acids & bases what is an acid? (it is defined by its behavior in water.) what is a base? what...

Acids & BasesAcids & Bases What is an acid? (It is defined by its What is an acid? (It is defined by its

behavior in water.)behavior in water.) What is a base?What is a base? What does neutralization mean?What does neutralization mean? What are the products of a neutralization What are the products of a neutralization

reaction?reaction? Are the following acids or bases?Are the following acids or bases?

Metal oxides, metal hydroxides and Metal oxides, metal hydroxides and carbonatescarbonates

What is a salt and how does it relate to an What is a salt and how does it relate to an acid?acid?

Acids - IonisationAcids - Ionisation

All acids ………….. in solution to give ………….All acids ………….. in solution to give ………….

HCl --> ……………..HCl --> …………….. (100%) (100%)

Cl-

Cl-H+

H+

H2O H+ Cl+H ClH Cl

H+

H+

Cl- Cl-

Acids - IonisationAcids - Ionisation

All acids ionise in solution to give All acids ionise in solution to give HH++ ions.ions.

HHCl Cl HH++ + Cl+ Cl- (100%)- (100%)

Cl-

Cl-Cl-

Cl-

H+

H+

H2O H+ Cl+H ClH Cl

H+

H+

Acids - IonisationAcids - IonisationAll acids …………… in solution to give …… ions.All acids …………… in solution to give …… ions.

HCl HCl ……+ Cl ……+ Cl- (100%)- (100%)

HCl HCl (+ H(+ H22O)O) ……… ……… (aq)(aq) + Cl + Cl--(aq)(aq)

HH22O + …….. O + …….. H H33OO++

Nitric Acid:Nitric Acid: HNOHNO33 H H++ + NO + NO33- - (nitrate anion)(nitrate anion)

Sulphuric Acid:Sulphuric Acid: HH22SOSO44 2H 2H++ + ………….. + ………….. (sulphate anion)(sulphate anion)

Carbonic Acid: Carbonic Acid: HH22COCO33 ……..+ ………… ……..+ ………… (…..……… anion)(…..……… anion)

Ethanoic acid: Ethanoic acid: CHCH33COOH COOH ……. ……. + ………………+ ………………

(…………………....(………………….... anion)anion)

Acids - IonisationAcids - IonisationAll acids All acids ioniseionise in solution to give in solution to give HH++ ions ions..

HCl HCl HH++ + Cl + Cl- (100%)- (100%)

HCl HCl (+ H(+ H22O)O) HH33OO++(aq)(aq) + Cl + Cl--(aq)(aq)

HH22O + HO + H++ HH33OO++

Nitric Acid:Nitric Acid: HNOHNO33 HH++ + NO + NO33- - (nitrate anion)(nitrate anion)

Sulphuric Acid:Sulphuric Acid: HH22SOSO44 2 2HH++ + SO+ SO442- 2- (sulphate anion)(sulphate anion)

Carbonic Acid: Carbonic Acid: HH22COCO33 2 2HH++ + CO+ CO332-2- (carbonate anion)(carbonate anion)

Ethanoic acid: Ethanoic acid: CHCH33COOH COOH HH+ + + CH+ CH33COOCOO--

(ethanoate anion)(ethanoate anion)

BasesBases Bases Bases …………………….. …………………….. acids.acids.

NaOH(s)(+ H2O) ……….(aq)+ …….(aq)

NH3 + H2O …………….. + OH-

NaOH + HCl NaCl + ………..

NH3 + HNO3 ……....... + NO3-

Liberate Liberate ………..………..-- ions ions in water. in water.

HF + KOH ……. + ……..

H2CO3 + 2KOH ………… + ………

Ca(OH)2(s)(+ H2O) ……….(aq)+ ….OH-(aq)

Mg(OH)2(s)(+ H2O) ………(aq)+ ……..-(aq)

BasesBasesBases Bases neutraliseneutralise acids forming a SALT + WATER acids forming a SALT + WATER

NaOH(s)(+ H2O) Na+ (aq)+ OH-

(aq)

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

NH3 + HNO3 NH4+ + NO3

-

Liberate Liberate OHOH-- ions ions in water. in water.

