5555．．．．x線回折 - nda.ac.jp · 35 3. 放射線被爆放射線被爆...
TRANSCRIPT
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34
X
1.
2.
XXX
EXCEL
XX
-
35
3.
X
[ ] [ ]
1 150 mSv /
2 500 mSv /
3 13 mSv /
4 10 mSv /
( 2 mSv / )
( Bq )
( Sv )
XX
4.
4.1 X
XX
X t ( cm ) I0 I
(1 / cm )
tII = e0 (1)
Check 1. X
Point 2.
Check 1. XX
Point 2. XX
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36
X ( g / cm3 ) / ( cm2 / g )
1
4.2
1X
(2)
d
X
4.3
2X
2
Check 1. X
Point
Check 1.
Point 2.
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37
( unit cell )
3
a, b, c
, lattice constants
, ,
3
( Miller indices ) h k
ab a / hb / kc /
h k 4
4
( cubic ) a = b = c = = = 90
2
aaaa
aaaa
100100100100))))200200200200)))) 200200200200))))
100100100100))))
200200200200))))
aaaa
110110110110))))
aaaa
111111111111))))
111111111111))))
aaaa
110110110110))))
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38
(2)(3)cubic X X a
4.4
f F
3
( )
=
++=N
1n
i2
nnnnezkyhx
fFl
(5)
5
( body-centered cubic, bcc )
2 N = 2 5
czbyaxrrrrrnnnn ++= 1 a
(x1, y1, z1) = (0, 0, 0) (x2, y2, z2) = (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) 25
{ })(ie1 l+++= khfF 3
h + k + F = 0
h + k + F = 2f 6
Check 1. X
Point 2.
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39
5 bcc
( face-centered cubic, fcc )
fccN = 4 6(x1, y1, z1) = (0, 0, 0)(x2, y2, z2) = (1/2, 1/2, 0)(x3, y3,
z3) = (1/2, 0, 1/2)(x4, y4, z4) = (0, 1/2, 1/2) 45
{ })i()i()i( eee1 hkkhfF +++ +++= ll
h, k, (h, k, : mixed) F = 0
h, k, (all odd) (all even) F = 4f 7
6 fcc
(0,0,0)(0,0,0)(0,0,0)(0,0,0) (1/2,1/2,1/2)(1/2,1/2,1/2)(1/2,1/2,1/2)(1/2,1/2,1/2)
aaaa
(0,0,0)(0,0,0)(0,0,0)(0,0,0) (1/2,1/2,0)(1/2,1/2,0)(1/2,1/2,0)(1/2,1/2,0)
(1/2,0,1/2)(1/2,0,1/2)(1/2,0,1/2)(1/2,0,1/2)
(0,1/2,1/2)(0,1/2,1/2)(0,1/2,1/2)(0,1/2,1/2)
aaaa
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40
h + k + = 4m F = 8f
h + k + = 4m1 F = 4 (1i) f
h + k + = 4m2 F = 0
( diamond structure )
N = 8 7 8
(x1, y1, z1) = (0, 0, 0)
(x2, y2, z2) = (1/2, 1/2, 0) (x3, y3, z3) = (1/2, 0, 1/2) (x4, y4, z4) = (0, 1/2, 1/2)
(x5, y5, z5) = (1/4, 1/4, 1/4)
(x6, y6, z6) = (1/4, 3/4, 3/4) (x7, y7, z7) = (3/4, 1/4, 3/4) (x8, y8, z8) = (3/4, 3/4, 1/4)
5
{ }
++++=++
+++)i(
2
)i()i()i( e1eee1l
llkh
hkkhfF
fcc)i()i()i(
fcc eee1hkkh
F+++ +++= ll
+=++ )i(
2
fcc e1lkh
FfF
fcc
all odd all even Ffcc = 4
+=++ )i(
2
e14lkh
fF 7
8
F = 0
( extinction rule )
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41
5.
2
1 2
X
X
5.1 X
E R
R = 8.31441 [J /mol /K]
=RT
EexpA (9)
() (kg/m/s)
20 0.000971
25 0.000906
30 0.000787
35 0.000733
40 0.000659
45 0.000598
50 0.000541
1
Check 1. X
Point 2.
40,000 cps X
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42
0.2 mm 1 10
X
XX 6000
t ( cm )
X (1) /
( cm2 / g ) EXCEL
2.71 ( g / cm3 ) 4
5.2 ( Si )
K2
28
h, k, 4
2 a 2 a
1.5406 a / a
5.3
NaCl ( sodium chloride structure8 ) CsCl cesium chloride structure,
9 Na, Cs, Cl
fNa, fCs, fCl
Check 1.
Point 2.
