1. ch 1 ppt exploring life (1)
TRANSCRIPT
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Biology is the scientific study of life
Biologists are moving closer to understanding:
How a single cell develops into an organism
How plants convert sunlight to chemical
energy
How the human mind works
How living things interact in communities
How lifes diversity evolved from the firstmicrobes
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Lifes basic characteristic is a high degree of order
Each level of biological organization has emergent
properties
Biological organization is based on a hierarchy ofstructural levels
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A Hierarchy of Biological Organization
1 Biosphere! all environments on Earth
" Ecosystem! all living and nonliving things
in a particular area
# $ommunity! all organisms in an ecosystem
% &opulation! all individuals of a species
in a particular area
' (rganism! an individual living thing
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A Hierarchy of Biological Organization (continued)
) (rgan and organ systems! specialized bodyparts made up of tissues
* +issue! a group of similar cells
, $ell! lifes fundamental unit of structure andfunction
- (rganelle! a structural component of a cell
1./olecule! a chemical structure consisting of
atoms
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Ecosystems
The biosphere
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Cells
Organelles
MoleculesTissues
Organs and organ systems
Cell1 m
Atoms
10 m
50 m
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A Closer Look at Ecosystems
Each organism interacts with its environment
Both organism and environment affect each other
+he dynamics of an ecosystem include two ma0or
processes!
$ycling of nutrients in which materials
ac2uired by plants eventually return to the soil
+he flow of energy from sunlight to producers
to consumers
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Energy Conversion
Energy e3change between an organism and
environment often involves energy transformations
Energy flows through an ecosystem usually
entering as light and e3iting as heat
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Sunlight
Ecosystem
eat
eat
Chemicalenergy
Consumers!including animals"
Producers
!plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms"
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A Closer Look at Cells
+he cell is the lowest level of organization that can
perform allactivities of life
+he ability of cells to divide is the basis of all
reproduction growth and repair of multicellular
organisms
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#5 m
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The Cells Heritable Information
$ells contain 456 the heritable information thatdirects the cells activities
456 is the substance of genes 7units of
inheritance that transmit information from parentsto offspring8
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Sperm cell
$uclei
containing%$A
Egg cell
&ertili'ed egg
(ith %$A )rom
both parents
Embryo*s cells
+ith copies o)
inherited %$AO))spring (ith traits
inherited )rom both parents
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Each 456 molecule is made up of two long chains
arranged in a double heli3
Each link of a chain is one of four kinds of
chemical building blocks called nucleotides
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Two Main Forms of Cells
$haracteristics shared by all cells!
Enclosed by a membrane
9se 456 as genetic information
+wo main forms of cells!
Eukaryotic
&rokaryotic
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Membrane
Cytoplasm
E-.A/OTC CE22 P/O.A/OTC CE22
%$A
!no nucleus"
Membrane
1 m
Organelles
$ucleus !contains %$A"
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The Emergent Proerties of !ystems
Emergent properties result from arrangements
and interactions within systems
5ew properties emerge with each step upward in
the hierarchy of biological order
Emergent properties characterize
nonbiological entities as well
:or e3ample a functioning bicycle emergesonly when all of the necessary parts connect in
the correct way
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The Po"er and Limitations of #eductionism
;eductionism is reducing comple3 systems to
simpler components that are easier to study
+he studies of 456 structure and the Human
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=n negative feedback the accumulation of a
product slows down the process itself
=n positive feedback 7less common8 the product
speeds up its own production
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En'yme 1
A A
33
C C
%%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%%%
En'yme #
En'yme 4
$egatie
)eedbac6
En'yme 1
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+
En'yme 7
+
88
99
99
9 99
99 9
En'yme 5
En'yme :
Positie
)eedbac6
En'yme 7
En'yme :
En'yme 5
9
9 9 9
99
9
9
9
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Biologists e3plore life across its great diversity
of species
+a3onomy is the branch of biology that
names and classifies species into a
hierarchical order
Biologists have named about 1, million species
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-rsidae
Ursus
Carniora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eu6arya
Species ;enus &amily Order Class Phylum .ingdom %omainUrsus
americanus
!American
blac6 bear"
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The Three $omains of Life
6t the highest level life is classified into three
domains!
Bacteria 7prokaryotes8
6rchaea 7prokaryotes8 Eukarya 7eukaryotes8
Eukaryotes include protists and the kingdoms
&lantae :ungi and 6nimalia
=n eukaryotes unity is evident in details of cell
structure
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Cilia o) (indpipe cellsCilia o) Paramecium
15 m 5 m
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4arwin observed that!
