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1 What is Computer

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Page 1: 1 What is Computer 2 What is Computer?  A machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols.  Computers can perform complex and repetitive procedures

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What is Computer

Page 2: 1 What is Computer 2 What is Computer?  A machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols.  Computers can perform complex and repetitive procedures

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What is Computer?

A machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols.

Computers can perform complex and repetitive procedures quickly, precisely and reliably and can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

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電腦

是一台機器,它可以用程式設計成能接受資料(輸入),再處理成有用的資訊(輸出),並將其轉存到其他地方(輔助儲存裝置)作為備份或方便以後重複使用

輸入到輸出之間的處理是由軟體指揮硬體來完成的

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電腦的本質

特性 速度 可靠度 儲存容量

結果 生產力 決策 降低成本

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電腦的原理

電子零件,其具有通電時即開始運作,而不通電時,則無法運作的特性,而我們所談的電腦,就是由許多電子零件所組合而成的機器,也因此它也必須使用電子零件通電與不通電的特性來操作與控制它。

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電腦的原理 (cont’d)

人們用 1 代表有通電,用 0 代表沒通電的方式定義出資料的基本單位「位元」 (Binary Digit ,簡稱 bit) ,但是,單一位元並不能定義出人類複雜的語言,因此人們又將其定義出位元組,每個位元組 (Byte) 則是由 8 個位元所組成,因此它可以協助我們表示出 256 種資料。

此後,每 1024 個位元組我們將其稱為 1KB(kilo Byte) ,為何是 1024 而不是 1000 呢?這是因為1024 為 2 的整數次方 (2^10) ,非常方便電腦內容的計算,因此電腦所使用的 1KB 為 1024 個位元組而不是 1000 個位元組,可別弄混了喔!

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位元、位元組、字組 位元 (BIT)

Binary DigIT 電路開或關 (On/off) 1 或 0

位元組 (BYTE) 8 個 bit 每一個位元組可儲存一個字元

字組 (WORD) 暫存器的大小 CPU 在處理時當做一個單位的位元個數

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數字系統 因為電腦內部的作業方式,只認得 0 與 1 兩種狀

態 ( 沒通電及有通電 ) ,所以電腦的數字系統 (Number System) 就必須採用只有 0 與 1 的二進位數字系統 (Binary number system) ,例如 11011011 來讓電腦可以分辨及處理數字。

人們所習慣使用的數字系統為十進制數字系統 (Decimal number system) ,例如 219 ,但是電腦卻無法直接了解該數值所代表的意義,因此人機之間必須取得某種方式,以相互溝通。

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數字系統的種類

二進制二進制表示法是以 2 為基底的數值表示法。

0

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八進制

八進制表示法是以 8 為基底的數值表示法,該數值將逢 8 進位。

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十六進制

十六進制表示法是以 16 為基底的數值表示法,該數值將逢 16 進位。

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整數與浮點數

所謂的整數就是不包含小數的數值,但可將其分為正整數及負整數,如 17 、 2000 、 -16 等等都是屬於整數;

實數又可稱為浮點數,亦即該數值將會以包含小數的方式表示出來,如 3.14159 、1.41421 等。

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負數要怎麼表示? 整數的補數表示法由於電腦只能了解 0 與 1 的數值,所以當我們輸入

一個正整數時,電腦可以用數字碼直接將其表示出來,但是如果我們輸入一個負整數時,數字碼似乎就無法表示出其負數值來,因此補數就是為了表示出負數值所代表的數值,所建立出來的方式。

補數表示法有一的補數、二的補數、九的補數及十的補數,其中以二的補數最常被使用。

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如何表示文字 (character) ? A => ? B => ? 編碼… ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

使用一個包含 8 個位元的位元組28 = 256 種可能的組合或字元用在幾乎所有的 PC 和許多較大型的電腦

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01000001

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編碼機制 EBCDIC

使用一個包含 8 個位元的位元組 28 =256 種可能的組合或字元 主要用在 IBM 相容的大型主機

Unicode 使用兩個包含 8 個位元的位元組 (16 個位元 ) 216 = 65,536 種可能的組合或字元 可支援世界上所有語言所需要的字 與 ASCII 回溯相容

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電腦的用途

資料運算、圖表製作 動畫、模擬… 教育學習…

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電腦的用途 (cont’d)

執法與醫療保健

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電腦就在我們四周 !

我們每天的生活都會接觸到電腦 !

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電腦系統

人 (User) 軟體 (Software) 硬體 (Hardware)

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程式設計師 (programmer)–撰寫程式的人

使用者或終端使用者–使用電腦功能的人

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軟體 (Software)

程式 (program) 由一連串的指令所組成,用來指揮硬體該做什麼工作與產生什麼成果

#include <stdio.h>int main(void){ printf(“Hello World\n”); return 0;}

C program, 在螢幕上印出” Hello World”

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硬體 (Hardware)

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電腦基本處理流程輸入(input) 處理

(processing)

輸出(output)儲存

(store)

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輸入設備 (Input Device)

Keyboard mouse 光筆 / 數位版 搖桿 麥克風

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輸出設備 (Output Device)

螢幕 印表機 繪圖機 喇叭

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儲存設備 (Store Device)

軟碟 (Floppy) 硬碟 (Hardisk) CD / DVD Tape CF (Compact Flash) / USB

存取速度最快

一般單片可儲存約 4.37G

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Conclusion

電腦能接受指令處理資料 電腦的特性是速度快、可靠、可程式化 電腦系統以二進制來處理資料 電腦系統是由人、軟體、硬體所組成 電腦系統運作的過程

輸入 運算 輸出 儲存