Ira !)ring t&e Sa!!a% era

+8!8i$e years before 2addam Hussein’s now infamous ?B gassing of

the Kurds5 a *ey meeting too* place in -aghdad that would play asigni6cant role in forging close ties between 2addam Hussein andWashington. "t happened at a time when 2addam was 6rst allegedto ha$e used chemical weapons. The meeting in late December?B@ pa$ed the way for an oAicial restoration of relations between"ra and the 925 which had been se$ered since the ?BC ,rab"sraeli war.

+:!With the "ran"ra war escalating5 President %onald %eagandispatched his Middle (ast en$oy5 a former secretary of defenceunder President 8ord5 to -aghdad with a handwritten letter to"rai President 2addam Hussein and a message that Washingtonwas willing at any moment to resume diplomatic relations. Theen$oy was no other than Mr Donald %umsfeld. %umsfeld’s ?B03December ?B@ $isit to -aghdad made him the highestran*ing 92oAicial to $isit "ra in years. He met 2addam and the twodiscussed ‘topics of mutual interest," according to the "rai 8oreignMinistry. ‘ 2addam < made it clear that 'ra was not interested inmaking mischief in the world," %umsfeld later told The New Ior* Times. / 't struck us as useful to have a relationship, given that wewere interested in solving the 5ideast problems!" Eust ?0 daysafter the meeting5 on? Eanuary ?B15 the Washington Post reportedthat the 9nited 2tates5 ‘in a shift in policy, has informed friendly

Cersian Gulf nations that the defeat of 'ra in the .-year-old war with 'ran would be ‘contrary to %!S! interests" and has madeseveral moves to prevent that result!"

9!"n March of ?B15 whilst the "ran"ra war grew more brutal by theday5 %umsfeld was bac* in -aghdad for meetings with then "rai8oreign Minister Tari ,'i'. &n the day of his $isit5 01 March5 9P"reported from the 9nited Nations; ‘5ustard gas laced with a nerveagent has been used on 'ranian soldiers in the 0.-month CersianGulf #ar between 'ran and 'ra, a team of %!! experts hasconcluded!!! 5eanwhile, in the 'rai capital of 4aghdad, %!S!presidential envoy Aonald Fumsfeld held talks with oreign

5inister $arek )>i> sic< on the Gulf war before leaving for anunspeci(ed destination!" The day before5 the "ranian news agency

39



in ?BB?5 they ‘believe that the )merican-built helicopters wereamong those dropping the deadly bombs!"

0!"n response to the gassing5 sweeping sanctions were unanimouslypassed by the 92 2enate that would ha$e denied "ra access to

most 92 technology. The White House threw out the measure.2enior oAicials later told reporters they did not press forpunishment on "ra at the time because they wanted to shore up"raQs ability to pursue the war with "ran. (<tensi$e researchunco$ered no public statements by Donald %umsfeld publiclye<pressing e$en remote concern about "ra’s use or possession of chemical weapons until the wee* "ra in$aded Kuwait in ,ugust?BB35 when he appeared on an ,-! news special. (ight years later5Donald %umsfeld signed on to an ‘open letter" to President !linton5calling on him to eliminate ‘the threat posed by Saddam". "t urged!linton to5 ‘provide the leadership necessary to save ourselves andthe world from the scourge of Saddam and the #eapons of 5ass

Aestruction that he refuses to relinuish!" "n ?B15 Donald%umsfeld was in a position to draw the world’s attention to2addam’s chemical threat. He was in -aghdad as the 9Nconcluded that chemical weapons had been used against "ran. Hewas armed with a fresh communication from the 2tate Departmentthat it had ‘available evidence" "ra was using chemical weapons5but %umsfeld said nothing.

1!Washington now spea*s of 2addam’s threat and the conseuencesof a failure to act. Despite the fact that the administration hasfailed to pro$ide e$en a shred of concrete proof that "ra has lin*sto ,l Vaeda or has resumed production of chemical or biologicalagents5 %umsfeld insists that5 ‘the absence of evidence is notevidence of absence!" Howe$er there is e$idence of the absence of Donald %umsfeld’s $oice at the $ery moment when "ra’s allegedthreat to international security 6rst emerged and in this case5 thee$idence of absence is indeed e$idence.

2!The 9KQs role in the pre4ulf War rise of 2addam is suppressed bythe 4o$ernment. "n de6ance of 9N guidelines5 MargaretThatcherQs go$ernment in the ?B3s5 and then Eohn Ma:orQs in the?BB3s5 co$ertly appro$ed arms sales to 2addam Hussein. Thesewere used in the "ran"ra war5 against rebel Kurdish $illagers and

to aid 2addamQs nuclear program. The report5 by High !ourt :udge2ir %ichard 2cott re$ealed a web of conspiracy5 intrigue andpro6teering going to the heart of go$ernment. Ma:orQs!onser$ati$e go$ernment sur$i$ed the 0 8ebruary House of !ommons debate on 2cott by a single $ote= with se$eral Tories

$oting with the #abour opposition. The origins of the scandal showthat in the ?B3’s under the armse<port dri$e by Thatcher5 her sonMar* became an unoAicial roaming salesman for -ritish armscompanies. Mar* Thatcher earned himself an estimated ?3million in commissions in the process5 including up to 13 millionfrom a single deal with 2audi ,rabia.

6!While sales to most dictatorial regimes caused no particulardiplomatic problems )the only protests being from the political

41



left+5 sales to "ran and "ra were a diAerent matter. This potentiallyhuge mar*et was stymied by the 9N restrictions on sales to bothcountries5 then in the middle of a war in which ? million peopledied. The potential loss of the "rai mar*et was *eenly felt5between ?BC3 and ?BB3 -ritain supplied the 2addam regime with a

$ast array of euipment5 from J"P armoured cars to tan* sparesand sophisticated communications euipment. "t is now *nown that-ritish 6rms supplied weapons to both sides in the ?B3’s by thesimple de$ice of sending them to intermediary countries5 whichthen ree<ported them. The -ritish company -M,%!5 of whichformer Tory minister Eonathan ,it*en was a director5 suppliedhundreds of light na$al guns to 2ingapore5 a country not renownedfor the huge si'e of its na$y. Those guns found their way to "ran.8a$ourite staging posts for "rabound weapons were &man and

Eordan. "n ?B 2wedish !ustoms disco$ered a (uropean cartel5including -ritish 6rms5 supplying e<plosi$es $ia Eordan.

Howe$er some ha$e argued5 as President !linton did this at hisrecent speech to the #abour Party !onference5 that the West hasmade mista*es that it has coddled dictators but this should act asa catalyst to clean up the situation by remo$ing the "rai regime.This twisted logic may ha$e impressed the #abour party delegatesbut they should not impress any aware obser$er who studies thecurrent international political situation. %ather than learning fromtheir past ‘mistakes" in the aftermath of the B?? terrorist attac*son New Ior* and Washington5 the West in its socalled War onTerrorism still has as its allies the most odious of dictators.

T&e Nort&ern A11ian(e

8!The West’s ,fghan friends in the war against terrorism and theTaliban included $itriolic anti,mericans5 basic rights $iolators5onetime allies of &sama bin #aden and soldiers of the formercommunist regime. &Aicially5 they were *nown as the 9nited"slamic 8ront for the 2al$ation of ,fghanistan. 9noAicially5 theycalled themsel$es the Northern ,lliance. 9.2 oAicials pro$idedweapons to the allianceQs estimated ?F5333 troops5 on top of thenonmilitary aid Washington has been gi$ing since ?BB. The NewsMedia responded by calling these allies ,fghanistanQs new freedom6ghters. ‘$hey may not be perfect," ac*nowledged Mi*e Jic*ers5 a

former oAicer with the 9.2. !entral "ntelligence ,gency and nowdirector of strategic studies for the Washingtonbased !entre for2trategic and -udgeting ,ssessments. ‘4ut the orthern )lliancedoes have some good elements!"

:!‘$he %!S! and its allies should not co-operate with commanderswhose record of brutality raises uestions about their legitimacy inside )fghanistan," said 2idney Eones5 e<ecuti$e director of the

,sia di$ision of Human %ights Watch. Human %ights Watch urgedin particular that no cooperation be e<tended to ,bdul %ashidDostum5 the head of the Eunbish militia= Ha:i MuhammadMuhai5 a senior commander of Hi'bi Wahdat= ,bdul %asul

2ayyaf5 leader of the erstwhile "ttihadi "slami= and ,bdul Mali* Pahlawan5 a former senior Eunbish commander. 4ary #eupp5 in

42



!ounterPunch.org on ? Euly 0330 reported that5 /$hese %!S! alliesare rapists! )s early as +::2, the %!S! State AepartmentBs ownreport on human rights in )fghanistan concluded that the forcesled by the now lioni>ed< )hmed Shah 5assood systematically raped and killed *a>>ara women in 7abul in 5arch +::1K

‘5assoodBs troops went on a rampage, systematically looting wholestreets and raping women!" Since their return to power, orthern )lliance forces have returned to their old habits!!!"

.9! Jiolations of international humanitarian law committed by 9nited8ront factions include; Late ,::: 3 ear1# -444; "nternallydisplaced persons who 7ed from $illages in and around 2angchara* district recounted summary e<ecutions5 burning of houses5 andwidespread looting during the four months that the area was heldby the 9nited 8ront. 2e$eral of the e<ecutions were reportedlycarried out in front of members of the $ictimsQ families. Thosetargeted in the attac*s were largely ethnic Pashtuns and5 in some

cases5 Ta:i*s. -43, Se+te%"er ,::6; 2e$eral $olleys of roc*etswere 6red at the northern part of Kabul5 with one hitting acrowded night mar*et. (stimates of the number of people *illedranged from C to ?3. The attac*s were generally belie$ed toha$e been carried out by MassoodQs forces5 which were thenstationed about twenty6$e miles north of Kabul. , spo*espersonfor 9nited 8ront commander ,hmad 2hah Massood deniedtargeting ci$ilians. "n a 0@ 2eptember ?BB press statement5 the"nternational !ommittee of the %ed !ross described the attac*s asindiscriminate and the deadliest that the city had seen in three

years. Late Ma# ,::; 2ome @5333 captured Taliban soldiers weresummarily e<ecuted in and around Ma'ari 2harif by Eunbish forcesunder the command of 4en. ,bdul Mali* Pahlawan. The *illingsfollowed Mali*Qs withdrawal from a brief alliance with the Talibanand the capture of the Taliban forces5 which were trapped in thecity. 2ome of the Taliban troops were ta*en to the desert and shot5while others were thrown down wells and then blown up withgrenades. 0 >an)ar# ,::; Eunbish planes dropped clustermunitions on residential areas of Kabul. 2e$eral ci$ilians were*illed and others wounded in the indiscriminate air raid5 which alsoin$ol$ed the use of con$entional bombs. Mar(& ,::0; 8orces of the faction operating under !ommander Massood5 the Eamiati"slami5 were responsible for rape and looting after they captured

KabulQs predominantly Ha'ara neighbourhood of Karte 2eh fromother factions. ,ccording to the 9.2. 2tate DepartmentQs ?BBreport on human rights practices in ?BBF5 ‘5assoodBs troops wenton a rampage, systematically looting whole streets and rapingwomen!" &n the night of ,, Fe"r)ar# ,::. Eamiati "slami forcesand those of another faction5 ,bdul %asul 2ayyafQs "ttihadi "slami5conducted a raid in West Kabul5 *illing and ‘disappearing" ethnicHa'ara ci$ilians5 and committing widespread rape. (stimates of those *illed range from around se$enty to more than one hundred.