=ndividuals in a population have traits that vary
/any of these traits are heritable 7passed from
parents to offspring8
/ore offspring are produced than survive
$ompetition is inevitable
>pecies generally suit their environment
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+he evolutionary view of life came into sharp focus
in 1,'- when $harles 4arwin published On theOrigin of Species by Natural Selection
The Origin of Speciesarticulated two main points!
4escent with modification
5atural selection
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Eolution o) adaptations
in the population
%i))erences in
reproductie success
Oerproduction
and competition
Population
o) organisms
ereditary
ariations
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5atural selection can ?edit@ a populations heritable
variations
5atural selection is often evident in adaptations of
organisms to their way of life and environment
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Population (ith aried inherited traits
Elimination o) indiiduals (ith certain traits
/eproduction o) suriors
ncreasing )re>uency o) traits that enhance
surial and reproductie success
Th T f Lif
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The Tree of Life
/any related organisms have similar featuresadapted for specific ways of life
>uch kinships connect lifes unity and diversity todescent with modification
5atural selection eventually produces new species
from ancestral species
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2argeground )inch
2arge cactusground )inch
Sharp?bea6edground )inch
Geospizamagnirostris
Geospizaconirostris
Mediumground)inch
Geospizafuliginosa
Smallground)inch
+oodpec6er
)inch
Camarhynchuspsittacula
2argetree )inch
Medium
tree )inch
Cactusground )inch
Geospizadifficilis
Cactus )lo(ereaters
Geospizascandens
Seed eater
;round )inches
Seed eaters
Tree )inches
Common ancestor )romSouth American mainland
nsect eaters 3ud eater
+arbler )inches
Mangroe)inchGeospiza
fortis
Cactospizapallida Small
tree )inch
Camarhynchuspauper
Camarhynchusparvulus
;reen(arbler)inch
;ray(arbler)inch
Certhideaolivacea
Certhideafusca
@egetarian)inch
Platyspizacrassirostris
Cactospizaheliobates
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$i ! i
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$isco%ery !cience
E3amples of discovery science!
understanding cell structure
e3panding databases of genomes
T f D t
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Types of Data
+wo types of data!
uantitative data! numerical measurements
ualitative data! recorded descriptions
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Induction in Discovery Science
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Induction in Discovery Science
=nductive reasoning involves generalizing based
on many specific observations
Hyothesis Based !cience
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Hyothesis&Based !cience
Hypotheses are hypothetical e3planations
6 hypothesis is an e3planation on trial
making a prediction that can be tested
Deduction: The If then Logic of Hypothesis Based Science
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Deduction: The Ifthen Logic of Hypothesis-Based Science
=f a hypothesis is correct then we can e3pect aparticular outcome
%eductie reasoning uses general premises
to ma6e speci)ic predictions :or e3ample if organisms are made of cells
(premise 1), and humans are organisms
(premise 2), then humans are composed ofcells (deductive prediction)
A !oser Loo" at Hypotheses in Scientific In#uiry
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A !oser Loo" at Hypotheses in Scientific In#uiry
6 scientific hypothesis must have two important
2ualities! =t must be testable
=t must be falsifiable
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:or e3ample (bservation! Cour flashlight doesnt work
uestion! Dhy doesnt your flashlight work
Hypothesis 1! +he batteries are dead
Hypothesis "! +he bulb is burnt out
Both these hypotheses are testable
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:ailure to falsify a hypothesis does notprovethat hypothesis
For eample, you replace your flashlight bulb,
and it no! !or"s# this supports the hypothesisthat your bulb !as burnt out, but does not
prove it (perhaps the first bulb !as inserted
incorrectly)
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=nlandpopulation
/embers of thesame species
living inland aredarker in color
Beach mice havelight tan dappled
coats
Beachpopulation
$%&F OF'*+O
:lorida
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$amouflaged
7control8
5onAcamouflaged7e3perimental8
$amouflaged
7control8
5onAcamouflaged7e3perimental8
Beach
habitats
=nland
habitats
Lightmodels
4arkmodels
Lightmodels
4arkmodels
;esults
&red
ation
rate1.
.'
.
