វន័ិយ គុណភាព ប្សិទ្ធភាព

វទិ្យាស្ថា� នសហប្តិបត្តិការអន្តរជាតិ កម្ពុជាCambodia International Cooperation Institute

English Department Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Languages

Writing Skill Topic: Adverb Clauses and Sentence Structure

Submitted by Submitted to Group 1 : Lecturer: Kak Sovanna

1. Hean Piseth2. Suon Kosal3. Ven Huyteang4. Chorn Bunsong5. Re Rong6. Mey Sarath 7. Sang Rith8. Phai Kimso

Year 1, Semester 2, Room 4032015-2016

Table Contents

I. Adverb ClauseII. Sentence Structure III. Reference IV. Question and Answer

I. Adverb Clause • An adverb is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an

adjective, or an adverb. It tells when, Where, how, why, to what extent, or under what conditions. An adverb clause is usually introduced by a subordinating conjunction.

• EX: 1. Before winter begin, I planted bulbs.2. Bulbs usually do well if you use fertilizer.3. The flowers are beautiful because the winter was mild.

Kind of adverb clauses: are introduced into eight kinds.

A. Adverb clauses of time

• Adverb clauses of time : are introduced by the subordinating conjunction when, whenever, while, after, before, since .etc.

• EX: 1. It always rains after I’ve washed my car.2. The doorbell rang as/while I was changing.3. Have some coffee before you go.

B. Adverb clauses of Place

• Adverb clauses of place : are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions where and wherever.

• EX: 1. Where the road bends left, there’s a turning an the right.2. You can put it wherever you want.

C. Adverb clauses of Purpose • Adverb clauses of purpose: are introduced by the

subordinating conjunctions so, That, In order that and lest. We can use a to infinitive clause to express in formal style.

• EX:1. I’d just sat down to read the paper.2. The Company borrowed money in order/to finance

their advertising.

D. Adverb of causes of reason• Adverb of causes or reason: are introduced by the

subordinating conjunctions because, as, since.

• EX:1. I made mistakes because ,I was tired. 2. Since on one asked me, I didn't tell them.

E. Adverb clauses of condition• Adverb clauses of condition: are introduced by the

subordinating conjunction of condition if, whether, unless.

• EX:1. If you join the library, you can borrow books.2. She wouldn’t want a dog whether she had room for one

or not.3. Useless you tell her about your love, She won’t know it.

F. Adverb clause of result or consequence.• Adverb clauses of result or consequence : are introduced by

the subordinating conjunction That, Frequently, so, or such precedes it in the Principal clause.

• EX:1. He is such a good man that all respect him.2. She is friendly that everyone likes to talk with her.

G. Adverb Clauses of comparison There are 2 kinds:1. Adverb clauses of comparison of Degre: are introduced by the subordinating conjunction, or by the relative adverb as

EX: 1. He is older than he looks. 2. He is not so clever as you think.Note: The verb of the adverb clause of comparison of Degree

is often understood and not expressed, asEX: She likes Chocolate better than I. [Like it]

2. Adverb clauses of comparison of Manner: are introduced by the relative adverb, as

EX: 1. Do it in the way that I showed you. 2. Jessica behaved as always does.

H. Adverb clauses of supposition or concession• Adverb clauses of supposition or concession: are introduced by the

subordinating conjunction though, although, even if.

• EX:1. Though I am poor, I am honest.2. Even if it rains, I small come.3. Although I forbade this, you have done it.

II.Sentence Structure• Kind of sentences

Sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate your ideas. Every sentence is formed from one or more clauses and expresses a complete thought. The four basic kinds of sentences in English are Simple, Compound,

Complex, and compound-complex.

1. Simple sentence: A simple sentence contains only one Main clause and no

Subordinate clause. It may contain a compound subject or compound verb.EX:1. Freshwater boils at 100 degree Celsius at sea level.2. Freshwater boils at 100 degree and freezes at o degree Celsius.3. Freshwater and salt water do not boil and do not freeze at the same.

2. Compound SentencesA compound sentences is two or more independent clause joined

together. There are three ways to join the clause. a. Compound Sentences with Coordinators

It’s usually joined by a comma. There are seven coordinators conjunction such as (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) or FANBOYS.

Form: Independent clause, + Coordinator + Independent clause.

EX: - Japanese people live longer than most other nationalities, For they eat healthful diets. - They eat a lot of fish and vegetables, And the eat lightly. - Diet is one factor in how long people live, But it is not the only factor. - They do not eat a lot of red meat, Nor do they eat many dairy products. Note: Nor means “and not” it joins two negative independent clause. Notice that question word order is used after Nor

b. Compound sentences with conjunctive adverbs

It may be joined by a semicolon before a comma after conjunction adverb. Conjunction adverb such as: ( Also, furthermore, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, accordingly, as a result, for example, for instance…….)

Form: Independents clause; + conjunctive adverb, + Independents clause.EX: - Community colleges offer predation for many occupation; also they prepare students to transfer to a four-year college or university. - People often have set opinions music; nevertheless, one should keep an open mind. - Many people want to attend the exhibit; however, tickets are no loner available.

c. Compound sentences with Semicolons

A third way to form compound sentence is to connect the two independent clauses with a semicolon alone:

Ex: - Poland was the first Eastern European country to turn away from communism; others soon followed. - Clothing styles move in cycles; today’s fashions will reappear at some time in the future.

3. Complex Sentence A complex sentence contains one main clause(Indep Cl) and one or more subordinate clauses (Dep Cl). In a complex sentence, one idea is generally more important than the other one. There are three kinds of dependent clause: adverb, adjective, and noun.a. Complex sentences with Adverb clause An adverb clause acts like an adverb that is it tells where, when, why and how. An adverb clause begins with a subordinator, such as When, While, Because, Although, If, So or That. It can come before or after an independent clause.EX: 1. Although women in the United State could own property (Dep Adv Cl) they could note vote until 1920.(Indep Cl) 2. A citizen can vote in the United State (Indep Cl)when he or she is 18 years old.(Dep Adv Cl)

b. Complex sentences with Adjective clauseAn adjective clause acts like and adjective that is it describes a

noun or pronoun. An adjective clause begins with a relative pronoun,such as: Who, Whom, Which, Whose or that or with a relative adverb, such as: Where or When. It follows the noun or pronoun it describes.

EX: Men who are not married (Dep Adj Cl) are called bachelors.

c. Complex sentences with noun clause A noun clause begins with a WH- question word that, whether and sometimes if. A noun clause acts like a noun it can be either the subject of the independent clause.EX: That there is a hole in the ozone layer of earth’s atmosphere is well known. (Dep N Cl)

4. Compound-complex sentenceA compound-complex sentence has two or more main clause

and at least one subordinate clause.EX: 1. I wanted to travel after I graduated from college; however, I had to go to work immediately. 2. Billie Holiday, who lived from 1915 to 1959, grew up in a poor family, and she became a famous jazz singer.

III. Reference

Book of Academic writing year 1, semester 2, 2011 Edition Page 26-40

www.google.com Oxford Guide to English Grammar by John Eastwood Page

327-340

IV. Question and Answer Any question just ask, don’t by shy.