1k38土地資源概論-試閱讀檔

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www.wunan.com.tw (02)27055066

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iii

(flow resources)

(stock resources)

(reproducible resources)

(injection)

102 8 1


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v

G. Tyler Miller Scott Spoolman

(Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and

Solutions)

102 9


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vii

Contents

2

2

3

6

9

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42

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46

70

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108

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135

142

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148

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fe 236

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256

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285

305

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326

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331

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396

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427

431

436

436

437

437

438

438

443

445


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xiii

446

446

446

447

449

452

1950 452

1960 452

1970 454

1980 456

1990 456

89 457

462

462

464

464

465

006688 466

789 466

466

467

467

467

2015 (2007-

2009) 469


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xiv

470

470

471

471

472

472

472

473

473

474

475

478

479

480

481

484

489

490

498

504

508


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xv

513

514

515

521

523

523

525

528

530

530

531

531

532

533

533

534

538

538

542

544

545

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xvi

547

552

553

554

555

556

558

561

567


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1

Chapter


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2

2012 5 70 4,0001

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3

1

1

773

4

(flow

resources)(stock resources)4

(renewable resources) (losable

resources)

4 (1984) (fund resources)

(flow resources) (biological resources) (ibid.: 303)Miller (renewable

resources) (potentially renewable resources) (nonrenewable resources)

Miller(ecological resource)

(economic resources)

(needs and wants)

(Miller, 2000: 11; 2004: 9)(2004: 192-193) (1990: 853-857)


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4

biological diversity biodiversity5

(1) (genetic diversity)(2)

(species diversity)(3)

(ecological diversity)

(4) (functional diversity)

(Miller, 1998: 12; 2000: 11; 2004: 76)

(nonrenewable resources)(1) (energy resources)

(2) (mineral resources)

(3) (non-mineral resources)

80%

(economically depleted) (Miller, 1998: 16;

2000: 16; 2004: 9)

1-1-1

5 (U.S. Office of Technology Assessment)

(Dobson, 1996/2000: 10)


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5

1

Miller, 2004: 9

1-1-1

6

(reuse)

6 (common property

resources)

(tragedy of the commons) (Hardin, 1968)

(1)

(2)

(Miller, 2004: 11)


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6

(sustained

yield)

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7

1

7

(1)

(2) (3) (4)

(5) (Barlowe, 1978: 26)

7 Barlowe (1978: 26-34) (1984: 23-24) (1990:

9) (1995: 39-45; 2004: 21-39)


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8

80 92

81 10,012 92 5,134

1-2-1

(Hartwick and Olewiler, 1986: 8-9)

20002001(6)27820032872004287

92

1-2-1

80 6,280.31 1,002.69 729.54 204.27 474.86 2,087.19 539.64 58.54 1,183.58

81 10,011.89 1,909.28 1,407.56 527.30 1,692.00 1,788.26 1,491.00 104.01 1,092.48

82 3,816.58 1,366.25 707.74 273.37 290.27 673.59 257.11 9.19 239.48

83 5,985.63 1,479.06 667.57 506.96 697.87 1,097.06 779.53 265.23 492.89

84 5,322.70 972.56 901.17 374.81 321.87 1,497.68 251.12 59.42 944.07

85 4,989.67 1,107.05 798.71 224.22 178.46 520.49 526.04 208.47 426.23

86 7,951.56 1,238.96 849.16 362.79 285.28 823.66 314.09 15.13 1,062.49

87 5,996.20 1,015.68 1,511.21 490.64 344.44 1,471.10 673.67 32.55 816.91

88 8,760.73 1,769.48 1,610.67 418.60 877.22 1,041.68 721.95 166.85 2,154.28

89 3,760.70 691.82 1,454.96 111.84 357.37 304.09 333.46 195.62 311.54

90 4,121.97 794.66 1,231.65 225.98 141.23 528.40 302.45 661.70 235.90

91 5,134.52 485.59 1,206.15 410.66 170.35 2,159.51 348.07 49.17 305.02

92 4,647.81 879.89 532.45 374.82 444.68 327.99 531.55 32.76 1,523.67


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9

1

67

4

(resource requirements)