.+!"n addition5 the parties that constitute the 9nited 8ront ha$ecommitted other serious $iolations of internationally recogni'ed

rights. "n the years before the Taliban too* control of most of ,fghanistan5 these parties had di$ided much of the country among

43



themsel$es while battling for control of Kabul. "n ?BB1 alone5 anestimated 0F5333 were *illed in Kabul= most of them ci$ilians *illedin roc*et and artillery attac*s. &nethird of the city was reduced torubble5 and much of the remainder sustained serious damage.There was $irtually no rule of law in any of the areas under the

factionsQ control. "n Kabul5 Eamiati "slami5 "ttihad5 and Hi'biWahdat forces all engaged in rape5 summary e<ecutions5 arbitraryarrest5 torture5 and ‘disappearances!" "n -amiyan5 Hi'bi Wahdatcommanders routinely tortured detainees for e<tortion purposes.2enior members of the alliance5 including former ,fghan president-urhanuddin %abbani and northern warlord ,bdul %ashid Dostum5a *ey ally of the 2o$iet 9nion during that countryQs attempt tooccupy ,fghanistan5 ha$e been cited by the 9.2. itself for humanrights abuses. ,t other times the $arious factions ha$e cheerfullymassacred one another. "n ?BB@5 according to the nongo$ernmental organi'ation5 Human %ights Watch5 %abbaniQs2ociety of "slam *illed C3 to ?33 members of the Ha'ara minority

lin*ed to the ri$al Party of "slamic 9nity5 another member of theNorthern ,lliance.

.!Two years later5 according to the 9.2. 2tate Department5 %abbaniforces under the command of ,hmed 2hah Massood )celebratedby Western :ournalists as the ‘=ion of the Canjshir" until hisassassination+ went on another antiHa'ara rampage‘systematically looting whole streets and raping women!" 4eneralDostumQs career is abhorrent. 8rom ?BCB to ?BB05 he was alliedwith the communist go$ernment in Kabul. ,s that go$ernment wasabout to fall5 Dostum switched loyalties to :oin the anticommunistmu:ahideen ‘freedom (ghters!" When the $arious mu:ahideenfactions had a falling out5 he 6rst allied himself with %abbani to6ght He*matyar. #ater5 he :oined He*matyar to 6ght %abbani. -y?BBF5 he was supporting the Taliban against both He*matyar and%abbani. -y ?BB5 he was allied with his two former enemiesagainst the Taliban.

..!The Northern ,lliance funded much of its war eAort from theheroin trade. ,ccording to the 9.2. 2tate Department5 $irtually theentire ,fghan opium crop this year about CC tonnes was grownin territories controlled by the alliance. %ussian media report thatthe heroin manufactured from that opium is smuggled to (urope

and ,merica through neighbouring states such as Ta:i*istan. Jic*ers5 the former !", agent5 ac*nowledged the diAiculty of bac*ing a Northern ,lliance that is not really an alliance. He said5rather tamely howe$er5 that the 9.2. had little choice. ‘$he $alibanis the central objective here! )ir power wonBt deal with them! #ewill need ground forces! ‘$he uestion isK #hose ground forcesE$hatBs why the opposition looks attractive!!!! $hey may not beperfect! 4ut the uestion isK 's it better to use them or to use#estern ground troopsE"

Con(1)sion

The abo$e documented accounts are merely a sample of thee$idence of duplicity5 corruption and criminality displayed by the

44



West in its association with despots5 tyrants and dictators past andpresent. "t calls into uestion the role of the West in leading andshaping world aAairs. When e<amined in con:unction with theWest’s accumulation of Weapons of Mass Destruction5 herduplicitous standards and application of "nternational #aw and the

general degradation of Western society5 the neutral obser$ershould be in no doubt that it is !apitalism that is the e$il of ourtimes. "ts $alues and beliefs of freedom5 democracy andmaterialism are the dri$ing force for much of the worldQs e$il andfanaticism.

45



CHAPTER /

HOW THE WEST REPRESSES THE RIGHTS OF ITS OWNCITIENS

Western propaganda see*s to :ustify a war against "ra based on thelatter’s repression of its own citi'ens. Iet when we loo* towards theWestern world we also 6nd citi'ens being repressed in a whole litany of issues related to life. The chapter below categorically states that theworld is not enamoured with the 92 and its capitalist way of life. "t is alsoproposed that if the citi'ens of the 92 were not so beguiled by the4oebbelses diet of propaganda fed to them they too would ha$e asimilar attitude to their own go$ernment. There are many $iolations of basic rights that occur in the West5 particularly in ,merica5 but yet thecommon people are unaware of them. The mantra of Washington D! andTrendy #ondon has made the people blind to the inhumane acti$itiesoccurring on their own doorstep. "t is further suggested that if the

,merican people were to snap out of their ,merican dream5 4eorge W.-ush would not only be as*ing why do they hate us5 but he would beas*ing why do our own sub:ects hate usG

+! %obbie -urns wrote5 ‘' would that God gift would give us, to seeourselves as other see us". Here5 the 2cottish bard articulated his

$iew that it is a blessing to be able to see one’s own foibles and7aws. Most of us appreciate the importance of selfe<amination inthe process of selfimpro$ement. When fair and :ust selfe<amination is not present it leads to arrogance. 8or a nation not to

see itself as the rest of the world sees it5 this leads to thereinforcement of myths and inaccurate selfperceptions. When thisoccurs in a nation that is powerful5 the net result is a state full of criticisms for others whist being obli$ious of its own manifestproblems. When this occurs in a ‘hyper power", possessingWeapons of Mass Destruction5 it results in a troubled world soa*edin human blood and teetering on the edge of annihilation.

! This inability of the 9nited 2tates to see itself as the rest of theworld sees it5 was illustrated when a woman ran to the microphoneof a 6lm crew5 from the dust cloud in down town Manhattan in2eptember 033? and said simply5 ‘whyE" 2ince then this phrase

‘why do they hate usE" has been oft repeated. "t is repeated innewsprint5 Tele$ision broadcasts and radio comment ad nauseam. ,s for those of us out with the milieu ,mericana the only thing we6nd surprising about the as*ing of the uestion ‘why" is it that the92 is so sincerely surprised that people hate them. We are onlyable to say this because we see the 92 as outsiders. Many of us5perhaps nai$ely5 thought there were ample indicators of the world’ssentiments regarding the 92.

T&o)g&t (ontro1

.! We do intend to :ustify our assertion that the predicament of thea$erage ,merican is indeed dire. Howe$er before addressing this itis important to outline how the mindset of the a$erage ,merican

46



has been moulded in a particular manner enabling them to acceptthis state of aAairs. -oth the -a’athists and the 92 insist that theirsystem is the en$y of the world. -oth the -a’athists and the 92insist that their citi'ens should be grateful that they are "rai and

,merican5 respecti$ely. The techniues of propaganda ha$e many

parallels with those used by the -a’athist regime. 0! This is e<empli6ed in the comment that was printed in the 92

media o$er the last year. 8or e<ample. The New Ior* &bser$er )?C2eptember 033?+5 columnist %ichard -roo*hiser described the 92as; /an empire of capitalism and democracy! ew Iork ?ity is alsoperceived as the hub of one of those subsystems, the roaringdynamo of wealth! )nyone in the world, who looks at his lot and isunhappy, looks at us M country and city M and sees an alternative!

'f he has an aspiring frame of mind, he may try to come here or imitate us! 'f he has an aggrieved frame of mind, he will hold usresponsible! 'f he has the resources of a hostile nation, or its

functional euivalent, he will try to kill us !!! $he worldBs losershate us because we are powerful, rich and good or at least better than they are<! #hen those who acted on that hatred have beenrepaid, seven times seven, we will rebuild the #orld $rade $owers,with one more story, just to rub it in!"

1! This false notion that the world is en$ious of the 92 is a line thatthe 92 media and politicians spin continually. Military historian5

Jictor Da$is Hanson wrote in ?ity @ournal )0F 8ebruary 0330+5‘they hate us because their culture is backward and corrupt" andbecause ‘they are envious of our power and prestige". This ma<imthat the ‘world is jealous of us" is ob$iously for the home mar*et.This type of propaganda helps create a uiescence climate of

contentment. 8urthermore nobody outside the 92 is ignorantenough to belie$e this.

2! "n the period following ?? 2eptember 033? there were few printedwords of dissent from this oAicial 92 line. ,nyone who did note<press complete deference to this standpoint were mar*ed menand women. The 4uardian )?C Eanuary 0330+ aptly summed up thepoint5 ‘#ithin days of the deaths in ew Iork and #ashington,anyone, it seemed, who had ever been publicly critical of )mericaor globalisation suddenly found themselves accused of complicity with /sama bin =aden - and worse! 'n the 4ritish press alone, they have been described as BdefeatistB and BunpatrioticB, BnihilistB and

Bmasochistic", and both BStalinistB and BfascistB; as B4aader 5einhof gang", Bthe hand - maidens of /sama" and Ban auxiliary to dictatorsB;as BlimpB, BwobblyB, Bheartless and stupidB; and Bworm eaten by Soviet propagandaB; as full of Bloose talkB, Bwilful self-delusionB andBintellectual decadenceB; as a collection of Buseful idiotsB, Bdead-eyed

>ombiesB; and Bpeople who hate peopleB‘

6! %eturning bac* to the deferential style of the 92 media5 there arethousands of e<amples that could be uoted to illustrate how the92 has masueraded herself as the force for good in the world5whilst actually being a pernicious force for death and destruction.Howe$er there is one particular e<ample of :ingoistic claptrap that

really spea*s $olumes about the nature of the 92 go$ernment5people and media. %ich #owry wrote a web article for ational

47



Feview online > ‘)mericaBs premier conservative website" H / =ots of sentiment for nuking 5ecca’. "n which he commented; ‘$his is atough one, and ' donBt know uite what to think! 5ecca seemsextreme, of course, but then again few people would die and itwould send a signal! Feligions have su3ered such catastrophic

setbacks before !!! )nd, as a general matter, the time for seriousness - including (guring out what we would do inretaliation, so maybe it can have a slight deterrent e3ect - is nowrather than after thousands and thousands more )mericancasualties". )%. #owry5 /#ots of 2entiment for Nu*ing Mecca’5National %e$iew online www.nationalre$iew.comthecorner+.

