4. 4.1 4.1...
TRANSCRIPT
-
23
4. 4.1 ( )
4.1.1 4.1.1 Nafion
MEA
MEA 53%
47% Nafion
Nafion Nafion
100%Nafion
MEA
MEA
4.1.2 4.1.2.1 - Pt - Pt Pt
4.1.1 Pt 11.3MHCl-0.36MH2O2
1 M
Pt
Pt
2 Pt 79 %20 % Pt
1 M -
Pt
4.1.1
/mg
Nafion
0.16 0.14
Nafion 0.00 0.30
-
24
Pt
HNO3 + 3HCl NOCl + Cl2 + 2H2O (4.1.1)
Pt + 2NOCl + Cl2 + 2Cl- [PtCl6]2- + 2NO (4.1.2)
Pt
. 4.1.2
Nafion
Fig. 4.1.1. Time dependence of Pt dissolution with aqua regia ( ), 1MHCl-0.36MH2O2 (), 1MHCl-10.3MH2O2 (), and 11.3MHCl-0.36MH2O2 mixture () at RT.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Dissolved
Pt/%
t/s
aqua regia
1 MHCl-0.36 MH O
1 MHCl-10.3 MH O
11.3 MHCl-0.36 MH O
2 2
2 2
2 2
Fig. 4.1.2. Scheme of three-phase interface in PEFCs
(Nafion)
-
25
(4.2) Cl-
2
R = R1exp(t /1)+ R2exp(t /2) (4.1.3)
R R1R2
1 (s)2 (s)
R1 R2
R1+ R2 = 1 (4.1.4)
4.1.2 R2
R2 = 1Re / Ryy (4.1.5)
ReRyy
26 %4.2104(s) (12
) Pt
94(s) Pt
(4.1.1)
Pt Pt
4.1.2 Result of the analysis based on eq. 3.3.
R 1 R 2 1 (s) 2 (s) R 2
0.74 0.26 94 4.2104 0.886
-
26
- Pt 2, 3)
Pt + H2O2 + 4HCl [PtCl4]2- + 2H+ + 2H2O (4.1.6)
Pt + 2H2O2 + 6HCl [PtCl6]2- + 2H+ + 4H2O (4.1.7)
H2O2 + 2HCl Cl2 + 2H2O (4.1.8)
(4.5)(4.6) Pt (4.7)
11.3MHCl-0.36MH2O2
4.1.3
1MHCl-10.3MH2O2
Pt
Pt
4.1.2.2 Pt 1.0 M Pt Pt
4.1.4 1.0 M Pt
Pt
70 1.0 M
11.3MHCl-0.36MH2O22 Pt
4.1.3. Picture of a 11.3MHCl-0.36 MH2O2mixture solution prepared immediately.
-
27
72 % Pt
Pt
4.1.2.3 -
4.1.4. Time dependence of Pt dissolution with 1.0 M HCl at 25 (),
40 (), 55 (), and 70 ().
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Dissolved
Pt/%
t /s
25
40
55
70
-
28
60
. 4.1.5 25
2104(s)(6)60
3
60
4.1.6 1 M HCl 11.3MHCl-0.36MH2O2
4.1.6. Time dependence of equilibrium potential in 1 M HCl ( ) and
11.3MHCl-0.36MH2O2 mixture () using Ta wire at RT.
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
E/V
vs.A
g|AgCl|KC
lsat.
t/s
11.3 MHCl-0.36 MH O
1 M HCl
2 2
4.1.5. Time dependence of equilibrium potential in aqua regia using Ta wire at
RT(), and 60 ().
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
E/V
vs.A
g|AgCl|KC
lsat.
t/s
RT
60
-
29
1 M HCl
11.3MHCl-0.36MH2O2
1
11.3MHCl-0.36MH2O2
4.1.2.4
nobs
4.1.7 (3.1.5)
Fitting 4.1.7
Fitting
4.1.3 25 60
40
4.1.2 Volatization rate constant estimated by
non-linear least square method.
T / 107k1 / mol-1cm2s-1
25 1.0
60 40
4.1.7 Time dependence of the amount of evaporated NOCl and Cl2
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0 5000 10000 15000
n obs
/mol
t / s
1212
-
30
4.1.3 4.1.3.1 CV Pt Pt/C 1 M H2SO4 1 M HCl
Cyclic Voltammetry CV 4.1.8
CV Pt H2SO4
19.6cm2HCl 18.8cm2 4%
HCl CV Pt
HCl
CV Pt
. 4.1.2 Nafion Nafion
pKa 0
Pt
1 M HCl 100 mVs-1-0.15 V 1.0 V(vs.
Ag|AgCl sat. KCl) Cyclic Voltammetry CV
4.1.9 . 4.1.10 50 mVs-1100 mVs-1 CV
Pt HCl
CV Pt
1 Pt
Pt CV
CV -0.15 V
0.4 V CV Pt
4.1.8. Cyclic Voltammograms of CP-supported Pt/C catalyst at 3rd cycle on GC
in 1M H2SO4 () and 1M HCl () underN2. Scanrate is 50mVs-1.