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Theories in !cience
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=n the conte3t of science a theoryis
Broader in scope than a hypothesis
upported by a large body of evidence in
comparison to a hypothesis
Theories in !cience
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Scarlet 6ing sna6e
Eastern coralsna6e
Scarlet 6ing sna6e
.ey
/ange o) scarlet
6ing sna6e
$orthCarolina
/ange o) eastern
coral sna6e
South
Carolina
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+he relationship between science and society isclearer when technology is considered
+he goal of technology is to applyscientific
knowledge for some specific purpose
>cience and technology are interdependent
Limitations of !cience
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Limitations of !cience
+he limitations of science are set by its naturalism
>cience seeks natural causes for naturalphenomena
>cience cannot support or falsify supernatural
e3planations which are outside the bounds ofscience
*odel Building in !cience
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*odel Building in !cience
Models are representations o) natural
phenomena and can ta6e the )orm o)
4iagrams
+hreeAdimensional ob0ects
$omputer programs
/athematical e2uations
&romb d
&roml
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body lungs
/ightatrium
2e)tatrium
/ightentricle
2e)tentricle
To lungs To body
Animations and +ideos
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o s d + deos
Bozeman A =ntro to Biology
Bozeman A Essential $haracteristics of Life
Bozeman F Homeostasis
Bozeman A Homeostasis ;eview
&ositive and 5egative :eedback
Bozeman A &ositive and 5egative :eedback Bozeman A Elements of a :eedback Loop
:eedback =nhibition of Biological &athways
Animations and +ideos
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Bozeman A Environmental /atter E3change
Bozeman A ;esponse to E3ternal Environments
Bozeman A Homeostatic 4isruptions
Bozeman A +he Hierarchy of Life
>cientific /ethod
Bozeman A +he >cientific /ethod >cientific /ethod E3periment 1 and "
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$hapter uiz uestions F 1
$hapter uiz uestions A "
+hich o) the )ollo(ing is not a theme that
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+hich o) the )ollo(ing is not a theme thatuni)ies biologyB
a8 systems biology
b8 emergent properties
c8 inductive reasoning
d8 reductionism
e8 genomics
Dhich of the following is not a theme that unifies
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a8 systems biology
b8 emergent properties
c8 inductive reasoning
d" reductionism
e8 genomics
Dhich of the following is not a theme that unifiesbiology
+hat is the correct order !)rom small to large"B
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+hat is the correct order !)rom small to large"B
a8 cells organelles organ system communityecosystems
b8 molecules organism population communitiesbiosphere
c8 molecules cells tissues ecosystems communities
d8 organelles cells population biosphere ecosystems
e8 cells organs population ecosystems communities
Dhat is the correct order 7from small to large8
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Dhat is the correct order 7from small to large8
a8 cells organelles organ system communityecosystems
b" molecules= organism= population= communities=biosphere
c8 molecules cells tissues ecosystems communities
d8 organelles cells population biosphere ecosystems
e8 cells organs population ecosystems communities
All o) the gray s>uirrels that inhabit an oa6 )orest
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All o) the gray s>uirrels that inhabit an oa6 )orestdescribes aan
a8 ecosystem
b8 biosphere
c8 communityd8 population
e8 colony
All o) the gray s>uirrels that inhabit an oa6 )orest
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All o) the gray s>uirrels that inhabit an oa6 )orestdescribes aan
a8 ecosystem
b8 biosphere
c8 communityd" population
e8 colony
+hich o) the )ollo(ing scienti)ic studies (ould
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+hich o) the )ollo(ing scienti)ic studies (ouldrepresent an e,ample o) a Dsystems biologyapproachB
a8 measuring the effect of an invading insect that eatsoak leaves on the numbers of oak trees and on anysubse2uent changes in the number and types ofdecomposer fungi in the soil
b8 discovering the structure of an enzyme that is importantin digestion of protein
c8 comparing the microscopic structure of leaves of twodifferent species of magnolias
d8 measuring the reproductive rate of emperor penguinsduring e3ceptionally warm and e3ceptionally cold years
e8 comparing the 456 se2uence of two closely related
plants and inferring their evolutionary histories
Dhich of the following scientific studies would represent
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Dhich of the following scientific studies would representan e3ample of a ?systems biology@ approach
a" measuring the e))ect o) an inading insect that eatsoa6 leaes on the numbers o) oa6 trees and on anysubse>uent changes in the number and types o)decomposer )ungi in the soil
b8 discovering the structure of an enzyme that is importantin digestion of protein
c8 comparing the microscopic structure of leaves of twodifferent species of magnolias
d8 measuring the reproductive rate of emperor penguinsduring e3ceptionally warm and e3ceptionally cold years
e8 comparing the 456 se2uence of two closely related
plants and inferring their evolutionary histories
2i6e Fac6rabbits elephants hae many blood essels
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2i6e Fac6rabbits= elephants hae many blood esselsin their ears that help them cool their bodies byradiating heat< +hich o) the )ollo(ing statements