8! "s this a threatG "s this a promiseG "s this merely macho bra$adoGWhat e$er it is5 one should pause for a moment and contemplatehow this statement 6ts in with the current discussion of Weaponsof Mass Destruction. "t should be remembered that the 92 hassuch weapons5 and the $oice of right wing ,merica has sounded.-ra$ado or not5 emoti$e language li*e this should be a wa*e up callto the inhabitants of this world5 Muslim and Non Muslim. Perhapsthis is not uite the $iew of the man on the street. The a$erage

,merican is interested in sports and mo$ies and not readingobscure web pages of right wing dri$el. When the Hollywood 6lm%ules of (ngagement was released it was widely condemned bymany ,rab,merican groups. &ne group said of it ‘probably themost vicious anti-)rab racist (lm ever made by a major *ollywoodstudio"! "n a 6lm re$iew that appeared on 6lm.com5 Peter -runettesaid5 ‘the audience ' saw the (lm with cheered when the 5arinesslaughtered the civilians" )/Down %ight &Aensi$e’5 6lm.com+.%obert -owman5 a Jietnam $eteran and presently -ishop of the

9nited !atholic !hurch in Melbourne -each5 8lorida said5 /#e arenot hated because we practice democracy, value freedom, or uphold human rights! #e are hated because our governmentdenies these things to people in $hird #orld countries whoseresources are coveted by our multinational corporations! $hathatred we have sown has come back to haunt us in the form of terrorism and in the future, nuclear terrorism". )The National!atholic %eporter5 0 &ctober ?BB+

48



@We nee! a (o%%on ene%# to )nite )s’ 3 Con!o1eea Ri(e2 Mar(&-444

:! ,merican needs some way of coming to terms with its manyinternal problems. The method of choice for managing them is not

to confront them5 but to di$ert attention away from them. This hasbeen the case for issues such as 92 infant mortality5 lifee<pectancy for urban blac* males and li$ing conditions for certainsectors of the 92 community. Thirtysi< million ,mericans do notha$e enough to eat5 and the number is growing. Nearly half of those lining up outside soup *itchens ha$e one or more familymembers in employment. They are simply too poor to buy food.The ha$e’s repudiate the ha$enot’s5 saying5 ‘#hy don"t you get a

job"! 8ew realise that5 less that ?.? percent of the people remo$edfrom the welfare rolls by the welfare reform in ?BB will e$er get a

:ob that pays a li$ing wage. &n minimum wage of F.?F per hour5wor*ing F3 hours a wee* there will still not be enough to pay rent

and feed a family li$ing in any ma:or 92 city. That is to say nothingof clothes and any other necessities. This is :ust the issue of po$erty. !rime5 drugs and alcohol addiction5 the brea*downs infamily structure as well as a whole raft of other social problems allfurther distance the ,merican peoples from Thomas EeAerson’ssystem based on the pursuit of happiness.

+9!The main instrument used to sweep ,merica’s problems under therug is the media. This may seem li*e a clich5 but propagandautility is something that cannot be o$erstated. ,t times of war5 suchas this War ,gainst Terror5 the reality of this slogan becomesparticularly apparent. ,s 4eneral Douglas Mac,rthur said; ‘/ne

cannot wage war under present conditions without the support of public opinion, which is tremendously moulded by the press andother forms of propaganda!" "n addition to this sentiment thatsweeps the nation there are many other eAects that the mediaindustry ha$e on the nation. -yproducts such as greed and massconsumerism are issues that result in the oppression of Eoe publicby corporate ,merica with the wholehearted appro$al of thego$ernment.

++! , brief re$iew of the media industry is necessary to illustrate howthis industry ser$es no one but itself and a corrupt centralgo$ernment. "n ?B@ media ownership was concentrated in the

hands of F3 transnational conglomerates )-en -agdi*ian; TheMedia Monopoly+. Today this is reduced to :ust nine 6rms thatdominate the 92 and global media. These being ,&#TimeWarner5Disney5 -ertelsmann5 Jiacom5 News !orporation5 T!"5 4eneral(lectric )owner of N-!+5 2ony )owner of !olumbia and Tri2tarPictures and ma:or recording interests+5 and 2eagram )owner of 9ni$ersal 6lm and music interests+. 2o one global superindustrynow pro$ides $irtually e$erything that ,mericans see and hear onthe screen5 o$er the airwa$es5 in print and on the internet. Thesecompanies function as a powerful political lobby at the national5regional and global le$els. "n Washington5 they spend an estimated?0F million per year lobbying against ownership restrictions.

They not only ha$e a hea$y hand in drafting national laws andregulations5 but also play an important part in shaping and

49



directing international rules and regulations. "n 03335 for e<ample5-igMedia lobbed to initiate trade with !hina5 and drowned outthose who raised concerns about free speech and a free press.They also used 92 le$ers to pri'e open up "ndian mar*ets tosatellite tele$ision.

+!Much of what this media Ma6a pur$eys to ,merica is merepropaganda. This includes news5 which is another $ersion of theentertainment that the media cartel also oAers. These ser$ices arenot for the good of the people. They come at a price5 and not :ust6nancial. ‘#hereas we need to know the truth about suchcorporations, they often have an interest in suppressing it as dotheir advertisers<! )nd while it takes much time and money to (ndout the truth, the parent companies prefer to cut the necessary costs of journalism, much preferring the sort of lurid fare that candrive endless hours of agitated jabbering! Crior to :N++, it was

5onica, then Survivor and ?handra =evy, whereas, since the fatalday, we have had mostly anthrax, plus much heroic footage fromthe Centagon!< $he cartelBs favoured audience, moreover, is thatstratum of the population most desirable to advertisers - which hasmeant the mediaBs complete abandonment of working people andthe poor! )nd while the press must help protect us against thosewho would abuse the powers of government, the oligopoly is far too cosy with the #hite *ouse and the Centagon, whose faults, andcrimes, it is unwilling to expose! $he mediaBs big bosses want big

favours from the state, while the reporters are afraid to riskannoying their best sources! 5edia devoted to the public interestwould investigate the poor performance by the ?'), the 4', the

)) and the ?A?, so that those agencies might be improved for

our protection - but the news teams just like ?ongress< havenBtbothered to look into it! So, too, in the public interest, should themedia report on all the current threats to our security - includingthose far-rightists targeting abortion clinics and, apparently,conducting bio terrorism; but the tele-journalists areunconcerned !!! So should the media highlight, not play down, thisgovernmentBs attack on civil liberties - the mass detentions, secretevidence, increased surveillance, suspension of attorney-clientprivilege, the encouragements to spy, the warnings not to disagree,the censored images, seuestered public papers, unexpected visits

from the Secret Service and so on! )nd so should the media notparrot what the Centagon says about the current war, because

such pretti(ed accounts make us complacent and preserve us inour fatal ignorance of what people really think of us - and why -beyond our borders! )nd thereBs much more - about the stunningexploitation of the tragedy, especially by the Fepublicans; aboutthe links between the 4ush and the bin =aden families; about theongoing shenanigans in lorida - that the media would let thepeople know, if they were not!!! indi3erent to the public interest!")Mar* ! Miller5 /The Nation’5 C Eanuary 033?+

Para!ig% o; De%o(ra(#

50



+.!The recent "rai elections were much ridiculed in the western5 andglobal5 press. The -a’athist regime is indeed ridiculous anddeser$es whate$er lampooning is directed its way with regard tocheap gimmic*s. Howe$er cheap tric*s are not the sole monopolyof 2addam. &ne of the *ey issues that the ,merican people ha$e

been *ept in the dar* about is the process of democracy itself. Jeryfew people in the whole 9nion understand the system of (lectoral!ollage. This is :ust as well as when it run smoothly nobodyuestions it5 and when it does not run so smoothly nobody cares.The 0333 presidential elections illustrate e<actly howundemocratic the 92 system actually is. More importantly the0333 elections shows how the ,merican people were duped andhow -ig Media and the go$ernment treated the common man withutter contempt.

+0!Throughout the world there are $arious forms of democracies5 eachimplemented with its own indi$idual comple<ion. The 92Presidential electoral system is where he who gains the greatestnumber of $otes from indi$idual $oters across the whole countrydoes not necessarily become President. "ndi$idual $otes do notelect the President directly= rather they determine the ma*eup of the (lectoral !ollege5 which is apportioned on a state by statebasis. The number of (lectors )the people who form the (lectoral!ollege+ allocated to each state is proportionate to its population.DiAerent states ha$e diAerent arrangements for the selection of their (lectors. "n some states candidates get (lectorsproportionate to their $ote5 whilst in others5 it is winnerta*eall. "norder to become President it is necessary to build up the rightcheuerboard of support in particular states. ,n enormous

ma:ority in the popular $ote in one particular state5 or e$en anumber of states5 may not aAect to the o$erall outcome of theelection. Where there is a close call $oters representati$es5 theprofessional politicians in !ongress5 choose the president. "n 0333the decision of the 2upreme courts terminated the laboriousprocedure and handed the election to 4eorge W. -ush. "n thesummer of ?BBB Katherine Harris5 4eorge W. -ushQs presidentialcampaign cochairman and the 8lorida secretary of state in chargeof elections5 paid 1 million to Database Technologies to gothrough 8loridaQs $oter register and remo$e anyone ‘suspected" of being a former felon. This was done with the appro$al of thego$ernor of 8lorida5 4eorge W.Qs brother Eeb -ush. 8lorida’s law

stated that e<felons cannot $ote thus @? percent of all blac* menin 8lorida were prohibited from $oting because they had a felonyon their record. -lac* 8loridians5 o$erwhelmingly5 are Democrats.This was demonstrated when ,l 4ore did recei$e the $otes of morethan B3 percent of them on No$ember C5 0333. That is5 B3 percentof those who were allowed to $ote. "t appeared that mass electoralfraud was committed in 8lorida. They not only remo$ed thousandsof blac* felons from the rolls5 they also remo$ed thousands of blac* citi'ens who had ne$er committed a crime in their li$es alongwith thousands of eligible $oters who had committed onlymisdemeanours.

+1!The result was that ?C@5333 registered $oters in 8lorida werepermanently wiped oA the $oter rolls. "n MiamiDade5 8loridaQs

51



largest county5 percent of the $oters who were remo$ed wereblac*. "n Tampas county5 F1 percent of those who would be deniedthe right to $ote on C No$ember 0333 were blac*. Needless to saythat there were all manner of dirty tric*s played out in 8lorida5probably too numerous to mention. Howe$er the net results was

that a President was elected who won a minority of the $ote. TheNew Ior* Time summed up some of the shenanigans in 8lorida=@11 ballots had no e$idence that they were cast on or before(lection Day5 ?@ ballots were postmar*ed in the 9nited 2tates5 Bballots lac*ed appropriate witness information5 ?B ballots camefrom unregistered $oters5 had en$elopes that werenQt signedproperly5 or came from people who had not reuested a ballot5 Fballots came after the No$ember ?C deadline5 ?B o$erseas $oters

$oted on two ballots and had both counted. ,ll of these ballot $iolated 8lorida law5 yet they all were counted. To cut a long storyshort the 92 is no paradigm of democracy.

A%eri(an Drea%

+2! ,part from democracy5 there are many other aspects of the ,merican way of life that they claim the rest of the world is en$iousof. Woodrow Wilson )?B?B+ said5 ‘sometimes people call me anidealist, well that is the way ' know '"m an )merican! 4ecause

)merica is the only idealistic nation!" Post 2eptember ?? ,merica isnot a nation that has suddenly become aware that it has been sleepwal*ing through history. Howe$er5 it is a nation that has wo*en upfrom its slumber and its ,merican dream. (nron5 World!om and

the star* realities of bloodshed on home soil ha$e made ,merica anan<ious nation of fragile aspirations. Perhaps for the 6rst timesince the 4reat Depression5 parents spea* openly of their childrengrowing up in a country worse oA than the one into which theythemsel$es were born.

