cng n thi hc k 1

CNG N TP MN HO HC 10I/ CHNG I: NGUYN T 1/ BI 1 : THNH PHN NGUYN T * Kch thc v khi lng nguyn t : ng knh nguyn t khong 1010m (Ch : nh : 1nm = 109m ; 1 = 1010m ; 1nm = 10) Nguyn t hidro c bn kinh nh nht khong 0,053 nm. ng knh ht nhn vo khong 105 nm. ng knh electron v proton khong 108nm. * Ht nhn : Proton (p) : in tch = 1+ ; khi lng 1u Ntron (n): in tch = 0 ; khi lng 1u * V nguyn t: Electron (e): in tch =1 ; khi lng : 5,5.104u 2/ BI 2 : HT NHN NGUYN T. NGUYN T HA HC. NG V * S n v in tch ht nhn = s proton = s electron.= Z * S Khi A : A=Z+N * S hiu nguyn t = s n v in tch ht nhn = Z. A * K hiu nguyn t : Z X * Cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s ntron, do s khi A ca chng cng khc nhau. * Nguyn t khi ca mt nguyn t cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln n v khi lng nguyn t. * Nguyn t khi trung bnh:A= aA + bB 100

Trong : A, B l nguyn t khi ca ng v A, B. a, b l % s nguyn t ca ng v A v B. 3/ BI 4: CU TO V NGUYN T 1) Cc electron trn cng mt lp c nng lng gn bng nhau Nng lng ca electron lp trong thp hn nng lng electron lp ngoi. C 7 lp electron ( tnh t ht nhn ra ngoi) n = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 tn lp : K L M N O P Q nng lng tng dn 2) Phn lp: c 4 phn lp : s, p, d, f. Cc electron trn cng mt phn lp c nng lng bng nhau. Lp K c 1 phn lp : 1s Lp L c 2 phn lp : 2s v 2p Lp M c 3 phn lp : 3s, 3p v 3d LP N c 4 phn lp : 4s, 4p, 4d v 4f 3) S E trong ti a trong mi phn lp: Phn lp s : C ti a 2 electron. Phn lp p : C ti a 6 electron. Phn lp d : C ti a 10 electron. Phn lp f : C ti a 14 electron. S e ti a trong mi lp: -Lp K c 2.12 : cha ti a 2e -Lp L c 2. 22 : cha ti a 8e -Lp M c 2.32 : cha ti a 18e -Lp N c 2.42 : cha ti a 32e 1

cng n thi hc k 1 Tng qut : lp th n cha ti a 2n electron 4) Th t nng lng : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 4p 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 5) Cu hnh electron nguyn t: 6) c im lp electron ngoi cng: Cc electron lp ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t . a- Lp ngoi cng c ti a 8 electron : Bn vng. Cc nguyn t ny hu nh khng tham gia phn ng ha hc ( tr He c 2e ngoi cng l bn vng) l nguyn t kh him. b- cc nguyn t c 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng l nguyn t kim loi. c- nguyn t c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng l nguyn t phi kim. d- Cc nguyn t c 4 electron ngoi cng c th l nguyn t kim loi hoc phi kim. II/ CHNG II : BNG TUN HON CC NT HA HC V NH LUT TUN HON 1/ BI 7: BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC 1) Nguyn tc sp xp : 2) Cu to bng tun hon: a- nguyn t: S th t ca nguyn t ng bng s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t . b- Chu k: Chu k l dy cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron, c xp theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn. S th tca chu k trng vi s lp electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t trong chu k . * Chu k nh: gm chu k 1, 2, 3. * Chu k ln : gm chu k 4, 5, 6, 7. c- Nhm nguyn t: l tp hp cc nguyn t m nguyn t c cu hnh electron tng t nhau , do c tnh cht ha hc gn ging nhau v c xp thnh mt ct. d- Khi cc nguyn t: * Khi cc nguyn t s : gm cc