KERIS 연구개발역량 세계화:도전과 기회

2011.06.01아프리카교육개발협회(ADEA) 서울 주재 특명대표,

국경없는교육가회(EWB) 공동대표,서울대 글러벌교육협력 학과 김기석

I.

MASON:

MAking

Something

Out of

Nothing

Area 99.6 K Sq. Km (107th)

Population 49.0 Million (26th)

GNI US$ 931.4 Billion (FY08)

GNI per capita : US$21,570

Export volume 410 Billion (9th)

Broadband diffusion (2nd)

Home PC diffusion (3rd)

- OECD member since 1996 &

DAC member from 2009

2011.KOREA

1950’s Korea

Humiliated by an American soldier in 1948

General Helmick, the Acting Military Governor of South Korea, reported to Washington, stating:“Korea cannot attain a high standard of living. ...

When the US Occupation forces withdraw and stop sending supplies to South Korea, some nine million non-food producers would face starvation.”

.

copyright: John Rich, Korean War in Color

Determined to survive during the war

We Never Ever Give up!

II. Education & Economic

Development in Korea

Non-formal education in the midst of

the Korean War

Even the war failed to stop teaching

Teaching on an earth torn by bombs

Children at a village school built with raw wood planks

Rapid Expansion in Education, 1894-2005

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

70000001894

1899

1904

1909

1914

1919

1924

1929

1934

1939

1944

1949

1954

1959

1964

1969

1974

1979

1984

1989

1994

1999

2004

Primary Secondary Tertiary Letter Hall

source: Kim, Ki-seok(2008). Studies on Higher Education in Korea, Seoul: Educational Science Publishing Co., p.207

• Korean Economy Growth– GDP Growth : 338 times increase (US$ 60 → US$ 20,265)

– Export Growth : 13,666 times increase (US$ 0.03B → US$ 410 B)

60

2,000 3,000

6,306

11,350

20,265

0.0 0.817.5

65.0

172

410

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

1인당 GDP(S)

수출액 (B$)

Progress of Korean Industrial Development

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Knowledge makes the Difference Knowledge makes the Difference between Poverty and Wealth...between Poverty and Wealth...