+6!The ,merican Dream has been put well beyond the reach of these$en million Muslims who had settled between New Ior* and #os

,ngeles. ,lmost twothirds say they ha$e been the $ictims of pre:udice and discrimination since last yearQs attac*s5 some forcedoA planes by suspicious passengers5 others not e$en allowed toboard. The world famous ci$il rights that the founding father

enshrined in the -ill of %ights are nothing more than emptyslogans. The ‘lovers of freedom" that rule the land of the free ha$esacri6ced ‘liberties" in the name of national security. 2uspectsha$e been held without trial5 lawyers barred from meeting theirclients. (dward 2aid5 professor at !olumbia 9ni$ersity > New

Ior*5 wrote in )l )hram5 )wee*ly edition+; / ' do not know a single )rab or 5uslims )merican who does not now feel that he or shebelongs to the enemy camp, and that being in the %nited States atthis moment provides us with an especially unpleasant experienceof alienation and widespread, uite speci(cally targeted hostility". )/Thought about ,merica’5 0 8ebruary to March 0330+

+8!We may also turn again to that $oice of true ,merican sentiment5the National %e$iew. !ontributing (ditor ,nn !oulter wrote; /$his

52



is no time to be precious about locating the exact individualsdirectly involved in this particular terrorist attack! $hoseresponsible include anyone anywhere who smiled in response tothe annihilation of patriots like 4arbara /lsen! Ceople who wantour country destroyed live here, work for our airlines, and are

submitted to the exact same airport shakedown as a lumberman from 'daho! $his would be like having the #ehrmacht immigrate to )merica and work for our airlines during #orld #ar ''! Dxcept the#ehrmacht was not so bloodthirsty! #e should invade their countries, kill their leaders and convert them to ?hristianity! #ewerenBt punctilious about locating and punishing only *itler andhis top o3icials! #e carpet bombed German cities, we killedcivilians! $hatBs war! )nd this is war"! )National %e$iew5 /This isWar’ ?@ 2eptember 033?+

+:!2o this is what has been written. What of the factsG "n March 0330it was reported that ,deel ,*htar5 a -ritish man5 7ew to the 92 foran acting audition. When his plane arri$ed at E8K airport in New

Ior*5 he and his female friend were handcuAed. -ased on thisdescription he hardly seems fundamentalist material. He was ta*ento a room and uestioned for se$eral hours. The oAicials as*ed himwhether he had friends in the Middle (ast5 or *new anyone whoappro$ed of the attac*s on 2eptember ??.

His story will be familiar to hundreds of people of ,sian or Middle(astern origin. #i*e for e<ample the -ritish woman )F3yearold+who 7ew to E8K to $isit her sister who is suAering from cancer. ,tthe airport5 immigration oAicials found that on a pre$ious $isit shehad o$erstayed her $isa. 2he e<plained that she had been helpingher sister5 who was $ery ill5 and had applied for an e<tension. When

the oAicers told her she would ha$e to return to -ritain5 sheaccepted their decision but as*ed to spea* to the -ritish consul.They refused her reuest5 but told her she could ring the Pa*istaniconsulate if she wished. 2he e<plained that she was -ritish5 notPa*istani5 as her passport showed. The guards then started tointerrogate her. How many languages did she spea*G How long hadshe li$ed in -ritainG They smashed the loc*s on her suitcases andtoo* her 6ngerprints. Then she was handcuAed and chained andmarched through the departure lounge! ‘' felt like the guards wereparading me in front of the passengers like their pri>e catch! #hy was ' put in handcu3sE ' am a 19-year-old housewife from the

suburbs of =ondon! #hat threat did ' pose to the safety of theother passengersE"

9! ,lso in March 033?5 a correspondent for the Times found @3 menand a woman camped in a sualid hotel in Mogadishu5 in 2omalia.They were all ,frican,mericans of 2omali origin that had arri$edin the 92 as babies or children. Most were professionals withsecure :obs and stable li$es. "n Eanuary5 :ust after the release of -lac* Haw* Down )the 6lm about the failed 92 military mission in2omalia+5 they were rounded up. They were beaten5 threatenedwith in:ections and refused phone calls and access to lawyers.Then5 a fortnight ago5 with no charges made or reasons gi$en5 theywere summarily deported to 2omalia. Now5 without passports5papers or money5 in an alien )to them+ country.

53



+! ,ll these people are $ictims of racial pro6ling. "n the monthsfollowing 2eptember ??5 the 92 attorney general called for someF5333 men of ,rab origin to be uestioned by federal in$estigators."n this period more than ?5333 people who were born in the Middle(ast had been detained inde6nitely for ‘immigration infractions"!

There are countless instances of oAicial discrimination in the 92.Muslim women ha$e been stripsearched at airports5 men ha$ebeen dragged out of bed at gunpoint in the middle of the night. "treports that e$idence5 which remains shielded from the suspect5 of the *ind permitted by the recent 92 Patriot ,ct5 ‘has been usedalmost exclusively against 5uslims and )rabs in )merica"! "n the925 Muslims and people of Middle (astern origin are now allterrorist suspects5 treated as guilty until pro$en innocent.

Cri%e an! P)nis&%ent

! ,merica5 the land of the free is held capti$e by crime5 and the fearof crime acts li*e a strait:ac*et for the people. ,n ,ssociated Presspoll found F0 percent of men and percent of woman arepersonally afraid of becoming crime $ictims. "n ,merica a murderis committed e$ery 00 minutes5 a rape e$ery F minutes5 a robberye$ery 1B seconds and a burglary e$ery ?3 seconds. The cost of crime is estimated at CF billion each year. ,ccording to a recentstudy from Te<as ,UM 9ni$ersity5 Prof Morgan %eynolds foundthat of the F335333 burglaries that ta*e place each month5 only5333 burglars go to :ail. This situation is compounded by alcoholand drug abuse. 2hootings related to drug gang turf wars5 in the

inner cities5 are gi$en a high pro6le in the press. Howe$er5shootings are merely the tip of a crimeridden iceberg that aAectsall urban citi'ens. "n the 9K /!lass ,’ drugs such as heroin andcocaine )particularly its /street’ form crac*5 which is fa$oured bythe poor rather than the snorted form that is fa$oured by yuppies+are dri$ing other crimes such as burglary and theft. 9K Home&Aice research has shown that those arrested for property oAencesare most often under the in7uence. ,lmost C3O of those chargedtest positi$e for heroin and or cocaine. ,bout @3O of those caughtshoplifting were positi$e for cocaine and 1CO for opiates. Jiolentcrime seems to be most commonly associated with cocaine only.Half of all arrestees for assault tested positi$e for crac*. Those

using both drugs accounted for a uarter of arrests. These 6guresdo not address alcohol5 which is e$en more wide spread because itis legal and considered socially more acceptable. "ts eAects oncrime statistics5 as well as its consumption of the health budget >through alcohol related diseases and alcohol induced assaults andthe subseuent occupation of hospital beds > is almost unuanti6able.

.! ,mericans are twice as li*ely to be assaulted5 robbed at gunpoint5raped or abducted as they are to be seriously in:ured in a car.

,ssistant ,ttorney 4eneralQs ?BB National 2ymposium on ,lcohol

,buse and !rime showed that nearly 1 in ?3 $iolent crimes in$ol$ethe use of alcohol. ,ppro<imately 1 in ?3 fatal motor $ehicleaccidents are alcoholin$ol$ed= and about 1 in ?3 oAenders5

54



regardless of whether they are on probation5 in local :ail5 or in2tate prison5 selfreport that they were using alcohol at the time of the oAence. Jiolence between current and former spouses5boyfriends5 and girlfriends is especially li*ely to in$ol$e alcoholabuse.

0!Teenagers commit the largest portion of all $iolent crimes. Moremurders and robberies are committed by ? year old males than byany other age group. More than onethird of all murders arecommitted by oAenders under the age of 0?. Homicide is now byfar the leading cause of death among ,frican,mericans teenagers.The crime statistics spea* for themsel$es. What of the methodsemployed to reduce themG The !linton4ore solution was to loc* them up and the -ush!heney solution is to *ill them as well. ,tthe beginning of the ?BB3’s there were about one million people inprison in the 92. -y the end of the !linton period it was twomillion. 2ince ?BC5 there ha$e been o$er se$en hundred

e<ecutions in the 92. 2ince ?BC@5 ninety6$e death row inmatesha$e been fully e<onerated by the courts. , recent study of 15FCcases in twentythreeyear period )?BC@?BBF+ concluded that thecourts found serious5 re$ersible error in nearly C of e$ery ?3capital sentence cases that were fully re$iewed during the period."n F percent of the death penalty states5 the error rates were 3percent or higher. Three6fths of these states ha$e error rates of atleast C3 percent. The most common errors were; ?. "ncompetentdefence lawyers who did not loo* for5 or missed5 importante$idence that would ha$e pro$ed innocence. 0. Police orprosecutors who did disco$er such e$idence suppressed it5 acti$elyderailing the :udicial process.

1!The 9nited 2tates is one of the few countries in the world that putsto death the mentally retarded and :u$enile oAenders. The 9nited2tates is also the only country besides 2omalia that has not signedthe 9nited Nations !on$ention on the %ights of the !hild. The2upreme !ourt allows the e<ecution of those who were si<teen

years old when they committed a capital oAence. This is despitethe fact that the same court has ruled that ?yearolds do not ha$e‘the maturity or judgement" to sign contracts. 2o a childQsdiminished capacity for signing contracts is $iewed as a legalbarrier to enforcing a contract5 but when it comes to the right to be

e<ecuted5 a ?yearold’s capacity is the same as an adult. ,mericais a society that does nothing about corporate corruption5 indeed itacti$ely rewards creati$e accounting. ,t the same time it puts todeath retards and those they consider to be minors.

George W$ B)s& an! Co%+an#

2!We ha$e already discussed that 4eorge W. -ush became presidentunder dubious circumstances. -ush also has a dubious past withdrin*ing and dri$ing5 and co$ering it up. ,s far as his business

$entures were concerned5 up until the early B3s they were not

successful but not necessarily shady. He may ha$e acuired adegree in -usiness5 but his academic achie$ements were followed

55



by failure in the 6eld. This serial nonachie$er struc* gold whilsthis daddy was President. His crime against the 92 people was thesale of stoc*s in an oil company of which he was a director in Eune?BB3. "t was this transaction that catapulted him into massi$ewealth and ga$e him a political pro6le in Te<as. "t is assumed that

-ush was aware that the $alues of shares in his company5 Har*en&il5 were about to plummet due to pending losses. He sold them oA :ust in time5 reaping a pro6t of @F53C )LFF@5F?1+. With hispro6ts he bought a baseball team5 which when later sold turnedhim into a multimillionaire. -ushQs Har*en share sale wasin$estigated by the 2ecurities and (<change !ommission5operating under his father5 4eorge -ush senior5 who found thatnoti6cation of the transaction had been delayed by B months.Needless to say no action was ta*en. "t also recently emerged that-ush recei$ed a lowinterest loan from Har*en something thatWorld!om chief e<ecuti$e -ernie (bbers )currently underin$estigation+ did5 and which -ush said should be banned. "t is not

only -ush’s antics that ha$e been brought into uestion recently.During the same wee* JicePresident Dic* !heney was named in aci$il action against energy construction group Halliburton and itsaccountants ,ndersen for colluding to in7ate the companyQsearnings. There are stri*ing similarities between the Haliburtoncase and the debacle of (nron.

6!&n 0B Eanuary an article in the Washington Post drew comparisonsbetween Halliburton and (nron5 pointing out that both their stoc*splunged last autumn5 and that they share the same accountant5

,rthur ,ndersen. )Halliburton has been plagued with lawsuits o$erits use of asbestos5 discouraging in$estor con6dence.+ ,nother

similarity is that their !(&s both cashed in at the right time. "nHalliburtonQs case5 Jice President Dic* !heney cashed out 03.million in stoc*s before retiring as !(&. With Halliburton nowailing 6nancially5 itQs only natural that the Defence Department5o$er which !heney presided in the administration of -ush 2enior5would pro$ide the bailout. The Pentagon posts all contractannouncements e<ceeding F million on its Website5 but inHalliburtonQs case declined to disclose the estimated $alue of theaward. , spo*esperson for Halliburton ga$e 0.F billion as theamount the company earned from base support ser$ices in the?BB3s5 ac*nowledging that the contract $alue could e<ceed thatnumber assuming that the scope of 92 military actions widens in

the ne<t decade.