HF + KOH KF + H2O

H2CO3 + 2KOH K2CO3 + 2H2O

Ca(OH)2(s)(+ H2O) Ca2+ (aq)+ 2OH-

(aq)

Mg(OH)2(s)(+ H2O) Mg2+ (aq)+ 2OH-

(aq)

BasesBases

Soluble bases are called Soluble bases are called alkalisalkalis..

Metal Metal HydroxidesHydroxides

Metal Metal OxidesOxides

Metal Metal CarbonatesCarbonates

Metal Metal Hydrogen Hydrogen CarbonatesCarbonates AmmoniaAmmonia

NaOHNaOH CaOCaO CaCOCaCO33 NaHCONaHCO33 NHNH33

Ca(OH)Ca(OH)…… NaNa……OO NaNa….….COCO33 Ca(HCOCa(HCO33))...... CHCH33NHNH22

Zn(OH)Zn(OH)…… AlAl……..…….. LiLi….….COCO33 MgMg……………………

Al……….Al………. FeFe(III) (III) .... AlAl….….(CO(CO33))….…. AlAl……………………

NHNH44…….……. MnMn..(4+)(4+)

NHNH4………..4……….. NHNH4…………4…………

BasesBases

Soluble bases are called Soluble bases are called alkalisalkalis..

Metal Metal HydroxidesHydroxides

Metal Metal OxidesOxides

Metal Metal CarbonatesCarbonates

Metal Metal Hydrogen Hydrogen CarbonatesCarbonates AmmoniaAmmonia

NaOHNaOH CaOCaO CaCOCaCO33 NaHCONaHCO33 NHNH33

Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22 NaNa22OO NaNa22COCO33 Ca(HCOCa(HCO33))22 CHCH33NHNH22

Zn(OH)Zn(OH)22 AlAl22OO33 LiLi22COCO33 Mg(HCOMg(HCO33))22

Al(OH)Al(OH)33 FeFe22OO33 AlAl22(CO(CO33))33 Al(HCOAl(HCO33))33

NHNH44OHOH MnOMnO22 (NH(NH44))22COCO33 NHNH44HCOHCO33

Acids & BasesAcids & Bases What is an acid? What is an acid?

………………………………… ...................................………………………………… .................................................................................................................

What is a base? What is a base? ………………………………… ...................................………………………………… ................................................................................................................. What does neutralization What does neutralization mean? mean? ………………… ........................................................………………… ............................................................................................ What are the products of a What are the products of a neutralization reaction? neutralization reaction? ………………………………… …………………………………

Are the following acids or bases? Are the following acids or bases? ……………..…………….. Metal oxides, metal hydroxides and carbonatesMetal oxides, metal hydroxides and carbonates

What is a salt and how does it relate to an acid?What is a salt and how does it relate to an acid? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. … …....................................................................................................................................................

Acids & BasesAcids & Bases What is an acid? What is an acid? Acids react with water to Acids react with water to

release Hrelease H+ + ions.ions. What is a base? What is a base? A substance that neutralizes an A substance that neutralizes an

acid.acid. What does neutralization mean? What does neutralization mean? Cancel out the Cancel out the

acidic properties.acidic properties. What are the products of a neutralization What are the products of a neutralization

reaction? reaction? A salt and water.A salt and water. Are the following acids or bases? Are the following acids or bases? basesbases

Metal oxides, metal hydroxides and carbonatesMetal oxides, metal hydroxides and carbonates What is a salt and how does it relate to an acid?What is a salt and how does it relate to an acid? A metal ion bonded to the non metal ion of an A metal ion bonded to the non metal ion of an

acid.acid.

Acid strength & pH Acid strength & pH

H3O+ concentration (mol/dm3)

Strong acids Weak acids

DilutingDiluting a strong acid by a factor of a strong acid by a factor of tenten only changes its only changes its pH by one unit.pH by one unit.