(the demand

for land resources)

(the willingness and ability of people to buy)

(a derived

type of demands) (derived demands)

(Barlowe, 1978: 21-22; Temple, 1994: 66)


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10

(population density) (man-land ratio)8

641 339

494 409 7429

3

2 1-2-2

65

1,000 1,132 81 10,000

10,470 86 13,592 2012

37,579 21,042 1.79

48,214 2.29 51,460 2.45

1-2-3 89

8 (qualitative terms)

(arable cropland equivalent per person) (per capita

availability of food calories) (Barlowe, 1978: 59-60)


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11

1

1-2-2 2011

144.00 150.7 1,046.5

36.19 23.2 641.1

99.26 49.0 493.7

40.84 16.7 408.9

30.53 11.0 360.3

3,287.58 1,241.3 377.6

377.80 128.1 339.1

65.61 20.9 318.5

300.00 95.7 319.0

331.69 87.9 265.0

244.88 62.7 256.0

356.98 81.8 229.0

796.10 176.9 222.0

301.27 60.8 201.8

120.54 24.5 203.3

147.18 30.5 207.2

923.77 162.3 175.7

9,572.86 1,345.9 140.6

78.86 10.5 133.1

513.12 69.5 135.4

108.89 14.7 135.0

1,904.56 238.2 125.1

323.25 38.2 118.2

91.98 10.7 116.3

241.04 34.5 143.1

0.70 5.2 7,428.6

9,632.03 311.7 32.4

9,984.67 24.5 2.3

7,741.22 22.7 2.9

1. 2011

2.poptool : http://www.poptool.net/quickcheck/country/

2012 5 26


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12

41 45.55% 98 9.57%

5.45

4.01 1-2-4

1-2-3 2012 (GNP)

(GNP)

21,042 4,895

50,742 159,278

48,214 61,521

42,335 34,630

* 41,057 26,112

* 38,667 24,437

22,708 11,359

51,460 2,734

37,579 2,689

1.

2. B-2 (GNP) B-4

2013 7 18

1. * GDP

2. 2008 (Population Reference Bureau)

(World Population Data Sheet)


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13

1

1-2-4

(1)

(2)

(%)

(3)=(2)/(1)

(4)

(5)

(6)=(5)/(2)

(%)

(7)=(5)/(4)

79 5,093,098 859,772 16.88 20,352,966 4,288,774 4.99 21.07

80 5,216,613 824,256 15.80 20,556,842 4,206,139 5.10 20.46

81 5,344,486 797,745 14.93 20,752,494 4,081,088 5.12 19.67

82 5,484,603 822,395 14.99 20,944,006 3,993,051 4.86 19.07

83 5,635,936 807,791 14.33 21,125,792 4,006,641 4.96 18.97

84 5,805,286 792,120 13.64 21,304,181 3,930,028 4.96 18.45

85 6,077,469 779,427 12.97 21,471,448 3,716,326 4.77 17.31

86 6,185,146 780,246 12.61 21,683,316 3,720,757 4.77 17.16

87 6,350,616 782,136 12.32 21,870,876 3,727,761 4.77 17.04

88 6,513,324 787,407 12.09 22,034,096 3,747,157 4.76 17.01

89 6,662,192 721,161 10.82 22,216,109 3,669,166 5.09 16.52

90 6,782,168 726,575 10.71 22,339,759 3,686,823 5.07 16.50

91 6,904,466 724,949 10.50 22,453,080 3,665,372 5.06 16.32

92 7,026,158 728,205 10.36 22,534,761 3,403,922 4.67 15.11

93 7,152,245 721,418 10.09 22,615,307 3,225,165 4.47 14.26

94 7,263,739 767,316 10.56 22,689,774 3,400,036 4.43 14.98

95 7,364,396 756,366 10.27 22,790,250 3,232,592 4.27 14.18

96 7,481,207 751,338 10.04 22,866,867 3,050,483 4.06 13.34

97 7,623,793 748,276 9.81 22,942,706 3,027,627 4.05 13.20

98 7,772,091 744,147 9.57 23,016,050 2,983,560 4.01 12.96

99 7,902,440 776,724 9.83 23,054,815 2,961,874 3.81 12.85

100 8,021,749 777,473 9.69 23,110,923 2,944,336 3.79 12.74

19993082012196http://www.coa.gov.tw/htmlarea_file/web_articles/

coa/15002/099196.xlshttp://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/book/Book.aspx

1.(1)

0.05 (2) (3) (4) 100

(5) 20,000

2.