8!Har$ey Wasserman5 author of The #ast (nergy War5 says of !heneyand -ush’s antics5 ‘$he 4ush-?heney team have turned the %nitedStates into a family business! $hatBs why we havenBt seen ?heney -heBs cutting deals with his old buddies who gave him a multi-million dollar golden handshake," Wasserman went on to say5 ‘havethey no grace, no shame, no common senseE #hy donBt just have

Dnron run )mericaE /r have Oapata Cetroleum George #! 4ushBs failed oil exploration venture< build a pipeline across )fghanistan"E" "t seems that the President surrounds himself withmen that could all be caught in the rhetorical net that 4W has cast

o$er corporate dealers. "n addition to Dic* !heney5 his shadowad$iser was Kenneth #. #ay5 the old head of (nron. His 2ecretary of

56



2tate5 !olin Powell5 was on the -oards of ,&#. During his period at ,&# the company merged with TimeWarner5 and Powell’s stoc* rose in $alue by 1 million. !olin’s son5 Michael Powell5 had beenthe only 8ederal !ommunications !ommission )8!!+ member whoad$ocated that the ,&#Time Warner merger go through without

uestion. Michael Powell has since been named chair of the 8!!=part of his :ob is to o$ersee the acti$ities of ,&#Time Warner.

:!Then there are many more such as Thomas White5 the ,rmy2ecretary. He is a former (nron e<ecuti$e5 who sold ?0m of (nronshares between Eune and No$ember 033?. He was $icechairman of (nron (nergy 2er$ices5 implicated in manipulating electricity costsin the !alifornia power crises.

.9!Paul &QNeill; Treasury 2ecretary a former chief e<ecuti$e of ,lcoa5the worldQs biggest aluminium company. &QNeill recei$es an annualpension from the company of B05333. &nce in oAice5 he delayedselling his ,lcoa shares5 until they rose steadily by @3 per cent.

#astly there is #arry #indsey; White House economic ad$iser whowas a paid (nron consultant. He was still on the payroll whende$ising -ushQs economic policies for the election campaign.#indsey conducted an in$estigation into the eAect of the collapse of a ma:or energy company on the economy :ust before (nronQsdiAiculties became *nown.

.+!"t is not :ust indi$iduals that should ha$e their connectionsscrutinised. The whole %epublican Party itself has many dubiousconnections. "n the 0333 presidential election5 World!om ga$e C3per cent of its ?.Bm political donations to the %epublicans. 8or

,ndersen it was C? per cent of ?.1m. (nron ga$e their ??@533

between ?BB and 033? to the %epublicans5 while ,l 4ore got?@5CF3. (nron ga$e @335333 to the -ush inaugural fund in 033?5and helped out with the costs of the 0333 poll recount.

.!2e$eral scandals ha$e put a dent in the global image of !apitalism."ts percei$ed position as being the only ideology $iable to addressthe problems of man5 since the death of communism5 o$er a decadeago5 has ta*en yet another blow. This blow to its foundations hascome from within. Howe$er the glittering gild of con6dence in thisideology has begun to 7a*e oA. The (uropeans ha$e been uic* tolabel the scandal in the 92 as an ,merican problem5 i.e. ‘an

)merican brand of capitalism", con$eniently forgetting that they

too ha$e been hit by similar scandals! These labels and accusationsare protection mechanisms for the whole system5 from s*in to core.People are pre$ented from uestioning the cause of these scandals5because they are too busy defending marginal secondary issues orassigning blame to scapegoat companies and indi$iduals. Thesolution to the problem is e$en more worrying5 especially when youha$e politicians calling on the corporate world to ha$e characterand a conscience5 -ush said5 ‘)ll investment is an act of faith, and

faith is earned by integrity . 'n the long run, there is no capitalismwithout conscience! $here is no wealth without character"! This istotal hypocrisy coming from 4.W. -ush and his father’s friendswhom he decides to surrounds himself with. The pursuit of

material goals is the only oil that dri$es the capitalist machine.

57



H)%an n)(1ear g)inea +igs

..!The rights of ser$icemen in both the 92 and -ritish armed forcesha$e constantly been $iolated through the years. They had been

gi$en hallucinogenic drugs5 sent into combat without adeuatetraining or co$er5 as well as a whole host of inhumanities in7ictedupon them. "n relation to this current issue of Weapons of MassDestruction there are two recent stories that are highly re$ealingas to how successi$e 92 and -ritish go$ernments feel about theirown ser$icemen and ci$ilians. %ecently the Pentagonac*nowledged that some soldiers engaged in chemical andbiological weapons testing in the ?B3s may not ha$e been fullyinformed about the secret e<periments conducted at sea. 2ometests used the militaryQs deadliest ner$e agent5 JS. "t was alsore$ealed that thousands of ci$ilians in Hawaii and ,las*a alsoprobably were unaware they were sprayed with relati$ely mild

bacteria meant to simulate germ weapons such as anthra<5 the 92Defence DepartmentQs top health oAicial said. Tests in ,las*ae<posed soldiers in protecti$e suits to deadly ner$e agents5including JS5 and e<periments in Hawaii used a hallucinogende$eloped as a chemical weapon5 according to Pentagon records.

JS is a sophisticated ner$e agent that lasts longer in theen$ironment than other such agents. The tests were meant todetermine how long JS would remain deadly and how welldecontamination procedures wor*ed.

.0! , compensation claim in the 9K also hit the headlines recently. (<ser$icemen are see*ing compensation for being made to witness

nuclear e<plosions in the 2outh Paci6c. -ut what did the thousandsof young soldiers’ e<perience on !hristmas "sland 13 years agoG "twas the height of the !old War and thousands of -ritishser$icemen were despatched to the 2outh Paci6c to witness teste<plosions of nuclear weapons. Many were in their late teens orearly 03s5 wor*ing their compulsory national ser$ice. To them5 thewarm and e<otic climes of !hristmas "sland were a welcomeescape from the hardships of postwar -ritain. 2er$icemen weretold to crouch moments before a detonation. #ittle eAort was madeto safeguard their health from the radioacti$e fallout. &ften theywere :ust @3 miles from the scene of the e<plosion. Men were toldto turn their bac*s to the blast or wear long trousers instead of

shorts.

Con(1)sion

,s can be seen from the abo$e5 the system of capitalism is crumblingfrom its foundations5 propped up only by a desperate band of elites whosee their spoils being threatened. "t falls to us to uote a pre$iousPresident to end this chapter5 William EeAerson !linton the 8orty 2econdPresident of the 9nited 2tates of ,merica. 9nli*e his his successorPresident -ush5 -ill !linton was well *nown for his oratory s*ills and hisacademic achie$ements5 a man who *nows the truth of the system he

implemented. "s the following statement a re7ection of what the historyboo*s lay testament to5 or is it simply ironyG ‘#e were born with a

58



declaration of independence which asserted that we all were createdeual and a constitution that enshrined slavery! #e fought a bloody civilwar to abolish slavery but we remained uneual by law for another century! #e advanced across the continent in the name of freedom, yet indoing so we pushed ative )mericans o3 their land! #e welcome

immigrants, but each new wave has felt the sting of discrimination".)President !linton5 2peech at the 9ni$ersity of !alifornia ?BBC+

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CHAPTER 0

THE HISTORY OF WESTERN COLONIALISM IN THE MIDDLEEAST

,merica and -ritain claim their war against "ra is :ust and their causenoble. They continue to argue that they are simply see*ing to rid theworld of a menace and to restore good go$ernance bac* to the people of "ra. This chapter e<poses this lie5 pro$ing colonialism to being closelyattached to the war on "ra5 in fact it being the dri$ing force behind it

?. The %enaissance in (urope heralded an intellectual re$olutionculminating with industrialisation and the presage of a new worldorder. "t was in the face of aristocratic tyranny and theocraticdogma that Western thin*ers established the philosophicalfoundations of Western !i$ilisation5 and despite their intellectual

diAerences5 they all shared an occidental world$iew of socialorganisation5 which was the separation of !hurch and 2tate.Howe$er its philosophical pioneers only replaced tyranny andintellectual bac*wardness with another form of ideationaloppression. "ndeed it is ironic that the $ery doctrine from whichthe principles of freedom and liberal democracy e$ol$ed is also thesame source from which colonialism arose. EeanEacues%ousseau’s treatise on democracy spo*e of euality and freedomstating that5 ‘5an was born free, and he is everywhere in chains")The 2ocial !ontract5 ?C1@+5 yet at the same time the paragon of liberty was ensla$ing whole nations. Eules Harmand one of themain architects of 8rench imperialism said5 ‘'t is necessary, then,

to accept as a principle and point of departure the fact that there isa hierarchy of races and civili>ations, and that we belong to thesuperior race and civili>ationJthe basic legitimation of conuestover native peoples is the conviction of our superiorityJ". )(dward2aid5 /!ulture U "mperialism’ ?BB@5 p?C+.2uch philosophicalcontradictions are characteristic of Western culture and furtherdemonstrate the inability of the mind to determine a system of lifewhich would truly ele$ate human beha$iour.

0. "n reality colonialism 7ows through the arteries of Westernci$ilisation= if !apitalism is its soul then colonialism is its heartbeat

freedom of ownership became the dominant feature of secularphilosophy thereby determining society’s ob:ecti$e in life. Thepursuit of material interests by the state translated into a body of principles that de6ned a method for propagating the !apitalistideology5 which %obert !ooper reaAirmed in his essay on ‘the

Costmodern State"! !alling for a new liberal imperialism and theneed for empires5 his words echo -ritish ambition of a centuryearlier when -ritish !olonial 2ecretary Eoseph !hamberlain said5‘the days are for great empires, not little states! )Ean Morris5/8arewell to the Trumpets= ,n "mperial %etreat’+ . Therefore it is intrue imperial tradition5 that Tony -lair’s foreign policy ad$iser%obert !ooper said5 ‘$he challenge to the postmodern world is to

get used to the idea of double standards! )mong ourselves, weoperate on the basis of laws and open cooperative security! 4ut

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when dealing with more old-fashioned kinds of states outside thepostmodern continent of Durope, we need to revert to the rougher methods of an earlier era - force, pre-emptive attack, deception,whatever is necessary to deal with those who still live in thenineteenth century world of every state for itself! )mong ourselves,

we keep the law but when we are operating in the jungle, we mustalso use the laws of the jungleJ#hat is needed then is a new kindof imperialism, one acceptable to a world of human rights andcosmopolitan values! #e can already discern its outlineK animperialism which, like all imperialism, aims to bring order andorganisation but which rests today on the voluntary principleJ ’)%obert !ooper5 /The New #iberal "mperialism’5 0330+.