WEAK STRONG[H3O+]

(mol/dm3)

Log [H3O+]

pH= -log[H3O+] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

B A S E SA C I D S W A T E RWEAKSTRONG NEUTRAL

1 0.1 0.01 101 0.1 0.01 10-3-3 10 10-4-4 10 10-5-5 1010-6-6 10 10-7-7 10 10-8-8 10 10-9-9 10 10-10 -10 1010-11 -11 1010-12 -12 1010-13 -13 1010-14-14

0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8-6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14

Acids – StrengthAcids – Strength2

Cl-

Strong Strong acid • all molecules

dissociated• Lots of HLots of H+ + ions ions

H Cl

Cl- Cl-H+

H+

4H-F

HFHH++

F-

WeakWeak acid • Hardly any molecules

dissociate• few Hfew H++ ions ions / dm3. HF

HF

HF H+ - + F (partially - hardly any)hydrofluoric acid fluoride ion

Cl-Cl-

Acids - ionisationAcids - ionisation2

Cl-

200HCl

Dilute Strong acid • all molecules dissociated• few molecules / dm3.

Concentrated Strong Acid:• All molecules dissociated• Many molecules per dm3

H Cl

H+

Cl-Cl-

Cl- Cl-

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+H+

H+

H+H+

Cl-

Cl-Cl-

Cl- H+Cl-

H+Cl-

H+

Cl-

Acids - Concentrated/DiluteAcids - Concentrated/DiluteAll acids ionise in solution to All acids ionise in solution to

give Hgive H++ ions. ions.

HCl --> HHCl --> H++ + Cl + Cl--

2H-Cl

H+ H+

H+

H+

H+H+

Cl-Cl-

Cl-

Cl-

H+

H+

H+

H+Cl-

Cl-

10H-Cl

H+Cl-

Weak Acids - IonisationWeak Acids - Ionisation

HF --> FHF --> F-- + H + H+ + ((partially - hardly any)partially - hardly any)

hydrofluoric acidhydrofluoric acid fluoride ionfluoride ion

Concentrated Weak acidConcentrated Weak acid Hardly any dissociationHardly any dissociation Lots of molecules/dmLots of molecules/dm33

2H-F

F-

HFHF

HF

HF H+

F-

HFHF

HF

H+HF-

20HF

Dilute Weak acid • Hardly any molecules

dissociate• few molecules / dm3.

Base StrengthBase Strength Strong basesStrong bases ionise ………………………. ionise ……………………….

Weak basesWeak bases ionise only partially. ionise only partially.

NaNaOHOH(s)(s)(+ H(+ H22O) ……... NaO) ……... Na+ + (aq)(aq)+ + OHOH--

(aq)(aq)

NHNH33 + H + H22O ……. NHO ……. NH44+ + + + OHOH--

Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22 …………………… ……………………

Ca(Ca(OH)OH)2(2(s)s)(+ H(+ H22O) ……………………..O) ……………………..

KKOHOH(s)(s)(+ H(+ H22O) ….. ………………O) ….. ………………(aq)(aq)

Base StrengthBase Strength Strong basesStrong bases ionise completely. ionise completely.

Weak basesWeak bases ionise only ionise only partiallypartially..

NaNaOHOH(s)(s)(+ H(+ H22O) O) Na Na+ + (aq)(aq)+ + OHOH--

(aq)(aq)

NHNH33 + H + H22O O NH NH44+ + + + OHOH--

Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22 Mg Mg2+2+ + 2 + 2OHOH--

Ca(Ca(OH)OH)2(2(s)s)(+ H(+ H22O) O) Ca Ca2+ 2+ (aq)(aq)+ 2+ 2OHOH--

(aq)(aq)

KKOHOH(s)(s)(+ H(+ H22O) O) K K+ + (aq)(aq)+ + OHOH--

(aq)(aq)

GI metal hydroxides tend to be STRONG BASES GII metal hydroxides tend to be WEAK BASES.

BasesBases Bases ________ Bases ________

________.________. Liberate ________ Liberate ________

in water.in water. Soluble bases are Soluble bases are

called _________.called _________. Strong bases Strong bases

______________.______________. Weak bases ionise Weak bases ionise

only __________.only __________.