3. 84 89 94 99


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14

1950 1996 2 25

13 2025 55

1996 43%

75% 35% 75%

5 350 800

600 (Miller, 1998: 311-312)

64

60.2%5.7% 99 79.6%

13.2%9

89 1 26

10

9 99 18,400,456 23,119,772

4,750.26 36,008

79.6% 13.2%http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/list.htm2012

5 2710 89 1 26 8900017370

34 37 91 1 30 92 2 7


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15

1

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16

(developing countries) 1.6%2002

50 81% 15%

12% 25%(developed

countries) 0.1%2002 12

19% (85%) (88%)

75% 90%

(Miller, 2000: 6-7; 2004: 5-6) 1-3-2

(overpopulation)

1-3-2 1998 2002

1998 2002

12 47 12 50

0.1% 1.7% 0.1% 1.6%

9 64 7 60

15 19% 35% 18% 33%

65 14% 5% (14%) (5%)

73% 36% 75% 40%

75 63 76 65

97% 48% (97%) (48%)

96% 45% (96%) (45%)

GNP(1996) 20,240 1,230 10,750

1,075 2,710

2,710

Miller, 2000: 62004: 8, 262, 661-2

1. (1)

(GNI) 10,750

(2)

2. 1998


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17

1

4

1798 (Thomas

Robert Malthus) (An Essay on the Principle of Population)

11

(the brink of

starvation)

(1)

(2)

(the

Malthusian Law) (1)

(needs)

(destructive overexploitation of environmental resources)(2)

(3)

(productive capacity)

1-3-3

2011 15% 2.4%

60% 1.1%

1.9% 1-3-4

2008 13.3

111

(1984)

35-49


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18

1-3-3 2011

20 8 1.2

36 12 2.4

18 7 1.1

13 8 0.5

20 5 1.6

18 7 1.1

17 6 1.1

11 11 0.0

18 7 1.2

9 7 1.9

1. 2011

2. 1. http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/national/j001.xls

2013 7 18

3. h t t p : / / w w w . s t a t . g o v . t w /

ct.asp?xItem=15409&CtNode=36222013 7 18

1-3-4 2008 2050

2008 2025 2050

1,330.04 1,453.14 1,417.04

1,148.00 1,431.27 1,613.80

304.06 358.73 403.93

237.51 263.29 288.11

196.34 213.80 218.51

172.80 246.29 335.20

153.55 195.01 222.50

146.26 210.06 289.08

140.70 132.35 116.10

127.29 120.79 101.66

1. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, 2009.3.11,

World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. Highlights. New York United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/

population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_annextables.xls2011 6 20

2. U.S. Census Bureau, 2008.6.18, Population by Country or Area, International Data Base, http://www.census.gov/

compendia/statab/cats/international_statistics/population_households.html2011 6 20


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19

1

1-3-5 2011 2025

2011 2025

(%)

(%)

6,987 100.00 8,084 100.00

1,051 15.04 1,444 17.86

4,216 60.34 4,780 59.13

346 4.95 391 4.84

158 2.26 185 2.29

42 0.60 45 0.56

396 5.67 447 5.53

740 10.59 746 9.23

37 0.66 46 0.57

1. 2011

2.1. http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/national/j001.xls

2013 7 18

11.5 36% 2025

14 2050 16

2025 1.21 2050 1.02

1-3-5 2011 2025 11 95%

4

1960 1970

(neo-Malthusian)(gloom-and-doom

pessimists) (cornucopians)

(unrealistic technological optimists)


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(Barlowe, 1978: 123; Miller, 1988: 17)

(throwaway worldview)

(sustainable-earth worldview) (Miller, 1988: 17)

1-3-1(1) (2)

(3) (4) (5)

(Miller, 1988: 142004: 12)

Miller, 2004: 12.

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