about this radiated energy (ould be accurateB
a8 +he original source of the energy was the sun
b8 +he energy will be recycled through the
ecosystem
c8 +he radiated energy will be trapped bypredators of the elephants
d8 /ore energy is radiated in cold conditions thanin hot conditions
e8 /ore energy is radiated at night than during the
day
Like 0ackrabbits elephants have many blood vessels in
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0 p ytheir ears that help them cool their bodies by radiatingheat Dhich of the following statements about this radiatedenergy would be accurate
a" The original source o) the energy (as the suneeds that are dispersed by wind are very light
d8 :ish that swim rapidly have bodies that arestreamlined
e8 none of the above
+he idea that form and function are related would not
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be e3emplified by which of the following e3amples
a8 $ells in the intestinal lining of vertebrates havemany small pro0ections that increase the surfacearea for absorption of nutrients
b8 &lants that live in dry areas have large roots forabsorbing water
c8 >eeds that are dispersed by wind are very light
d8 :ish that swim rapidly have bodies that arestreamlined
e" none o) the aboe
magine that you hae Fust discoered a ne(
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magine that you hae Fust discoered a ne(multicellular but microscopic organism that s(ims inponds< ou see that it is propelled by cilia on the
outside o) the organism< +hat can you say about theeolutionary relationships o) this organismB
a8 +he presence of cilia shows that it is more closelyrelated to arameciumthan to humans
b8 +he presence of cilia shows that it shares acommon ancestor with arameciumand humans
c8 =t is probably closely related to pond algae
d8 =t is probably most closely related to prokaryotes
e8 +he presence of cilia demonstrates the diversity but notthe unity of life
=magine that you have 0ust discovered a new multicellular
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g y 0but microscopic organism that swims in ponds Cou see thatit is propelled by cilia on the outside of the organism Dhatcan you say about the evolutionary relationships of thisorganism
a8 +he presence of cilia shows that it is more closelyrelated to arameciumthan to humans
b" The presence o) cilia sho(s that it shares acommon ancestor (ith Parameciumand humansuencecientists who work in forests studying ecology often
collaborate closely with geneticists who work only in thelab
e8 +he practice of science results in a discovery that lendsnew insight and technology involves how this new
insight will be applied to develop a new drug
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An e,perimental study is conducted to
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p ydetermine (hether or not a ne( drug reduceshigh blood pressure< The change in systolic
and diastolic blood pressure alues o) theparticipants represents the
independent variable
dependent ariable
hypothesis
theory
control group
$early hal) a century ago= %< +< .au)man inestigated the
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y y g ge))ect o) prey camou)lage on predation< .au)man tested thehypothesis that the amount o) contrast bet(een the coatcolor o) a mouse and the color o) its surroundings (ould
a))ect the rate o) nighttime predation by o(ls< e alsohypothesi'ed that the color contrast (ould be a))ected by theamount o) moonlight< n this e,ercise= you (ill analy'e data)rom his o(l?mouse predation studiesuids
Elephant
seals
&ishes3irds
Crab?eater
seals
2eopard
seals
Sperm
(hales
Smaller
toothed
(hales
3aleen
(hales
A food web is a
branching food
chain withcomplex trophic
interactions
"eystone #pecies
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=n contrast to dominant species= 6eystone
speciesare not necessarily abundant in acommunity
+hey e3ert strong control on a community by
their ecological roles or niches
:ield studies of sea stars e3hibit their role as a
keystone species in intertidal communities
100
Observation
of sea otter
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100
L0
:0
70
0
#0
Sea otter abundance
Otternumber
!m
a,/=$ ;E+=$9L9/ 7E;8
>mooth E;
;ough E;:lagellum5ucleolus
5uclearenvelope
$hromatin
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$C+(>IELE+(5!
$entrosome
/icrofilaments=ntermediate
filaments
/icrovilli
/icrotubules
/itochondrion
&ero3isome
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$C+(A
>IELE+(5
59$LE9>
$hloroplast
$entral vacuole
/icrofilaments
=ntermediate
filaments
$ell wall
/icrotubules
/itochondrion
&ero3isome
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A typical
rod?shaped
bacterium
A thin section through the
bacterium Bacillus
coagulans!TEM"
0
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columnarepithelium
epithelium
Pseudostrati)ied
ciliated columnarepithelium
Strati)ieds>uamous
epitheliaSimple s>uamous
epithelia
Cuboidalepithelia
3asement membrane
70 m
CO$$ECT@E TSS-E
Collagenous)iber
Elastic)iber
1#0 m
0m
Chondrocytes
Chondroitinsul)ate
2ooseconnectie
tissue
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100
Cartilage
150m
Adipose tissue
&at droplets
3lood
/ed blood cells
+hite blood cell
55 m
Plasma
3oneCentral
canal
00 m
Osteon
40 m
&ibrousconnectie tissue
$uclei
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Passie transport Actie transport
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%i))usion &acilitated di))usionATP
Animalcell
#O #O #O
ypotonic solution sotonic solution ypertonic solution
#O
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2ysed
#O #O #O
$ormal
#O
Shrieled
#O#O#O#OPlantcell