NaOH(s)(+ H2O) --> Na+ (aq)+ OH-

(aq)

Ca(OH)2(s)(+ H2O) --> Ca2+ (aq)+ 2OH-

(aq)

NH3 + H2O --> NH4+ + OH-

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

Ca(OH)2 + HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O

NH3 + HNO3 NH4+ + NO3

-

Acids + Metal HydroxidesAcids + Metal HydroxidesAcidsAcids react with react with metal hydroxidesmetal hydroxides to produce a to produce a salt and water.salt and water.

HCl + Mg(OH)2-->

KOH + H2SO4 -->

Acids + Metal HydroxidesAcids + Metal HydroxidesAcidsAcids react with react with metal hydroxides (base)metal hydroxides (base) to produce a to produce a salt and salt and

water.water.

2HCl + Mg(OH)2--> MgCl2 + 2H2O

K2SO4 + 2H2O2KOH + H2SO4 -->

Acids + MetalsAcids + MetalsAcidsAcids react with react with metalsmetals to produce a to produce a saltsalt

and and hydrogen gas.hydrogen gas.

2HCl + 2Na --> 2HCl + 2Na -->

2HCl + Fe --> 2HCl + Fe -->

6HCl + 2Fe -->6HCl + 2Fe -->

Acids + MetalsAcids + MetalsAcidsAcids react with react with metalsmetals to produce a to produce a saltsalt

and and hydrogen gas.hydrogen gas.

2HCl + 2Na --> 2 NaCl + H2HCl + 2Na --> 2 NaCl + H22

2HCl + Fe --> FeCl2HCl + Fe --> FeCl22 + H + H22

6HCl + 2Fe --> 2FeCl6HCl + 2Fe --> 2FeCl33 + 3H + 3H22

Acids + CarbonatesAcids + CarbonatesAcidsAcids react with react with carbonatescarbonates to produce a to produce a salt, salt,

waterwater and and carbon dioxide gas.carbon dioxide gas.

HCl + Na2CO3 -->

Na2CO3 + HNO3 -->

Acids + CarbonatesAcids + CarbonatesAcidsAcids react with react with carbonatescarbonates to produce a to produce a salt, watersalt, water

and and carbon dioxide gas.carbon dioxide gas.

2HCl + Na2CO3 --> 2 NaCl + H2O + CO2

2NaNO3 + H2O + CO2Na2CO3 + 2HNO3 -->

Acids + Metal OxidesAcids + Metal OxidesAcidsAcids react with react with metal oxidesmetal oxides to produce a to produce a salt and salt and

water.water.

HCl + MgO-->

CuO + H2SO4 -->

SALTSSALTS

ACID + ACID + BASE BASE SALT + ..... SALT + ..... HHNM + NM + MMNMO NMO MMNM NM + H+ H2 2 (O) +..(O) +..

HHCl + Cl + NaNaOH OH NaNaCl + .....Cl + .....

Non metal part of SALT comes from ACID!

METAL part of the SALT comes from BASE!

Acids + Metal OxidesAcids + Metal OxidesAcidsAcids react with react with metal oxidesmetal oxides to produce a to produce a salt and water.salt and water.

2HCl + MgO-->

white

MgCl2 + H2Ocolorless

CuSO4 + H2Oblue

CuO + H2SO4 -->black

SALTSSALTS A SALT is a compound formed when a metal is ionically bonded to a A SALT is a compound formed when a metal is ionically bonded to a

non-metal. non-metal. Salts are formed in many acid-base reactions.Salts are formed in many acid-base reactions.

Acid + ......... Acid + ......... ............ + ............................... + ...................

Acid + ....................Acid + .................... ............ + ................... ............ + ...................

Acid + .....................Acid + ..................... ............ + ................... ............ + ...................

Acid + ......................Acid + ...................... .......... + .......................+ ........................ + .......................+ ..............

Acid + ....................................Acid + .................................... .......... + .......................+ .............. .......... + .......................+ ..............

SALT ACID BASE ACID BASE SALT

MgCl2 HCl Mg(OH)2

Fe(NO3)2 H2SO3 NaOH

MgCO3 H2CO3 CaO

Al2 (SO4 )3 H2CO3 CaCO3

(NH4)3 PO4 H2SO4 Mg.........