@. Thus colonialism is $ery much ali$e indeed colonialism andWestern ci$ilisation were con:oined at birth because colonialism isderi$ed from the secular doctrine. Double standards in Westernpolicy5 throughout its shameful history5 are not only a truism but

also an ideological necessity. "t is important to comprehend thephilosophy behind Western colonialism such that we not onlydecipher the warmongering o$er "ra but also realise thatcolonialism is integral to the $ery e<istence of Western ci$ilisation5and as such appreciate that secularism is un6t as an intellectualleadership for man*ind. "t would therefore be political suicide toliberate the "slamic lands upon a secular basis. "n origin Westernthin*ers sought to remo$e tyranny but failed miserably as theyreplaced the tyranny of feudalism with an e$en more pernicioussystem of human organisation5 unleashing a disaster unparalleledin human history. #i*e a dreadful tsunami this ideological disasterhas corroded people’s li$es for centuries and its wa$es ha$econsumed "ra5 drowning the people with economic hardships.

Cr)e1t# an! Con)est

1. ‘ree societies do not intimidate through cruelty and conuest"President -ush unsuccessfully proselytised to the 9N as he soughtlegitimacy for his war against "ra. These words resonate with thesame arrogance of a century earlier when #ord %oseberrydescribed the -ritish (mpire as5 ‘the greatest secular agency for good the world has ever seen" )E. ,. Hobson5 /"mperialism a 2tudy’+."n the $icissitudes of comic history President -ush will :oin #ord

%oseberry in a distinguished list of luminaries that boast amongstothers ,dolph Hitler and Eoseph 2talin for their in$aluablecontribution to moral ineptitude. "ra’s history has not only beenshaped by cruelty and conuest but problems in the Middle (aststem from centuries of (uropean imperialism and are perpetuatedby ,merican hegemony. "ndeed it is one of history’s greatestironies that ,merica should become an imperial power when shefought to free herself from -ritish and (uropean colonialism. 2uchare the dire conseuences for a nation structuring itself upon thesecular ideology as ,merica imitates -ritish (mpire of a bygoneera.

F. The (ast "ndian !ompany5 that e<emplar of Western corporatego$ernance5 6rst set foot in Mesopotamia in ?C@ as -ritain sought

61



to facilitate her trading route with colonial "ndia. "t pro$ed to be aportent of things to come5 as #ord Palmerston began an asserti$euest to 6nd new mar*ets in the Middle (ast for -ritain’s industryand commerce in the ?@3’s > a doctrine that is integral to Westernci$ili'ation as President !linton’s National 2ecurity ,d$iser

,nthony #a*e noted5 ‘private (rms are natural allies in our e3ortsto strengthen market economies" )Mar* !urtis5 /The 4reatDeception ,nglo,merican Power U World &rder’5 ?BB5 p@+.2imilarly former 92 2ecretary of 2tate !ordell Hull e<plained5‘=eadership towards a new system of international relationships intrade and other economic a3airs will devolve very largely upon the%nited StatesJwe should assume this leadership, and theresponsibility that goes with it, primarily for reasons of purenational self interest" )4abriel Kol*o5 /Politics of War’5 p0F?+.

. National selfinterest5 a euphemism for $eracious greed5 stimulated(uropean conuests5 with -ritain occupying ,den in ?@B. "n ?0

she in$aded (gypt ha$ing built the 2ue' !anal with 8rance in?B5 which Prime Minister 4ladstone de6ned as ‘the greatuestion of 4ritish interest" since ?@ percent of -ritain’s entireforeign trade went through it at the time. (arl Kimberley5 2ecretaryof 2tate for "ndia declared in ?F5 ‘Aoes anyone really supposethat if we did not possess our 'ndian Dmpire we should haveinterfered in DgyptE )%onald Hyam5 /-ritain’s "mperial !entury??F to ?B?1’5 ?BC5 p?3+. These were sentiments that were toresurface during the 4ulf War of ?BB? when #awrence Korb5

,ssistant Defence 2ecretary under the %eagan administration5said5 ‘'f 7uwait grew carrots we wouldn"t give a damn" )PaulD’,mato5 /92 "nter$ention in the Middle (ast= -lood for &il’5"nternational 2ocialist %e$iew5 "ssue ?F5 December 0333Eanuary033?+. "n ?F -ritain fought her way into Persia as she soughtland access to her colony in "ndia and entered into treatyobligations to protect the su'erain shei*hdoms of Kuwait5 -ahrain5Vatar and &man so as to ensure these lands would only be cededto -ritain.

C. The conuest of the &ttoman Khilafah in the 8irst World Warfurther established -ritain as the paramount power in the Middle(ast5 gi$ing her control o$er Mesopotamia5 Persia5 the 4ulf and(gypt as stipulated in the infamous 2y*esPicot ,greement of

?B?. "n March ?B?C she occupied -aghdad and in a telegraph toher forces indicated a new stratagem for Western colonialism inthe twentieth century. The War &Aice communicated5 ‘4aghdad tobe an )rab State with local ruler or government under 4ritishprotectorate in everything but name! 't will accordingly have norelations with foreign powersJ4aghdad to be administered behindthe )rab faPade as far as possible" )P.W. "reland5 /"ra= , 2tudy inPolitical De$elopment’5 ?B@C+. , colonial doctrine of sustainingpuppet regimes5 -ritain was indeed inno$ating the art of colonisation. The 8oreign &Aice further elaborated on her newcolonialist styles in ?B1C stating5 ‘our strategic and security interests throughout the world will be best safeguarded by the

establishment in suitable spots of ‘police stations" fully euipped todeal with emergencies within a large radius! 7uwait is one such

62



spot from which 'ra, South Cersia, Saudi )rabia and the CersianGulf could be controlled". The post 4ulf War era howe$er saw

,merica not only enhance these styles but replace -ritain as thedominant power in the Middle (ast.

. "t would see ,merica pioneer this new doctrine of Westerncolonialism5 inno$ating new styles in conuest with an emphasisupon co$ert actions5 economic ensla$ement and political intrigues.

, conuest that entailed suppressing Middle (astern societiesthrough their puppet regimes and encouraging torture5imprisonment and murder. Eesse #eaf5 the !",’s chief "ran analystelucidated upon ,merican intimidation of the Middle (ast when hesaid5 ‘we set them S)L)7< up, we organised them, we taught themeverything we knewJextreme interrogation techniuesJincludingtortureJtorture rooms were toured and it was all paid for by the%S)" )2alaam ,l2ahri5 /"ran; 9nholy ,lliances5 Holy Terror’5!o$ert ,ction "nformation -ulletin5 No.@C5 2ummer ?BB?+! The

control of the Middle (ast population was further elucidated uponby a 92 go$ernment memorandum that stipulated5 ‘it is current

)merican policy to con(ne arms sales to countries of the 5iddle Dast to reasonable uantities reuired for the maintenance of internal security" )2tatement by the 9nited 2tates U 9nitedKingdom 4roups5 8%925 ?B1C5 Jol. J5 p?@+ and the 92 National2ecurity !ouncil said military aid was important ‘as a means of maintaining internal security" )National 2ecurity !ouncil52tatement of 92 Policy Toward "ran5 ?F No$ember ?BF5 8%925?BF?B35 Jol. S""5 pp.??@+. 92 2enator Hubert Humphreyilluminated this policy relating a con$ersation that an ,mericanoAicial had had with "ran’s military leadership5 ‘Ao you know whatthe head of the 'ranian army told one of our peopleE *e said thearmy was in good shape, thanks to %S aid, it was now capable of coping with the civilian population" )8red Halliday5 /,rabia without2ultans’+ .

B. !oups and countercoups entrenched Middle (ast politics in amiasma of Western ri$alries immediately after the 2econd WorldWar. ,merica installed Husni aim in 2yria on March @35 ?B1B.Miles !opeland who led many !", operations in the regionre7ected5 ‘'f you can"t change the board, change the players"!)Miles !opeland5 /The 4ame of Nations’5 ?BB5 p0+. "n ?BF

,merica inter$ened in #ebanon sending her na$al 7eet andmarines to preser$e what she called5 ‘stability", a euphemism forpreser$ing ,merican in7uence in the region. "ndeed she wouldagain inter$ene in #ebanese aAairs in ?B@5 sending her marines toa con7ict that was precipitated by imperial ri$alries. The 4ulf warof ?BB? would howe$er see the largest military conuestunderta*en by ,merica in the Middle (ast. "ndeed it facilitated amilitary occupation in e$erything but name as she furtherstrengthened e<isting military bases as well as securing newestablishments in 2audi ,rabia5 Vatar and Kuwait. ,nthony!ordesman5 !hair for 2trategy at the !enter for 2trategic and"nternational 2tudies5 re$elled in ,merica’s colonial

fundamentalism5 ‘) decade ago, under a di3erent Cresident 4ush,we emerged out of a major foreign policy crisis in the 5iddle Dast

63



with the most advantageous position we had had since #orld #ar ''" ),nthony H !ordesman5 /"ra and ,merica’s 8oreign Policy!risis in the Middle (ast’5 ? March 033?+. ,n ad$antage that itsmilitary leaders ha$e re$elled in5 as -rigadier 4eneral William#ooney made no hesitation in pointing out5 ‘$hey know we own

their countryJwe dictate the way they live and talk! )nd that"s thegreat thing about )merica right now! 't"s a good thing, especially when there"s a lot of oil out there we need"! )Dr. (ric Herring5/"ra; the %ealities of 2anctions and the Prospects for War’5&ctober 0330+

?3.-ritish and ,merican rule o$er the Middle (ast has therefore notonly been shaped by conuest5 but is also characterised by acruelty that is all too familiar to the people of "ra. "n ?B?B shefaced the aerial spectre of mustard gas and today 92 and -ritishwarplanes continue where their ancestors left oA5 applying the/-omber’ Harris ma<im of dropping ‘a bomb in every village that

speaks out of turn" )Martin Woollacott5 /4etting the Dosage %ight’54uardian ?B Eanuary ?BB@+. 2uch barbarity is intrinsic to Westerncolonialism and is it any wonder when President -ush has adoptedthe lingua franca of Winston !hurchill5 whom he recently paidtribute to as the model statesmanG He is a man who acti$elyencouraged the use of mustard gas and sanctioned -ritish pilotsmowing down "rai women and children as they 7ed from theirhomes for not ha$ing paid their ta<es )Da$id &missi5 /-aghdad and-ritish -ombers’5 4uardian5 ?B Eanuary ?BB?+. The 2unday Timeswrote at the time5 ‘we killed about ten thousand )rabs in thisrising this summer! #e cannot hope to maintain such an average")(lie Kedourie5 /(ngland U the Middle (ast= the Destruction of the&ttoman (mpire ?B?1?B0?’+.

??.!hurchill ac*nowledged the sa$age rapacity of Western colonialismin "ra when he said5 ‘there is no doubt that we are a very cruelpeople" )Mar* !urtis5 /The 4reat Deception ,nglo,merican PowerU World &rder’5 ?BB5 p?@+. "ndeed when former 92 2ecretary of 2tate Madeline ,lbright was as*ed whether the death of half amillion children in "ra as a result of sanctions was worth it5 shestoically replied5 ‘' think this is a very hard choice, but the price,we think the price is worth it’ )#esley 2tahl inter$iew withMadeline ,lbright on !-2 Tele$ision ?BB+. "t was such cruelty

that prompted the 9N Humanitarian !oordinator in "ra5 DenisHalliday5 to resign. He said5 ‘' am resigning because the policy of economic sanctions is totally bankrupt! #e are in the process of destroying an entire societyJ' had been instructed to implement apolicy that satis(es the de(nition of genocide; a deliberate policy that has e3ectively killed well over a million children and adults")Dr. (ric Herring5 /"ra= the %ealities of 2anctions and theProspects for War’5 &ctober 0330+. Perhaps the moral :usti6cationfor the West’s crimes can be found in the $iews of -ritish plannerswho described the "rais as ‘crude, coarse and overbearing" )#ouis5/The -ritish (mpire in the Middle (ast’5 p?FB+5or perhaps the $iewsof the former -ritish ,mbassador in "ran can shed some light5

when he said5 ‘a primitive mind (nds it easier to embrace 'slamwith its (ve simple duties" )ibid. p3+.