Rep. of Korea

Ghana

Thousands of constant 1995 US dollars

Difference

attributed to

knowledge

Difference

due to

physical

and human

capital

Korea vs. Ghana GDP since 1958:According to The WBI

GDP per capita, 1960-2008: A Comparison

Korea vs. Ghana in the 2010 WC

KOREA

Red Devils

GHANA

Black Stars

Made it to

the quarter-

finals after

emerging 2-1

victors over

the USA

Fail to make

the quarter-

finals,

defeated 2-1

by Uruguay

“World-best” Academic Achievement: IAEP

469504Ireland

475474U.S.A

504512Spain

520510England

551540Canada

550568Korea

ScienceMathCountry

Math & Science Scores of 12-year-olds

ETS (1998), A World of Difference, IAEP

An indictor of Korean kids’ academic achievement in math & science in 1998

Mathematics vs. Social Background: PISA 2003

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Mean GDP GDP&Ed ESCS Ed Exp

Korea

Filand

Japan

USA

sourse: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/1/60/34002216.pdf

Rank School Papers Rank School Papers

1 HAVARD 9,421 21 UCD 3,685

2 TOKYO 6,631 22 YALE 3,683

3 UCLA 5,232 23 OXFORD 3,647

4 UW-SEATTLE 5,193 24 DUKE 3,558

5 MICHIGAN 4,951 25 MIT 3,511

6 TRONTO 4,942 26 FLORIDA 3,506

7 KYOTO 4,751 27 COLUMBIA 3,489

8 STANFORD 4,633 28 SAN-PAULO 3,454

9 JOHNS HOPKINS 4,468 29 UMM 3,371

10 Upenn 4,446 30 UNC 3,211

11 CAMBRIGE 4,129 31 SNU 3,116

12 UCB 4,049 32 PENN ST. 3,063

13 OSAKA 4,040 33 OSU 3,061

14 UCSD 3,979 34 NW 2,999

15 UCSF 3,959 35 WU 2,989

16 CORNELL 3,915 36 MCGILL 2,955

17 WISCONSIN 3,846 37 UBC 2,893

18 TOHOKU 3,809 38 UIU 2,755

19 PITTSBURGH 3,805 39 Univ-Coll-London 2,629

20Univ-London-Imperial-Coll-SCI-Thchnol-MED3,721 40 Munich 2,617

Higher Education: Seoul National University

Productivity among top schools adjusted for expenditures, 2004

Money unit: I B KW

Research funds

Running costs incl. R funds

SCI # papers

SCI ranksSCI #/RF

SCI #/RC

SNU 2,701 6,466 3,116 31 1.15 0.48

KAIST 977 2,600 1,136 187 1.16 0.44

Postec 810 1,834 823 272 1.02 0.45

Harvard Univ. 6,481 28,574 9,421 1 1.45 0.33

Tokyo Univ. 4,257 17,327 6,631 2 1.56 0.38

UC Los Angels 6,107 36,510 5,232 3 0.86 0.14

Stanford Univ. 8,602 26,024 4,633 8 0.54 0.18

UC Berkeley 4,395 16,910 4,049 12 0.92 0.24

• Korean Industrial Policy with HRD: Timeline of Industrial Progress with HRD

PeriodStrategic

industry

Technology

CapacityWorkforce HRD system

1960’·Agriculture·Light industry

Foreign Technology assistance Skilled labor workforce

Vocational training schools

1970’Heavy & Chemical

industry

Turn-Key based technology out-

sourcing

- Skilled technical workforce of technical high school and college level- Operation of production

line

Technical high schooland University of

science & engineering

1980’High-tech industry

Electric and electronics

Reverse engineeringCollege and University

level engineersCollege and University of science & engineering

1990’Globalization of

advanced industry

Core technology acquisition through

R&D

R&D workforceOf Master and Ph.D level

Research driven university

2000’~IT, BT, NT, GT, etc.

New growth engines

Basic and core technology acquisition

·Highly professional R&D workforce

·Creative workforce

Research driven university

Industrial Development Progress in Korea

Industrial advance is closely influenced by timely technology competence.The core element of technology competence is the capacity of human resource.

Ruralenlightenmentcampaign

1960’ 1970’ Early 1980’ 1990’ 2000’

Agriculture Promotion

Heavy & Chemicalindustry

IT, BT, NT, CTFuture growth industry

High-tech industryEx) Digital Electronics

Technology assistance

Tech. out-sourcing

Export-driven industrialization

Since 2010’

Green Tech. & Global Leading

Vocational training school,Skilled workforce

Technical high school, Skilled technical workforce

R&D workforce

Highly professional creative workforce

Tech. copy

Core Tech. development

Technology innovation

Industrial Development Progress with HRD in Korea

Cultivation System Period Motivation and Development Progress

Vocational training center

ex) Institute of industrial

technology education

1960’

· Established by assistance of the US

· Training institutes for light industry such as

textiles, sewing, shoes, etc.

· Legislation of vocational training discipline law

Agricultural & Technical

high school

1960’

quantitative

expansion

· Quantitative expansion of skilled technical workforce,

education focused on practical exercise

· Planning for heavy & chemical industry workforce

· Operation of institute for cultivation of practice teachers

· Improvement and development of curricula & contents

·Promotion of Technical college

·Expansion of no. of university of

science & engineering

· Human resource cultivation of

science and technology (KAIST)

1970’

quantitative

expansion

· Cultivation of production technicians through conversion

from vocational training institute to technical college

· Cultivation of human resources for heavy &

chemical industry through specialized education

program of science & engineering university

· Classification of 3 major education programs for

scientists, engineers, and manufacturing technicians

Construction of education

system dedicated for cultivation of

human resources of advanced

science and technology

(Research core university)

1980’~

present

· Education for cultivation of gifted youngsters in science

- Cultivation of leading human resources for future

advanced industry by creative education

· Specified Education System : Science high School

→ University of Science and Technology

→ Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

Progress of human resource cultivation in Korea

BMC teaching of “The unbounded power of Education.”

Education changes human behaviors:thinking power, Values,innate capacity, & even character.

농사꾼 一家,

農軍 창건

내부의 적

빈궁과 싸우다

1. Education: privatized, the ladder of social prestige, power and

wealth, & the “plank schools”, shacks built with raw wood

planks on “an earth torn by bombs.”

2. The expansion of education was not necessarily pursued by

economic development.

3 Experience of compulsory military service for all males.

4. Stable & determined political leadership.

5. The rise of a group of ambitious entrepreneurs: SS,

Hyundai/Kia, LG, SK and others.

Five Factors Underpinning EconomicDevelopment

From Education & Development (2010)

Supplying a cadre of “well educated and highly

disciplined laborers at low labor costs,”

Externalizing Han (deep seated pain & sorrow) as a

complex structure of feelings and a determination to

make something out of nothing: “We can-do-it!”