Acid + Metal Acid + Metal SALT + hydrogenSALT + hydrogen

Acid + Metal OxideAcid + Metal Oxide SALT + waterSALT + water

Acid + Metal hydroxide Acid + Metal hydroxide SALT + waterSALT + water

Acid + Metal carbonate Acid + Metal carbonate SALT + carbon dioxide + waterSALT + carbon dioxide + water

Acid + Metal hydrogen carbonate Acid + Metal hydrogen carbonate SALT + carbon dioxide + water SALT + carbon dioxide + water


MgClMgCl22 HClHCl Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22

Fe(NOFe(NO33))22 HH22SOSO33 NaOHNaOH

MgCOMgCO33 HH22COCO33 CaOCaO

AlAl2 2 (SO(SO4 4 ))33 HH22COCO33 CaCOCaCO33

(NH(NH44))3 3 PO PO44 HH22SOSO44 Mg.........Mg.........









MgClMgCl22 HClHCl Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22 MgClMgCl22

Fe(NOFe(NO33))22 HH22SOSO33 NaOHNaOH NaNa22SOSO33

MgCOMgCO33 HH22COCO33 CaOCaO CaCOCaCO33

AlAl2 2 (SO(SO4 4 ))33 HH22COCO33 CaCOCaCO33 CaCOCaCO33

(NH(NH44))3 3 PO PO44 HH22SOSO44 MgMg MgSOMgSO44









MgClMgCl22 HClHCl HClHCl Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22 MgClMgCl22

Fe(NOFe(NO33))22 HNOHNO33 HH22SOSO33 NaOHNaOH NaNa22SOSO33

MgCOMgCO33 HH22 CO CO33 HH22COCO33 CaOCaO CaCOCaCO33

AlAl2 2 (SO(SO4 4 ))33 HH22 SO SO44 HH22COCO33 CaCOCaCO33 CaCOCaCO33

(NH(NH44))3 3 PO PO44 HH33POPO44 HH22SOSO44 MgMg MgSOMgSO44









MgClMgCl22 HClHCl MgOMgO HClHCl Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22 MgClMgCl22

Fe(NOFe(NO33))22 HNOHNO33 Fe(OH)Fe(OH)22 HH22SOSO33 NaOHNaOH NaNa22SOSO33

MgCOMgCO33 HH22 CO CO33 Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22 HH22COCO33 CaOCaO CaCOCaCO33

AlAl2 2 (SO(SO4 4 ))33 HH22 SO SO44 AlAl22 (CO (CO33))33 HH22COCO33 CaCOCaCO33 CaCOCaCO33

(NH(NH44))3 3 PO PO44 HH33POPO44 NHNH33 HH22SOSO44 MgMg MgSOMgSO44

Acids & Bases – Every day usesAcids & Bases – Every day uses

Acids:Acids: Bases:Bases:

Make a presentation slide (one slide only) showing some everyday uses of acids & bases – in our homes as well as in industry.

Acids & Bases – Every day usesAcids & Bases – Every day uses

Acids:Acids: Vinegar on chips & wasp Vinegar on chips & wasp

stings (alkali)stings (alkali) Sulphuric acid drain cleaner, Sulphuric acid drain cleaner,

car batteriescar batteries Hydrochloric acid pools, Hydrochloric acid pools,

cleaning cement off brickworkcleaning cement off brickwork

Bases:Bases: sodium hydroxide soap sodium hydroxide soap

making, oven & drain cleaningmaking, oven & drain cleaning Sodium hydrogencarbonate, Sodium hydrogencarbonate,

cooking, bee stings (acidic)cooking, bee stings (acidic) Calcium oxide/hydroxide Calcium oxide/hydroxide

(lime/slaked), increasing (lime/slaked), increasing soil or soil or water pHwater pH, self heating cans, , self heating cans,

Bicarbonate of soda fight Bicarbonate of soda fight indigestion (stomach acid)indigestion (stomach acid)

Make a presentation PowerPoint or OneNote showing some everyday uses of acids & bases – in our homes as well as in industry.

acids & bases what is an acid? (it is defined by its behavior in water.) what is a base? what...

Documents