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?0."t is somewhat of a parado< that Western ideologues percei$ethemsel$es as liberators when their go$ernorship of not only theMiddle (ast but also the world has been nothing but a litany of malicious policies designed to sub:ugate people. "t should be noted

howe$er5 that Western politicians are being sincere to theirideology because this is the reality of !apitalism. "ndeed they areproud of their legacy as -lair shamelessly pointed out5 ‘4ritain hasbeen a major force in world a3airs for several centuries" and ‘no

4ritish patriot should be willing to give up that status" )Mar* !urtis5 /The 4reat Deception ,nglo,merican Power U World&rder’5 ?BB5 p1B+. "ndeed the principles of /nation building" ha$enot changed since the nineteenth century. When (gypt wasde$eloping her te<tile industry in the ?@3’s at the same time(urope was e<periencing the industrial re$olution. (urope soughtto pre$ent industrialisation in the "slamic world. "n ??C the8rench consul warned5 ‘$he silk factories that are being

established in Dgypt will deal a deadly blow to those of 'taly, andeven ours"! )Noam !homs*y5 /World &rders5 &ld and New’5 ?B5p??C+ 2imilarly -ritain also ‘did not want a new independent statein the 5editerranean, one that was militarily and economically powerful and therefore able to check her advances in that area andthe Cersian Gulf". )ibid.+. -ritain therefore conspired to pre$entindustrialisation and economic ad$ancement in (gypt by sendingher na$y ‘to terminate Dgypt"s uest for independence andeconomic development" )ibid.+5 something the Western worldcontinues to do as e$idenced in "ra. The Dconomist said5 ‘the 'raiwelfare state was until recently amongst the most comprehensiveand generous in the )rab world". )Dr. (ric Herring5 /"ra= the%ealities of 2anctions and the Prospects for War’5 &ctober 0330.+

Iet from a nation boasting a welfare state5 the West has imposed a033 billion debt that will increase by compound interest5 to thee<tent that "ra will ran* alongside %wanda in debt to e<portsratio5 ensuring that the "rai people will be indebted forgenerations to come. /8ree societies’ ha$e reduced "ra to what the9nited Nations described in a report in ?BB? as5 ‘near apocalypticresults upon the economic infrastructure of what had been, until

@anuary +::+, a rather highly urbani>ed and mechani>ed societyJ 'ra has for some time to come been relegated to a pre-industrialage".

I%+eria1 Ri*a1ries

?@.!ruelty and conuest are therefore a permanent trait of Westernci$ili'ation and problems in the Middle (ast ha$e been e<acerbatedby centuries of Western ri$alries that culminated in twocatastrophic World Wars. They are :ust as e$ident today as theywere when Napoleon sought to attenuate -ritish power by in$ading(gypt in ?CB. 2ecular doctrine has indeed propelled the ‘freeworld" to impose their imperial fundamentalism upon the Middle(ast peoples as the Western nations see* world in7uence anddomination. The political in$asion of the "slamic world that began

in the eighteenth century endures into the twenty 6rst century. Eoseph !hamberlain epitomising the nation’s ambition in the

65



close political and military ties with the %nited States, )rabH'sraelirelations are in crisis, regional radicals are buoyant, and thepopular mood in much of the )rab world is critical of %!S! policy!/verall, the strategic situation of the %nited States in the area ischaracteri>ed more by challenges than opportunities". )Presidential

2tudy 4roup5 /Na$igating Through Turbulence= ,merica U theMiddle (ast in a New !entury’5 Washington "nstitute for Near (ast ,Aairs5 ?0 December 03335 pC+

?.The culmination of rethin*ing 92 foreign policy was re7ected inthe National 2ecurity 2trategy released in 2eptember 0330. Ma<-oot5 :ournalist and author of ‘the Savage #ars of Ceace; Small#ars Q the Fise of )merican Cower"5 described it as the most‘signi(cant %S oreign Colicy statement since S? 28, the +:18paper that codi(ed the containment doctrine" )Ma< -oot5 /Doctrineof the -ig (nchilada’5 the Washington Post5 ?1 &ctober 0330+ sinceit established principles for a new world$iew in a post cold war era.

President -ush is therefore treading the path of his predecessorswho also made epochal changes to 92 foreign policy5 beginningwith the Truman doctrine5 followed by the (isenhower doctrineand now President -ush has been attributed with his own doctrinefor ,merican foreign policy. "n his 2tate of the 9nion address in

Eanuary 0330 he outlined three *ey principles of the -ush doctrine.The 6rst principle centres upon preser$ing ,merica’s leadership inthe world= the -ush strategy proclaimed5 ‘/ur forces will be strongenough to dissuade potential adversaries from pursuing a military build up in hopes of surpassing, or eualling, the power of the%nited States" )Ma< -oot5 /Doctrine of the -ig (nchilada’5 theWashington Post5 ?1 &ctober 0330+. 2econdly that ,merica wouldstri*e preempti$ely against potential threats= President -ush said

,merica’s ‘enemies view the entire world as a battle(eld" and $owed to ‘pursue them wherever they are" )2chmitt and Donnelly5/The -ush Doctrine’5 @3 Eanuary 0330+. William Kristol formerWhite House !hief of 2taA to the Jice President e<plained5 ‘'n+:06 *arry $ruman reversed a post-#orld #ar '' policy of withdrawal from Durope, and committed the %nited States tocontaining and resisting the Soviet %nion! 'n +:8+ Fonald Feaganreversed a failed policy of dRtente and committed us to seekvictory over communism! /n $uesday night George #! 4ush put anend to a decade of temporising and timidity and committed the

nation to removing the threat of hostile tyrannies seeking #eaponsof 5ass Aestruction! $his task is comparable to $ruman"s and Feagan"s! 't will not be easy or painless! 4ut it"s worthy of a greatnation" )William Kristol5 /Ta*ing the War -eyond Terrorism’5Washington Post5 @? Eanuary 0330+. 8inally as with all pre$iousmissionary ideologues the pro$erbial uest to promote liberaldemocratic principles was promulgated. Thin*ers at the Pro:ect forthe New ,merican !entury said5 ‘$he 4ush doctrine is also notable

for what it is not! 't is not ?lintonian multilateralism; the Cresidentdid not appeal to the %nited ations, profess faith in arms control,or raise hopes for any ‘peace process"! or is it the balance of power realism favoured by his father! 't is rather a reassertion that

lasting peace and security is to be won and preserved by assertingboth %S military strength and )merican political principles".

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?C.,merican imperialists therefore echo the strategic concerns of their -ritish cousins in the nineteenth century as they5 li*e -ritain5see* to preser$e their leadership in the world and control of theMiddle (ast is pi$otal in this end. 2ince the -ritish go$ernment

realised the control of oil was ‘a vital pri>e for any power interested in world in&uence or domination" )/"ntroductory Paperon the Middle (ast’5 8%925 ?B1C5 Jol. J5 p FB+ 5 -ritish 8oreign2ecretary 2elwyn #loyd wrote in ?BF5 ‘#e must at all costsmaintain control of this oil" )Message from -ritish 8oreign2ecretary #loyd to 2ecretary of 2tate Dulles5 0@ Eanuary ?BF58%925 ?BFF?BFC5 Jo. S"""5 p@0@.+. The 92 was not far behind inrealising its signi6cance the National 2ecurity !ouncil stated in?BF@5 ‘%nited States policy is to keep the sources of oil in the

5iddle Dast in )merican hands" )Mohammed Hei*al5 /!utting the#ions Tail= 2ue' Through (gyptian (yes’5 ?B5 p@+ and in ?B1Fthe 92 2tate Department declared5 ‘$hese resources constituted a

stupendous source of strategic power, and one of the greatestmaterial pri>es in world history ! ! ! probably the richest economicpri>e in the world in the (eld of foreign investment" )92 2tateDepartment History5 ?B1F5 Jol. p1F+. ,merica therefore see*s toguarantee her leadership in the world by securing control of theregion’s oil wealth5 thereby ‘preventing the emergence of a hostileregional coalition or hegemony" )!onetta and Knight5 /Military2trategy 9nder %e$iew5 8oreign Policy in 8ocus’ Jol. "J No. @5

Eanuary ?BBB+5 as described in the Vuadrennial Defence %e$iewsubmitted by former Defence 2ecretary William !ohen to the 92!ongress in May ?BBC. Paul Wolfowit' also re7ected ,merica’sambition for world domination in a planning document that saidthe 92 should ‘maintain the mechanisms for deterring potentialcompetitors from even aspiring to a larger regional or global role" )Ma< -oot5 /Doctrine of the -ig (nchilada’5 the Washington Post ?1&ctober 0330+.

?.This ine$itably has brought her into con7ict with the leadingcolonialist nations and has reached crisis point in the 9N. Herunilateralism prompting 8rench President !hirac to forewarn of the dangers ahead5 when he said5 ‘'tBs also the future of international relations which is at stake here" )/9N only legitimateframewor* for action on "ra’5 (gyptian 4a'ette5 ? &ctober 0330+.

Howe$er ,merica has since the 2econd World War wor*edsurreptitiously to liuidate -ritish and (uropean in7uence in theregion5 and this is what !hirac fears most. "n ?B1C ,mericaannounced to the -ritish (mbassy in Washington the end of -ritishrule in the Middle (ast. Miles !opeland wrote5 ‘$he two messageswere o3icial noti(cation that the Cax 4ritannica, which has keptorder in much of the world for over a century, was at an end" )Miles!opeland5 /the 4ame of Nations’5 ?BB5 p?1F+. This was theprecursor for a 6erce ,nglo,merican struggle in the Middle (astculminating with a dangerous game of coups and counter coups. "n(gypt5 ,merica remo$ed the -ritish puppet regime of King 8arou*5and in cold candour Miles !opeland narrates the aAair5 ‘$he

)merican ?') saw an opportunity! #e broke o3 o3icial contactwith the 4ritish S'S"5 he went on to elaborate5 ‘So on . @uly +:1,

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the coup came o3 without a hitch, with General 5ohammed aguib nominally at its head! or the next six months, the only contacts with asser, his Fevolutionary ?ommand ?ouncil F??<and top civilians in the government were maintained by ‘straights"in our embassy, including )mbassador ?a3ery himself" )Miles

!opeland5 /the 4ame of Nations’5 ?BB5 p?1F+.