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
i/m
Acm
2geom
E/Vvs.Ag|AgCl
1MHSO
1MHCl
2 4
-
31
4.1.11 50 mVs-1-0.15 V 0.4 V CV
-0.15 V~1.0 V
Pt CV HCl
-0.15 V~0.4 V CV Pt -0.15
V~0.4 V CV 3~5
4.1.9 Cyclic voltammograms of CP-supported Pt/C catalyst at 3rd cycle on GC in
1M HCl under N2at RT. Scan rate is 100mV/s.
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
i/m
Acm
2geom
E/Vvs.Ag|AgCl
cyclenum.6cyclenum.9cyclenum.15cyclenum.21cyclenum.27cyclenum.33cyclenum.45cyclenum.51
4.1.10 Time dependence of relative surface area during potential cycling by CV.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Relativesurfacearea/%
Cyclenumber
CV50mV/s
CV100mV/s
-
32
7
4.1.3.2 Pt 22, 23)
4.1.11 Cyclic voltammograms of CP-supported Pt/C catalyst at 7th cycle on GC
in 1M HCl under N2at RT. Scan rate is 50mV/s.
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
i/m
Acm
2geom
E/Vvs.Ag|AgCl
cyclenum.1
cyclenum.2
cyclenum.3
cyclenum.4
cyclenum.5
cyclenum.6
cyclenum.7
cyclenum.30
4.1.12 Time dependence of current generated by sawtooth wave (cathode
scan100 mVs-1anode scanstep).
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
i/A
t /s
1MHSO
1MHClO(+0.1A)
1MHCl(+0.2A)
2 4
4
-
33
H2SO4HClO4HCl (100
mVs-1step)-
4.1.12
0.1 V 1.2 V
11 0.1 V 1.2 V
4.1.13 1 CV
Pt CV 1
CV HCl Pt
H2SO4
HClO4
2~3 CV
4.1.12 Time dependence of current generated by sawtooth wave (cathode scan
100 mVs-1anode scanstep).
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
i/A
t /s
1MHSO
1MHClO(+0.1A)
1MHCl(+0.2A)
2 4
4
4.1.13 Cyclic voltammograms of CP-supported Pt/C catalyst on GC in 1 M
H2SO4(red line), 1 M HClO4(green line) and 1 M HCl(blue line) under N2at RT.
Scan rate is 100mV/s. Solid line is before dissolution test. And dotted line is after
dissolution test with sawtooth wave(cathode scan100 mVs-1anode scanstep)
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
i/m
Acm
2geom
E/Vvs.Ag|AgCl
HSObeforedissolutiontestHSOafterdissolutiontestHClObeforedissolutiontestHClOafterdissolutiontestHClbeforedissolutiontestHClafterdissolutiontest
2
2
4
4
4
4
4.1.3. Electrolyte dependence of amount of platinum dissolution.
/%
H2SO4 17
HClO4 20
HCl 94
-
34
. 4.1.14 Pt Pt
H2SO4, HClO4
Pt Pt Pt
0
Pt 50
Pt
4.1.3 ICP 20 Pt
(4.1.9)(4.1.10) Pt
Pt
Pt + 4Cl- [PtCl4]2 + 2e E=+0.758 V (4.1.9)
Pt + 6Cl- [PtCl6]2+ 4e E=+0.744 V (4.1.10)
4.1.3.3 Pt 0.5 M1.0 M2.0 M HCl (100 mVs-1
step)-.
4.1.15
4.1.14 Time dependence of Pt dissolution with sawtooth wave (cathode scan100
mVs-1anode scanstep) at RT in 1 M H2SO4 (), 1 M HClO4 () and 1 M HCl
().
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Relativesurfacearea/%
t/s
HSO
HClO
HCl
42
4
-
35
4.1.16 HCl 1
CV Pt Pt
4.1.16. Cyclic voltammograms of CP-supported Pt/C catalyst on GC in 0.5 M(red
line), 1.0 M(green line) and 2.0 M HCl(blue line) under N2at RT. Scan rate is
100mV/s. Solid line is before dissolution test. And dotted line is after dissolution test
with sawtooth wave(cathode scan100 mVs-1anode scanstep) 1min.