Koreans working on Libyan pipe line projects

shocked Libyan leaders, being told that they were

“not workers but soldiers,” working day and night

without complaint in the hottest desert areas.

Core Factors

In Obama’s speech at The State of Union, 25 Jan. 2011

The WB’s comments

• illustrates the significant difference a knowledge-based development strategy made for Ghana and Korea with similar GDP per capita in 1958

• estimates the relative contribution of two types of factors: tangible factors such as the accumulation of physical capital and additional years of schooling in the labor force,

• and other factors linked to the use of knowledge, such as the quality of education the strength of institutions, the ease of communicating and disseminating technical information, and management and organizational skill

III. Transformation of Korea:

from beneficiary to donor

• Peabody College performed technical assistance, called the

Korean Project, right after total ruins of War

• Spending app. 200 (1,500 today value) Million USD for 6

years

• Scaling up teacher training, education reconstruction and

restoring science education, libraries and labs of College of

Education, SNU

• Outcome(1): One PM, 3 Ed Ministers, 5 Presidents of

University, administrators, college professors &…

• Outcome(2): Globally competitive world-top class public

education system

US aid to Korean Education, 1956-62

• Minnesota University, a leading public university in U.S.,

performed technical assistance, called the SNU-UMN

Project in war torn Korea

• Spending app. 300 (1,800 today value) Million USD

for 8 years

• Renovating Medical, Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine,

and Engineering, setting up Graduate School of

Administration and modernizing Central Library of

SNU

US technical aid to Seoul National University, 1954-62

Korea as a Recipient, 1945-1990

Korea received a total of 13 billion USD

from U.S. and Japan in economic assistance

여전히 빈곤, 무지, 질병에시달리는 지구촌

낮은 소득으로 인핚 극심핚 빈곤상태

UN 새천년개발 목표: 2015년 달성 ?

보건 홖경 미비로 인핚 질병위험 만연화

• 1억 명 어린이 학교 못 가고

8 억 명 문맹

non-profitglobal professional

“교육을 통핚 빈곤과 질병퇴치”

과업의 범위핚국 ODA를 바라보는 국제사회의 시각

“G20 서울 정상회의를 선도하고고위급회담을 유치하는 것은 누구도흉내 못 낸다.”

“한국원조는 빈곤으로 교육받지못하는 사람들에게 기회를 줄 것이다.”

“한국 성공적인 스토리를 다른 국가에알리는 것이 매우 중요하다.”

[동아일보] 2011-03-26 윤완준 기자

브라이얶 애투드(OECD 개발원조위원회 의장)

과업의 범위교육과학기술 ODA 선진화 방안

교육과학기술 ODA의 전략적 지원확대-교과부 총예산대비 ODA 비율 확대계획11년도 0.10%(451억)-> 15년 0.15%(951억)

분야별 교육과학기술 ODA 내실화-핚국교육발전경험 공유를 위핚 콘텐츠개발, 정책컨설팅, 연수를 강화함.

전략적 교육과학기술 ODA 추진기반 구축-국제개발협력 전문대학원을 도입하거나 기졲대학원을 전문대학원 교육과정 운영방식으로운영하는 방안 검토.

Colleagues beyond borders: Korean &

African Bill, BF, Jan. 2007

Burkina Faso 교육

여학생 초등교육 취학률 54%-> 중도탈락률은 40%

비형식 문맹퇴치센터를 적극적으로 홗용

2008년도까지 300,000명이 문맹퇴치교육 이수

후속 교육(보건교육, 소득증대, 자립지원 등) 에 대핚

요구가 증대 but, 재정부족의 어려움.

non-profitglobal professional

The Fight against Poverty and HIV/AIDS

through Quality Education for All

GAPA

• Global

• Alliance for

• Poverty

• Alleviation

• Pay Back

10 K run for fund raising

: 14, 000 000 KRW in 2009

GAPA

ADEA

APENF

KOICA

EWB

Figure 1 EWB’s integrated approach

핚국형 “갚아” GAPA 모형

2007. Need Assessment

TIRR!:

The time is right & ripe! Ouagadougou, Burkina

Micro-scholarship:

$10 per month

2009. Feasibility Study

2010. Project Launching

Women-in-Learning

3 Rs:

Village classroom For literacy

Knowledge is Power:“Lonni ye see ya”

Five products from beans

No Left Child Behind?

Livestock for Lifelong Learning (L4L) Bank: A New Approach to EFA using Korean experience

Chicken Donkey Cow