?B.The present "rai crisis therefore is a continuation of the strugglebetween the Western powers. "n the early twentieth century the(uropean nations uarrelled o$er how the lands of the Khilafahwould be di$ided amongst them and a century later they uarrelo$er how the region’s resources should be di$ided amongst them5with ,merica see*ing to secure the ma:ority share. %ussianspecialist Michael Mc8aul of the !arnegie (ndowment "nstitutesaid5 ‘Fussian Cresident Cutin and his administration believe the%nited States will go ahead with or without them so they"retryingJto extract what they can from )merica"5 and Paul 2anders5

Director of the Ni<on "nstitute noted5 ‘$he oil is the main thingJthere is widespread nervousness in Fussia that if the %S changesregimes in 'ra, then all the oil contracts will come to the %nitedStates and Fussia will be left out" )(ric -oehlert5 /,t the 9N its allabout the Money’5 ?1 &ctober 0330+. "t is in this conte<t that wesee the Western nations $ie for power5 scrambling to secure theiroil interests in "ra5 a scramble that re*indles memories of (urope’s colonisation of ,frica in the ?Bth century. 92 policytherefore see*s to attenuate any (uropean in7uence and control in"ra5 Michael &’Hanlon from the -roo*ings "nstitute told the House

,rmed 2er$ices !ommittee5 ‘$he region that 'ra inhabits is socritical to %!S! interests that we cannot just go in, remove Saddam,and leave the clean-up to othersJ 'ra, unlike )fghanistan, islocated in the heartland of )rabia, a region whose stability is acritical %!S! interest" )Michael &QHanlon5 2enior 8ellow5 -roo*ings5Testimony before the House ,rmed 2er$ices !ommittee5 0 &ctober0330+. %egime change in "ra is therefore predicated uponrealising her aims in ‘environment shaping" the Middle (astaccording to her $iewpoint )!arl !onetta and !harles Knight5/Military 2trategy 9nder %e$iew’5 8oreign Policy in 8ocus Jol. "J No. @5 Eanuary ?BBB+. "ndeed regime change will entail the di$isionof "ra5 which the 92 has unsuccessfully pursued since the end of the 4ulf war in ?BB?. Deputy 2ecretary of Defence5 Paul Wolfowit'

elucidated upon the ,merican stratagem for "rai control in2eptember ?BB before the House National 2ecurity !ommittee.He said5 ‘Dstablish a safe protected >one in the South, whereopposition to Saddam could rally and organi>e, would make itpossibleJor that provisional government to control the largest oil

(eld in 'ra and make available to it, under some kind of international supervision, enormous (nancial resources for political, humanitarian and eventually military purposes" )PaulWolfowit'’s statement on 92 Policy toward "ra5 ? 2eptember?BB+. Defence 2ecretary Donald %umsfeld and Paul Wolfowit'further e$idenced 92 policy in their support for a letter sponsoredby the Pro:ect for a New ,merican !entury5 ‘calling for the

establishment of a provisional and free government in those areasof orthern and Southern 'ra not under Saddam"s controlJ%S

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and allied military forces should be prepared to support the 'raopposition and ‘be preparedJto help remove Saddam from power")/Memorandum to &pinion #eaders’ from Tom Donnelly5 Deputy(<ecuti$e Director of the Pro:ect for the New ,merican !entury5

Euly 5 033?+.

03.There can be no doubt the "rai crisis is a continuation of centuriesof colonialist ri$alries. "n the early twentieth century -ritain and8rance di$ided the &ttoman Khilafah into arti6cial states that ga$erise to "ra5 and in the early twenty 6rst century ,merica see*s toemulate (uropean imperialism by di$iding "ra e$en further.2ub:ugating the people by spreading their ideological poison5 theywere and are the dri$ing force behind the nationalist mo$ementsthat mortally wound the Muslim psyche. The ideological disasterthat was born out of the %enaissance has seen the Western worldnot only colonise the Middle (ast but also ,frica5 ,sia5 and 2outh

,merica. "ts history is strewn with hypocritical oaths5 dishonest

argumentation and carni$orous deceit. Ne$er in the history of theworld has there been so much in:ustice5 corruption and economicdisparity. The colonialist states that destroyed the &ttomanKhilafah on @ March ?B01 too* away the only state that wascapable of bringing true intellectual leadership and being anideological alternati$e to Western !apitalism. "nstead thecolonialists destroyed this state and di$ided the peoples when theywere bonded by brotherhood5 lo$e and compassion. They furthersowed the seeds for war in Palestine when Muslims5 Eews and!hristians had been li$ing with dignity5 honour and :ustice underthe shade of "slam for centuries. Not only did they do this but theyalso imposed their rule through dictatorial regimes upon the ashesof the Khilafah. %egimes who would protect Western interests bypre$enting the reestablishment of the Khilafah 2tate5 e$en if itmeant silencing peaceful opposition with murder5 imprisonmentand torture5 because the Khilafah is the only state that will trulypresent an ideological challenge to Western liberal capitalism.

0?.!olonialism is therefore $ery much ali$e because it is integral tothe $ery e<istence of Western ci$ilisation and the -ush doctrineli*e the new liberal imperialism ad$ocated by %obert !ooper is aproduct of the age. ,n era that Western thin*ers ha$e hailed as anepochal shift into the /information age" or the ‘post-industrial era"

to the e<tent that futurist ,l$in ToXer described it as the birth of anew ci$ilisation. -ut while the West is building a new infrastructurefor wealth creation that will ad$ance Western ci$ilisation5 the basisfor this progress remains rooted in secular doctrine and the socialproblems that ha$e accrued as a result of this epochal change arenot solely the result of this shift as some Western thin*ers ha$eargued5 but originate from the $ery contradictions of Westernphilosophy. The social strife in the 6rst world li*e the third world isbut the result of secular ideology and globalisation has merelymagni6ed the e$ils of Western colonialism. The growingindependencies of nations and the immediacy of information hasopened the eyes of many Western thin*ers to the problems of

global !apitalism and its imperial muscle. !reating widerinternational structures for security and prosperity will not end

70



in:ustice5 because these structures are formulated in a secularconte<t :ust as colonialism is deri$ed from secular philosophy.

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CONCLUSION

This dossier we produce today highlights two things in an intellectual and

political manner= the real moti$es behind the war on "ra5 and the West’scolonial foreign policy. "t clearly demonstrates to any aware obser$er5that the world we li$e in today is de$oid of real leadership. !apitalism hasfailed to unify the people5 ad$ance their material means5 enlighten theirminds and has abandoned their deep yearning for spiritual andintellectual ascension. "t has in fact led the world to the brin* of destruction. The ma:ority of the worlds inhabitants are oppressed5 whilsta minority feeds oA their wealth and resources. This imbalance islegitimised by the ballot bo<5 where the masses are sold a series of hopesand dreams only to see go$ernment after go$ernment further theirrelationships with corporate powers. 2uch an ideology can not leadhumanity out of dar*ness towards a true re$i$al.

2o we call upon the world for change. Not the change -ush prophesisesfor "ra5 a change of faces5 a regime change for we ha$e seen regimeschanged by the !",5 littering the world with Hamid Kar'ais. What theworld reuires is a fundamental reassessment of how it $iews life and thesystems of life. &ur proposed change is the "slamic ideology the clearand only solution to the ills we are agonised by.

"deological "slam has been long suppressed by the !apitalist states. We5the Muslims5 maintain that "slam pro$ides an enlightened basis for lifefrom which emanates a sophisticated system of life= an ideology whichtreats all problems in a precise5 responsible and balanced way. "slamneither shuns the pursuit for material progress5 nor ma*es it the dri$ingforce for society5 such that all moral5 spiritual and humanitarian $aluesare eradicated5 as we now witness in the West. "ts politics are not basedupon the unscrupulous Western principals5 the pursuit for interests abo$eall other considerations5 until e$en the human life loses all its $alue.

The only process to bring about the practical implementation of "slam isby the establishment of the "slamic 2tate YKhilafahZ. This Khilafah hasbeen absent from the world since ?B015 lea$ing the world at themerciless hands of a decadent ideology that *nows no limits norhumanity. Today5 the Muslims the world o$er call for the reestablishment

of the Khilafah5 for we see no other way to liberate oursel$es and indeedthe world from !apitalism.

We urge you to the imperati$e call for an ideological change > it is timefor you to study "slam as the ideological alternati$e.

‘)nd let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to wrong and

depart from justice! 4e just, that is next to piety; and fear )llah, for )llahis acuainted with all you do!" )TMV ,lMa’idah; +

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73



A++en!i' ,

2ome of the achie$ements that -ush has been responsible for in the 6rst03 months of his presidency are listed below;

•

!utting @B million from federal spending on libraries• !utting @F million in funding for ad$anced paediatric training for

doctors

• !utting funding for research into renewable energy sources by F3percent

• Delayed rules that would reduce /acceptable’ le$els of arsenic indrin*ing water

• !utting funding for research into cleaner5 more eAicient cars andtruc*s by 0O

• %e$o*ed rules strengthening the power of the go$ernment to denycontracts to companies that $iolate federal laws5 en$ironmental laws5

and wor*place safety standards• -ro*e a campaign promise to in$est ?33 million per year in rain

forest conser$ation

• %educed5 by percent5 the !ommunity ,ccess Program5 which coordinated care for people without health insurance among publichospitals5 clinics5 and other health care pro$iders

• Nulli6ed a proposal to increase public access to information about thepotential rami6cations of chemical plant accidents

• Pulled out of the ?BBC Kyoto Protocol agreement on global warming5ultimately signed by ?C other countries

• %e:ected an international accord to enforce the ?BC0 treaty banninggerm warfare

• !ut 033 million from wor*force training programs for dislocatedwor*ers

• !ut 033 million from the !hildcare and De$elopment grant5 aprogram that pro$ides childcare to lowincome families as they areforced from welfare to wor*

• !ut C33 million in funds for public housing repairs

• &$erturned wor*place ergonomic rules designed to protect Wor*ersQhealth and safety

• ,llocated only @ percent of the amount reuested by Eustice

Department lawyers in the go$ernmentQs continued litigation againsttobacco companies

• Pushed through a ta< cut5 1@ percent of which goes to the wealthiest ?percent of ,mericans

• !ut ?F.C million from programs dealing with child abuse and neglect

• Proposed elimination of the /%eading "s 8undamental’ program5 whichgi$es free boo*s to poor children

• Pushed for de$elopment of /mininu*es5’ designed to attac* deeplyburied targets a $iolation of the !omprehensi$e Test -an Treaty

• Tried to re$erse regulation protecting si<ty million acres of nationalforest from logging and road building

• Made Monsanto e<ecuti$e #inda 8isher deputy administrator of the(n$ironmental Protection ,gency

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• ,ppointed oil and coal lobbyist E. 2te$en 4iles as Deputy 2ecretary ofthe "nterior

• Proposed the selling of oil and tracts in the ,las*a wildlife preser$e

A++en!i' -

Things which the 92 can claim it is the world leader in;

• "n 6rearm deaths

• "n percapita energy use

• "n carbon dio<ide emissions )more than ,ustralia5 -ra'il5 !anada58rance5 "ndia5 "ndonesia5 4ermany5 "taly5 Me<ico5 and the 9nitedKingdom combined+

• "n total and per capita municipal waste )C03 *ilograms per person per year+

•

"n ha'ardous waste produced )by a factor of more than twenty timesour nearest competitor5 4ermany+

• "n oil consumption

• "n natural gas consumption

• "n the least amount of federal and state go$ernment e<penditure )as apercentage of 4DP+

• "n daily percapita consumption of calories

• "n lowest $oter turnout

• "n fewest numbers of political parties represented in the lower orsingle house

• "n recorded rapes )by a factor of almost three times the nearestcompetitor !anada+

• "n in:uries and deaths from road accidents )almost twice as many asrunnerup !anada+

• Number one among countries in the 9nited Nations with a legallyconstituted go$ernment to not ratify the 9N !on$ention on the %ightsof the !hild

• "n number of *nown e<ecutions of child oAenders

• "n li*elihood of children under the age of 6fteen to die from gun6re

• "n li*elihood of children under the age of 6fteen to commit suicidewith a gun

• "n lowest eighthgrade mathematics scores

021103_iraqcounterdossier

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