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
i/m
Acm
2geom
E/Vvs.Ag|AgCl
0.5MHClbeforedissolutiontest0.5MHClafterdissolutiontest1.0MHClbeforedissolutiontest1.0MHClafterdissolutiontest2.0MHClbeforedissolutiontest2.0MHClafterdissolutiontest
4.1.15 Time dependence of current generated by sawtooth wave (cathode scan
100 mVs-1anode scanstep).
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
i/A
t /s
0.5MHCl
1.0MHCl(+0.1A)
2.0MHCl(+0.2A)
-
36
4.1.17 0.5 M1 M2 M HCl Pt
Pt
Pt
Pt
95 %(0.5 M)94 %(1 M)96 %(2 M) Pt
95 % Pt
100 % Pt Nafion
4.1.18 Pt/C
4.1.17. Time dependence of Pt dissolution with sawtooth wave (cathode scan100
mVs-1anode scanstep) at RT in 0.5 M (), 1.0 M () and 2.0 M () HCl.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Relativesurfacearea/%
t/s
0.5MHCl
1.0MHCl
2.0MHCl
4.1.18. Scheme of solid/liquid interface in CP/catalyst assembly.
(Nafion)
-
37
4.1.3.4 Pt (100 mVs-1) 1.0 V ~ 0.1 V
1.2 V ~ 0.1 V1.4 V ~ 0.3 V (vs. Ag|AgCl sat. KCl)Pt
- 4.1.19
Fig. 4.1.19. Time dependence of current generated by sawtooth wave (cathode
scan100 mVs-1anode scanstep).
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
i/A
t /s
0.1V1.0V
0.1V1.2V
0.3V1.4V
Fig. 4.1.20. Time dependence of Pt dissolution in 1MHCl with sawtooth wave at
RT. Scan range is -0.1 V~1.0 V (), 0.1 V~1.2 V () and 0.3V~1.4 V ().
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Relativesurfacearea/%
t/s
0.1V1.0V
0.1V1.2V
0.3V1.4V
-
38
1.4 V
Pt 4.1.20 100mVs-1
4.1.20. Time dependence of current generated by various potential wave of
(a)~(f).
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
i/m
A
t /s
0.7V(a)
0.9V(b)
1.2V(c)
[A]
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0 5 10 15 20
i/A
t /s
(d)
(e)
(f)
[B]
0.10
0.00
0.10
0 5 10 15 20
i/A
t /s
(g) (h)[C]
-
39
Pt
4.1.3.5 Pt 3.1.7 (a) ~ (h)Pt -
4.1.20 4.1.20 [A]
(a)(b)
(c)
. 4.1.20 [B][C]
(e)(h) Pt (f)(g)
1 M 3.1.7 (0.7 V (a) 0.9 V (b) 1.2 V (c)
vs. Ag|AgCl)(e)(d) Pt
Pt 4.1.21
Pt
4.1.21. Time dependence of Pt dissolution with fixed electrical potential(0.7 V
(), 0.9 V (), 1.2 V ()), sawtooth wave (d) () and rectangular waveform (e)
() in 1 M HCl at RT.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 50 100 150 200 250
Relativesurfacearea/%
t/s
0.7V(a)0.9V(b)1.2V(c)Sawtoothwave(d)Rectangularwave(1.2V1s0.1V1s)(e)
-
40
0.8 V(vs. RHE) Pt
Pt
4.1.22 3.1.7 (e)~(h) Pt
3.1.7 Pt
(h)
(h) Pt 1 97 % Pt
(e)(f)(d)
(g) Pt 20 (h)
Pt ICP-AES 97 % Pt
4.1.22. Time dependence of Pt dissolution with sawtooth waves (d) (), (f)
(), (g) (), (h) () and rectangular waveform (e) () in 1 M HCl at RT.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Relativesurfacearea/%
t/s
SW(100mV/s)(d)
RW(e)
SW(1100mV/s)(f)
SW(1100mV/s)(0.1V1s,1.2V0s)(g)
SW(1100mV/s)(0.1V0s,1.2V1s)(h)
4.1.4 Lifetime analysis of Pt dissolution by eq. 4.1.11 using non-linear least
square method.