Check 1. X
Point
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43
8 NaCl 9 CsCl
NaCl CsCl
Na 0, 0, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 1/2 Cs 0, 0, 0
Cl 1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 Cl 1/2, 1/2, 1/2
( NaCl ) ( CsCl )
NaCl a = 5.6402 CsCl a = 4.123
KCl a = 6.2917 CsBr a = 4.296
CsI a = 4.5679 10
h, k,
45 2Cubic
100 010 001 2 h, k, 2
440 1.5406
h k l NaCl KCl CsCl CsBr CsI
1 0 0
1 1 0
1 1 1
2 0 0
2 1 0
2 1 1
2 2 0
2 2 1
2 2 2
3 0 0
2 h, k, 2
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44
5A, B, C, D, E
K2 2 2
NaCl, KCl, CsCl, CsBr, CsI
6.
a 2
X
7.
X
X
a / a
NaClCsCl
1.X 1988
2.X 1994
3.X 1982
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45
1 X
X xI
I
xI
Id
d=
= xII
dd
ln I = - x + C
C ee = xI
x = 0 I = I0
xII 0 e= 11
2
nr = ( p q r )
rr = ( x y z )
nr ( 0rr
rr )
10
( ) 00 = rrrrr
n
p(x - x0) + q(y - y0) + r(z - z0) = 0
px + qy + rz = px0 + qy0 + rz0 = s
px + qy + rz = s
ntr= ( tp tq tr ) 10
p(tp) + q(tq)+r(tr) = s
t ( p2 + q
2 + r
2)=s
222 rqp
st
++=
( px + qy + rz = s ) d
222
222
222rqp
srqp
rqp
sntd
++=++
++==
r 12
= ( = ( = ( = ( p q r p q r p q r p q r ))))
r-rr-rr-rr-r0000
0000
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46
3
1 2
unit cell 2
11
A x = 0
B x = 1/2
(x= 1)
X
X
11
11
x t (x, t) c
x x ct (x, t) = f(x - ct) f(x)
x 2 )(f"),(
2
2
ctx =
x
txt 2
)(f"),( 2
2
2
ctx =
c
t
tx
2
2
2
2
2
1
xtc
=
13
=2
G = 2c = G
c
=
2
2
22
2
2
1
1
xGt
=
14
A cos ( xGrr
- t) = A cos G(x /Gt) = A cos G(x ct)
B sin (Gx - t) = A cos ( xGrr
- t) + B sin ( xGrr
- t)
B = iA ei = cos + i sin
= )i(Ae txG rr
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47
ez
L+++++=!4
z
!3
z
!2
zz1e
432z
L!5
i!4!3
i!2
i1e5432
i +
+
+=
+
++
+
= LL
!5!3i
!4!21e
5342i
+= sinicose i 15
z = x + i y (x, y) 1
12
1e i =
ie 2i
=
12
X ( = 0) 1e2
i =t
= )i(Ae txG rr
1
=
=N
1n
i
nnexG
fFrr
*** cbkahGrl
srr++=
crrrr
nnnn zbyaxr ++=
1111-1-1-1-1
iiii
-i-i-i-i
coscoscoscos
sinsinsinsin
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48
aa*rr
= bb *rr
= cc*rr
= 2
ba*rr
= cb *rr
= ac*rr
= = 0 16
1 *ahGrr
= axrrrnn = nrG
rr = 2hxn
A ( x1 = 0, f1 = 3 )B ( x2 = 1 / 2, f2 = 1 )N = 2
hhxhx fffffF
=
+=+== i21i22i21N
1n
i2
n eeee21n hx
h = 2m F = f1 + f2 = 4 16* = FFI
h = 2m1 2e 21i
21 ==+= ffffF 4* = FFI 17
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49
4
69.5 3
4 5
15670 25.160
(precisionprecisionprecisionprecision)
(accuracyaccuracyaccuracyaccuracy)
0
0
0
-
50
1.583
+) 319.2
320.783 320.8
4
2
5.2976348
+) 5.2976347
0.0000001 1
x
19
(x)
ABC 1
( ) ( ) 22m
1i
i
2
i
22 x)x(fxx == =
-
51
(x)
20
13
13
21
22
13
2
x1, x2, x3, xn
n
23
2
2 24
24
2
( )
=2
2
2
xexp
2
1)x(f
0 5 10 15 200.0
0.5
1.0
= 2
= 1
= 0.5
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
XXXX( )
= dx2
xexpx
2
12
2
=x
dx)x(fxx
=
( ) ( ) dx)x(fxx 22
=
( ) 22x =
=
=n
1i
ixn
1x
=
=n
1i
2
i
2 )xx(n
1s
22
n
1ns
=
=
=n
1i
2
i
2 )xx(1n
1s
-
52
25
24
26
s2
27
,
28
(x, y)
z 0
f(x, y) x, y x, y
29
29
30
22s =
x
( )n
s
nx
222 =
=
x
n
s=
x
yy
)y,x(fx
x
)y,x(fz
+
=
y
xz =
y
y
x
x
z
z
=
)y,x(fz =
( ) ( )yyy
zxx
x
zzz iii
+
=
=
=n
1i
2
i
2
z )zz(1n
1s
2
y
2
2
x
2
2
z sy
zs
x
zs
+
=