nguyn t nhm IA v IIA Nguyn t s l nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp s. * Khi cc nguyn t p: gm cc nguyn t thuc cc nhm t IIIA n VIIIA ( tr He). Nguyn t p l nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp p. * Khi cc nguyn t d : gm cc nguyn t thuc nhm B. Nguyn t d l cc nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp d. * Khi cc nguyn t f: gm cc nguyn t thuc h Lantan v h Actini. Nguyn t f l cc nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp f. 2/ BI 8 : S BIN I TUN HON CU HNH ELECTRON NGUYN T CA CC NGUYN T HA HC. 1) Cc nguyn t nhm A: nguyn t s v p * S th t nhm = s electron ha tr= s electron lp ngoi cng. * S bin i tun hon v cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t khi in tch ht nhn tng dn chnh l nguyn nhn ca s bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t. 2) Cc nguyn t nhm B: nguyn t d v f. ( kim loi chuyn tip). * Cu hnh electron nguyn t c dng : (n1)da nsb(a=110) * S electron ha tr = s electron lp n + s electron phn lp (n1)d nhng cha bo ha. * Ta c : - a + b 7 th s th t nhm B = a + b. - a + b = 8, 9, 10 th nguyn t nhm VIII B. - a + b > 10 th s th t nhm B = 10 (a + b). 3/ BI 9: S BIN I TUN HON TNH CHT HA HC CA CC NGUYN T HA HC. NH LUT TUN HON 1) S bin i tnh kim loi tnh phi kim. a Trong cng chu k, khi in tch ht nhn tng: * tnh kim loi gim, tnh phi kim tng dn. b trong cng nhm A, khi in tch ht nhn tng: * tnh kim loi tng, tnh phi kim gim dn. 22

cng n thi hc k 1 2) m in: ca mt nguyn t l i lng c trng cho kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t khi to thnh lin kt ha hc. Khi in tch ht nhn tng: + trong cng chu k, m in tng. + trong cng nhm, m in gim 3) S bin i ha tr: Trong cng chu k , khi in tch ht nhn tng , ha tr cao nht vi oxi tng t 1 n 7, ha tr i vi hidro gim t 4 n 1. 4) S bin i tnh axit-baz ca oxit v hidroxit tng ng: a Trong cng chu k , khi in tch ht nhn tng : tnh baz gim , tnh axit tng . b Trong cng nhm A, khi in tch ht nhn tng : tnh baz tng, tnh axit gim. III/ CHNG III : LIN KT HA HC. 1. Khi nim lin kt ha hc-Lin kt ion. a. Lin kt ha hc l s kt hp gia cc nguyn t to thnh phn t hay tinh th bn vng hn. b. Quy tc bt t ( 8 electron) : Theo quy tc bt t ( 8 electron) th nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c khuynh hng lin kt vi cc nguyn t khc t c cu hnh electron vng bn ca cc kh him vi 8 electron ( hoc 2 i vi heli ) lp ngoi cng. c. Nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t mang in gi l ion : * Ion mang in tch dng gi l ion dng hay cation. * Ion mang in tch m gi l ion m hay anion. * S in tch dng ( du +) hoc in tch m (du ) = s electron m nguyn t cho ( nhng) hoc nhn . d. Lin kt ion l lin kt c to thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du. Lin kt ion c hnh thnh gia kim lai in hnh v phi kim in hnh ( 2 nguyn t c tnh cht khc nhau hon ton). 2. Lin kt cng ha tr . Lin kt cng ha tr l lin kt c hnh thnh gia 2 nguyn t bng mt hay nhiu cp electron chung. Lin kt cng ha tr c hnh thnh gia 2 nguyn t phi kim ging nhau hon ton ( n cht) hoc khc nhau khng nhiu ( hp cht) . 