Potential waveform / s R 2
0.7V (a) 1006 0.95000.9V (b) 337 0.98951.2V (c) 385 0.9988
Sawtooth wave (d) 86 0.9973Rectangular wave (e) 31 0.9884
Sawtooth wave (f) 53 0.9946Sawtooth wave (g) 263 0.9897Sawtooth wave (h) 20 0.9495
-
41
Pt
(4.1.11)
S = S0 exp (t /) (4.1.11)
S(cm2) t(s) Pt S0(cm2)
(s)
( 4.1.4)
0.7 V 0.9 V Pt
1.2 V
Pt (h)
15
4.1.3.6 Pt Pt 4.1.23 46 Pt/C CP CV
3.1.7 (e) 3 Pt
46 Pt
CP Pt
Pt
Pt ICP 82 %
Pt 14 % Pt
4.1.23. Cyclic voltammograms of CP-supported Pt/C catalyst on GC in 1M HCl
at RT. The catalyst was dissolved by aqua regia at RT for 46h.
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
i/mAcm
2geom
E/Vvs.Ag|AgCl
Afterdissolvedbyaquaregia
AndafteraddedRW(e)3min
-
42
4 % Pt Pt
Nafion
Pt
Pt
4.1.3.7 Pt 4.1.24 Pt/C CP Pt
UV Pt 10 ppm H2[PtCl6](H2O)6K2[PtCl4] 3 UV
Pt H2[PtCl6](H2O)6 260nm
H2[PtCl6](H2O)6
260nm [PtCl6]2
4.1.24. UV spectra of Pt leaching solution with electrochemical method(), 10
ppm H2[PtCl4](H2O)6 (), K2[PtCl4] () and Pt standard solution ().
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
200 250 300 350 400
Abs
Wavelength/nm
electrochemicalmethod
H[PtCl](HO)
K[PtCl]
Ptstandardsolution
2 4
2 6 62
-
43
4.1.3.8 PtRu PtRu PtRu 4.1.25
Pt PtRu
Pt 83%Ru
79% 10
Pt Ru 80%Pt/C
(0.3 mg/cm2)Pt15%
PtRu/C 2.9 mg/cm2
Nafion
PtRu PtRu/C CP
4.1.4 LCIA Pt 4.1.5 Pt
Pt1g
(3.1.9)4 Pt
- Pt (3.1.11) 4
Pt
4.1.25. Time dependence of Pt() and Ru() dissolution with SW(e)at RT.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Dissolved
Ptand
Ru/%
t/s
Pt
Ru
-
44
-
Pt (3.1.8)(3.1.9) 1 1
- Pt
(3.1.10)(3.1.11) 1 1
1 4.1.26
-
(4.1.9)(4.1.10) Pt
4.1.5. Comparison of environmental burden of Pt dissolution method without electrical
energy.
-
IPCC-100(2001) / 10-3 1.05 1.61 4.74
() HTP_cancer / 10-7 5.65 7.68 15.3
() HTP_chronic disease / 10-9 0.842 1.15 2.28
AETP / 10-6 1.46 1.99 3.96
TETP / 10-5 3.32 4.52 8.99
DAP / 10-6 1.19 1.79 21.2
EPMC / 10-8 0.974 1.40 8.72
OECF / 10-8 3.62 4.96 22.2
m3 / 10-8 0.000862 0.00117 150
1/R(Sb) / 10-7 0.100 0.155 145
MJ / 10-2 1.35 2.44 7.75
4.1.26. Relative comparison of environmental burden of Pt dissolution method
without electrical energy.
-
45
(4.1.9)(4.1.6) Pt
4.1.6
Pt
4.1.5
-
50%
4.1.5 XRD . 4.1.27 25
fcc
4.1.6. Comparison of environmental burden of Pt dissolution method. -
IPCC-100(2001) / 10-3 4.17 1.61 8.28
() HTP_cancer / 10-7 32.76 7.68 46.0
() HTP_chronic disease / 10-9 4.88 1.15 6.86
AETP / 10-6 8.5 1.99 11.93
TETP / 10-5 19.27 4.52 27.06
DAP / 10-6 2.95 1.79 23.15
EPMC / 10-8 2.8 1.40 10.79
OECF / 10-8 11.69 4.96 31.38
m3 / 10-11 5.0 1.17 150473.00
1/R(Sb) / 10-8 4.976 1.55 1453.19
MJ / 10-2 5.42 2.44 12.36
4.1.27 XRD patterns of (a) reproduced Pt/MWCNT catalyst and (b) Pt (ICDD Card
No. 89-7382).
20 40 60 802 Theta / degree
Inte
nsity
/ a.
u.
(b) Pt (ICDD Card No. 89-7382)
(a) Reproduced Pt/MWCNT catalyst
-
46
Scherrer
Bcos9.0
Bt =
(4.1.10)
t ()() X (1.54184)B Bragg
B(rad)(2)
)22(21
21 =B (4.1.11)
1.9nm
4.1.6 4.1.6.1 0.05M NaOH
pH 1.46
0.05M NaOH
Nafion 1g 1.610-2mol Nafion
26
Nafion
5.910-3mol
4.1.6.2
Nafion
-
47
4.2 () 4.2.1 pH NiCoFe/C NiCoFe/C XRD Scherrer
28.6 nm
NiCoFe/C pH NiCo 4.2.1
pH5.0 NiCo Ni
pH9.0 pH7.0
pH9.0 pH7.0 pH9.0
NiCoFe/C Ni 15%pH5.07.0 1%
pH9.0 pH5.07.0 Ni pH9.0
pH
pH
pH
pH (H+)(1)
Ni Co (NiO)
Ksp=10-16 (M2)
(CoO)
26)NiCo pH
Ni Co
4.2.1 pH NiCo
0.0
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10
NiCo
(pp
m)
pH
-
48
50 27) NiCo 28-29)
MO + 2H+ M2+ + H2O (4.2.1)
[M NiCoMO NiOCoO ]
NiCo
MINEQL+(ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH SOFTWARE)
MINEQL+ pH NiCo
pH
NiCo
6.00.4 ppm 3.80.1 ppm
pH
30-32) pH
/ SPARC(SPARC
Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry, http://sparc.chem.uga.edu/sparc/)
pH /
pH SPARC
pH
pH
pH 4.0 20)
-
49
4.2.2 NiCo NiCoFe/C
pH NiCo 4.2.2 4.2.3
4.2.21.010-71.010-3 (M)ppH6.2pH7.9
p=0.0088 p>0.05 pH6.2
7.9 Logistic pH6.2
7.07.9 Ni pH
4.2.3 1.010-7 1.010-3 (M)
pH6.2pH7.0ppH7.0pH7.9ppH7.0
pH7.9 1.010-3 1.010-7 (M)pH6.2
pH7.9 1.010-5 1.010-4 (M) p
-
50
E
D
T
A
8.0610-7(M) EDTA
pH Ni Co
FIAM BLM pH
(H+)
pH NiCo AAP
WHAM(NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL)
AAP NiCo
FIAM
33)WHAM 1.010-3 (M)
pH6.27.07.9 Ni 9.8810-49.8210-48.7410-4 (M)
Co 9.8710-49.8210-49.1210-4 (M)
4.2.3 Co pH6.27.09.0
*pH6.2-7.0pH7.0-7.9 p0.29 0.39
**pH6.2-7.0pH7.0-7.9 p0.021 0.42
***pH6.2-7.0pH7.0-7.9 p0.860.012
****pH6.2-7.9 p=0.21 *****pH6.2-7.0 p=0.51
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2
pH6.2pH7.0pH7.9
(%
)
(M)
***
***
****
*****
-
51
WHAM pH
pH H+
H+ Co pH6.2 H+
pH7.0
pH7.9 H+pH7.0 pH7.9
pH6.27.07.9 1.010-3 (M)
Co 2.6410-15.2710-16.4610-1 (-)
pH6.2 pH7.07.9
Co H+
pH7.0 7.9
Ni pH
H+
pH6.27.07.9 pH6.27.07.9
1.010-3 (M) Ni 6.4510-21.0710-11.0910-1 (-)
pH6.2
Ni (H. vulgare) pH
34) Ni
pH
Co pH H+
Ni pH
H+ pH
NiCoFe/C pH 5.07.09.0
4.2.1 pH5.0
10 %pH7.09.0
100 %
pH5.07.09.0 pH7.09.0
4.2.1 pH
1.0% (%) 10 % (%) 100% (%)
pH 5.0 0 14.5 100
pH 7.0 0 0 0
pH 9.0 0 0 0
-
52
pH5.0 Ni
Co
EC50 940 ppm
EC50 4.25 ppm 50 %
4.2.3 TU NiCoFe/C TU(Toxicity Unit)
TU 4.2.4 4.2.4
NiCo TU
NiCo Logistic
TUNiCoFe/CNiCo
Co
20%Ni 2.2% 0.075% 11%
Co Ni 4.2.1
Co Ni Co
4.2.4 NiCo TU (
pH=7.0)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
pH 5.0pH 7.0pH 9.0NiCo
(%)
TU (-)
R2=0.77 RMSE=20.4
-
53
Ni NiCo
EC50
50%
Ci/Gi 1.59 (-)Ci/Gi 1 (-)
BLM Biotic Ligand
35)
36,37)