3. Tinh th nguyn t to thnh t cc nguyn t lin kt nhau bng lin kt cng ha tr. Cc tinh th nguyn t c cng cao, nhit nng chy v nhit si cao. VD: kim cng. Tinh th phn t to thnh t s lin kt gia cc phn t. VD : tinh th iot, nc . Tinh th phn t d nng chy , d bay hi. 4. Hiu m in : * t 0,0 n < 0,4 : lk cng ha tr khng cc * t 0,4 n < 1,7 : lk cng ha tr c cc. * t 1,7 : lk ion. 5. Ha tr v s oxi ha: a. Ha tr trong hp cht ion: Ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht ion gi l in ha tr v bng in tch ca ion . Tr s in ha tr ca mt nguyn t bng s electron m nguyn t ca nguyn t nhng hoc thu to ion. b. Ha tr trong hp cht cng ha tr: Ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht cng ha tr gi l cng ha tr . Tr s cng ha tr bng s lin kt cng ha tr m nguyn t ca nguyn t to ra c vi cc nguyn t khc trong phn t. c. S oxi ha: IV/ CHNG IV: PHN NG OXIHA-KH. 1. nh ngha: 1) Cht kh (cht b oxi ha) l cht nhng electron. 2) Cht oxiha (cht b kh) l cht thu electron. 3) Qu trnh oxiha ( s oxi ha) l qu trnh nhng electron. 4) Qu trnh kh ( s kh) l qu trnh thu electron. 3

cng n thi hc k 1 5) Phn ng oxiha - kh l phn ng ha hc, trong c s chuyn electron gia cc cht phn ng, hay phn ng oxi ha kh l phn ng ha hc trong c s thay i s oxi ha ca mt s nguyn t. 2. ngha: 3. PHN LOI PHN NG : a. Phn ng khng c s thay i s oxi ha : Gm c : Mt s phn ng ha hp , mt s phn ng phn hy v phn ng trao i. b. Phn ng c s thay i s oxi ha: Gm c : Mt s phn ng ha hp, mt s phn ng phn hy v phn ng th. BI TP N TP MN HA HC NM HC 2009-2010 Cu 1: Nguyn t nguyn t X c tng s cc ht c bn l 82, tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht khng mang in l 22 ht. Xc nh Z, A v vit k hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t X Cu 2: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s cc ht c bn l 82 ht, trong tng s cc ht mang in nhiu gp 1.733 ln tng s ht khng mang in. Tm X? Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi cho dng n cht ca X tc dng vi HCl, Cu, O2, S, H2O, N2. Cu 3: Nguyn t ca nguyn t Y c cu to bi 36 ht, trong s ht mang in gp i s ht khng mang in. Vit cu hnh e nguyn t ca nguyn t Y? Cu 4: Tng s ht c bn trong nguyn t nguyn t X l 155, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 33 ht. Vit cu hnh e nguyn t ca nguyn t X? Cu 5: Tng s ht c bn ca nguyn t nguyn t X l 13. Tm s lng tng ht? Cu 6: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s e trong cc phn lp p l 10, nguyn t ca nguyn t Y c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht mang in ca X l 4 n v. Tm X v Y? Cu 7: Ion A2-, B3+ c tng s ht mang in ln lt l: 34 v 23. Hy vit cu hnh electron ca A, B v xc nh v tr ca chng trong bng tun hon? Cu 8: Bit trong t nhin brom c 2 ng v bn 79Br v 81Br, nguyn t khi trung bnh ca brom l 79.92u. Tnh t l % s nguyn t ca mi ng v? Cu 9: Cc nguyn t A, B, C, D, E, F c in tch ht nhn theo th t sau: 12, 20, 35, 25, 26, 29. Hy vit cu hnh electron ca chng v cho bit tn nguyn t, v tr ca chng trong bng tun hon. Cu 10: A v B l 2 nguyn t thuc cng mt nhm A v hai chu k lin tip nhau trong BTH.Tng s prtn trong ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B l 32. Xc nh v tr ca chng trong BTH? Cu 11: Nguyn t clo c 2 ng v. Bit s lng nguyn t ca ng v th nht gp 3 ln s lng nguyn t ca ng v th hai v ng v th hai nhiu hn ng v th nht 2 ntron. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca clo l 35.5. Tm s khi ca hai ng v? Cu 12: Ha tan ht a gam oxit kim loi M thuc nhm IIA bng mt lng va dung dch H2SO4 17.5% thu c dung dch mui c nng 20%. Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi. Cu 13: Hai nguyn t A v B ng k tip nhau trong mt chu k c tng s proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t l 39. Xc nh v tr ca A v B trong bng tun hon. Cu 14: A v B l hai nguyn t thuc hai nhm A k tip nhau, B nhm V, trng thi n cht A v B c phn ng vi nhau. Tng s proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B l 23. Xc nh v tr ca A v B. Cu 15: X l mt nguyn t nhm VA, Y l mt nguyn t phi kim cng chu k vi X. Tng s in tch dng trong hai ht nhn X v Y l 32. Tm X v Y. Cu 16: Tng s proton ca hai nguyn t A, B l 32, bit chng thuc cng mt nhm v 2 chu k lin tip nhau. Tm A v B. Cu 17: Cho 0.585 gam mt kim loi kim tc dng vi nc d, thu c 0.168 lt kh H2 thot ra ktc a) Xc nh tn v v tr ca kim loi kim. b) Anion ca nguyn t no c in tch 1- c cng cu hnh e vi cation ca kim loi va xc nh c. Cu 17: Nguyn t ca nguyn t A c tng s electron trong cc phn lp d l 6. Nguyn t ca nguyn t B c s electron t hn nguyn t ca nguyn t A l 18 ht. Tm A v B, hy vit cc hp cht c th c ca A v B? Cu 18: Cho 0.64 gam hn hp gm kim loi M v oxit ca n, c s mol bng nhau, tc dng ht vi H2SO4 long. Th tch kh H2 (ktc) thu c l 0.224 lit. Cho bit M thuc nhm IIA. Xc nh M. Cu 19: Cho 0.85 gam hai kim loi thuc hai chu k k tip trong nhm IA vo cc cha 49.18 gam nc thu c dung dch A v kh B. trung ha dung dch A cn 30 ml dung dch HCl 1M. 4

cng n thi hc k 1 a. Xc nh hai kim loi. b. Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong dung dch A. Cu 20: Ha tan ht 3.3 gam hn hp bt kim loi gm Zn, Fe v Ca trong dung dch HCl thu c 1.344 lit kh ktc v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X th khi lng mui khan thu c l bao nhiu? Cu 21: A, B l hai nguyn t thuc cng mt nhm A v thuc hai chu k lin tip nhau trong bng tun hon. Bit ZA + ZB = 32. Tm ZA, ZB. Cu 22: Hai nguyn t ca nguyn t X, Y c tng s ht l 112, tng s ht ca nguyn t X nhiu hn ca nguyn t Y l 8 ht. Tm X v Y. Cu 23: Tng s ht c bn trong hai nguyn t kim loi A v B l 142, trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht khng mang in l 42. S ht mang in ca nguyn t B nhiu hn ca A l 12. Tm A v B. Cu 24: Hy gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt ion trong cc phn t sau v xc nh in ho tr ca tng nguyn t: NaCl, CaCl2, K2O, MgO. Cu 25: Vit cng thc electron, cng thc cu to cc phn t sau v xc nh cng ha tr ca tng nguyn t : Cl2, O2, N2, HCl, CO2, NH3, CH4, C2H4, C2H2. Cu 26: Xc nh s OXH ca tng nguyn t trong cc phn t v ion sau: O2, H2, NaCl, H2O, CH4, H2S, SO3, PH3, H2SO4, H3PO4, , CuSO4, KClO3, KMnO4, Na2Cr2O7, Br-, NO 3 Cu 27: Cho 4,6 gam kim loi kim (nhm IA) M vo nc d, thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). Xc nh M. Cu 28:Cho 5,6 gam kim loi M ha tr II vo dung dch HCl d, c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). Xc nh M. Cu 29: Cho 3 g hn hp X gm mt kim loi kim A v natri tc dng vi nc d thu c dung dch Y v kh Z. trung ho dung dch Y cn 0,2 mol HCl. Xc nh nguyn t A . Cu 30: Hn hp X gm hai kim loi A v B hai chu k k tip nhau ca nhm IIA. Ly 0,88g X cho ho tan hon ton trong dung dch HCl d, thu c 0,672 lt (ktc) v dung dch Y. C cn dung dch Y thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m v tn ca A, B? Cu 31: Khi cho 3,425 gam mt kim loi ho tr II tc dng vi nc th thu c 0,56 lt kh H2 (kc).Xc nh tn kim loi Cu 32: Hai nguyn t A,B ng k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k ca bng tun hon c tng s in tch ht nhn l 25.Vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t A,B v cho bit v tr A,B trong BTH Cu 33: Cho 10,5 g hn hp 2 kim loi 2 chu k lin tip v u thuc nhm IIA ca BTH tc dng vi axit H2SO4 d thu c 6,72 lt H2( ktc). Xc nh 2 kim loi Cu 34: Ha tan hon ton 2,4g kim loi Mg vo dung dch HNO3 long, gi s ch thu c V lt kh N2 duy nht (ktc). Tnh V? Cu 35: Cho 1,44g hn hp gm kim loi M v oxit ca n MO, c s mol bng nhau, tc dng ht vi H 2SO4 c, un nng. Th tch kh SO2(ktc) thu c l 0,224lit. Cho bit rng ho tr ln nht ca M l II. Tm kim loi M. Cu 36: Cho 0.585 gam mt kim loi kim tc dng vi nc d, thu c 0.168 lt kh H2 thot ra ktc a) Xc nh tn v v tr ca kim loi kim. b) Anion ca nguyn t no c in tch 1- c cng cu hnh e vi cation ca kim loi va xc nh c. Cu 37: Nguyn t ca nguyn t A c tng s electron trong cc phn lp d l 6. Nguyn t ca nguyn t B c s electron t hn nguyn t ca nguyn t A l 18 ht. Tm A v B, hy vit cc hp cht c th c ca A v B? Cu 38: Thit lp cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng bng electron: 1. FeI2 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + I2 + H2O 2. As2O3 + HNO3 + H2O H3AsO4 + NO 3. FeCl3 + H2S FeCl2 + S + HCl 4. KI + HNO3 I2 + KNO3 + NO + H2O 5. CaI2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + I2 + H2S + H2O 6. CrI3 + KOH + Cl2 K2CrO4 + KIO4 + KCl + H2O 7.CuSO4 + KI CuI + I2 + K2SO4 8. Na2SO3 + H2SO4 + KMnO4 K2SO4 + Na2SO4 + MnSO4 9.CuS + HNO3 CuSO4 + NO + H 10.HgS + HNO3 HgSO4 + NO + H2O 11. MnO2 + K2MnO4 + H2SO4 KMnO4 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O 5

cng n thi hc k 1 12.NaBr + KMnO4 + H2SO4 Br2 + MnSO4 + Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + H2O 13.Fe3O4 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O 14. S + NaOH Na2SO4 + Na2S + H2O 15.Br2 + NaOH NaBr + NaBrO3 + H2O 16.FeS2 + O2 SO2 + Fe2O3 17.FeS2 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2SO4 + H2O Cu 39: Cho m gam KMnO4 tc dng vi HCl c th thu c 3.36 lit kh clo (ktc). Tnh khi lng m? Cu 40: Cho 0.1 mol FeO tc dng hon ton vi axit H 2SO4 long thu c dung dch A phn ng xy ra hon ton. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan. Tm m? Cu 41: Cn bao nhiu(g)Cu kh hon ton lng ion bc c trong 85 ml dung dch AgNO3 0.15M? Cu 42: Kali iotua tc dng vi kali pemanganat trong dung dch axit sunfuric, ngi ta thu c 1.2g mangan (II) sunfat. a) Tnh s gam iot to thnh? b) Tnh khi lng kali iotua tham gia phn ng. Cu 43: iiot pentaoxit ( I2O5) tc dng vi cacbon monooxit to ra cacbon ioxit v iot. a) Lp phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng oxi ha kh trn. b) Khi cho 1 lit hn hp kh c cha CO v CO2 tham gia phn ng th khi lng iiot pentaoxit b kh l 0.50g. Tnh thnh phn % v th tch ca CO trong hn hp kh. Bit rng iu kin th nghim, th tch mol ca cht kh V = 24 lt.

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