al-fawaaid as-samadiyyah (eternally useful lesson in arabic syntax)

ETERNALLY USEFUL LESSONS

IN 'ARABIC SYNTAX

(al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah)

by

The Illustrious Shaikh

Baha ad-Deen Muhammad Ibn al-Husain Ibn Abdus-Samad al-'Amili

Known As

Shaikh al-Bahai

B. 953 HQ/1546 CE - D. 1030 HQ/1621 CE

fvA fAA

ZA BA fvA fJ I nZA I fZ VA cr

BJA crBI jA (_ 1030 m NA)

ETERNALLY USEFUL LESSONS

IN 'ARABIC SYNTAX

(al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah)

by

The Illustrious Shaikh Muhammad Ibn al-Husain Ibn 'Abdus-Samad al-'Amili

Known As Shaikh al-Bahai

(B. 953 HQ/1546 CE - D. 1030 HQ/1621 CE )

Translation and Commentary

by

'Ali 'Abdur-Rasheed

2008 Ali Abdur-Rasheed

[email protected]

Madani E-Publications

All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced for publication without the express,

written consent of the author.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 11 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

PART ONE: The Text ('Arabic) 19 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

PART TWO: The Text, Translation & Commentary 49 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

Author's Preface 50 .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

FIRST CHAPTER 52 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.0 The First Garden: Kalimah, Bina & I'rab ( ) 53 LAjA ,FJA ,A . .....

. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.0 Definition of Nahw, Kalimah & Kalam ( ) 53 A A ZA jM . ..... .....

.. ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.1 Explanation: Kalimah 56 . ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.2 Sub-Division: Concrete & Abstract Noun ( ) 64 A A mG . ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.3 Clarification The Definite & Indefinite Noun ( ) 66 jA jA . ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.4 Clarification: Genuine & Literal Feminine Noun ( ) 73 A ZA SA . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.5 The Last Subdivision The Verb 74 . ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.6 Information: Construction Of The Verb 78 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.7 A Lesson: I'rab & Bina ( ) 82 FJA LAjA . ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.8 Explanation: Signs Of The Nominative State ( ) 86 jA . ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.9 Completion: Signs Of The Accusative State ( ) 99 KvA . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.10 Explanation: Signs Of The Genitive State ( ) 103 jVA ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.11 Estimation of I'rab ( ) 107 LAjA jfM ..... ..... ..... .....

.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'Amili L BA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN

SECOND CHAPTER 113 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.0 The Second Garden: The Noun And Associated Matters 114 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.0 The Mu'rab (Declinable) Noun ( ) 114 LjA mA . ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.0 First Type: Nominative Only - (a) The Verbal Subject ( ) 114 BA . ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.1 Information: Subject's Gender 122 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.2 An Issue: Position Of Subject In An Expression 126 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.3 (b): Proxy-Subject ( ) 129 BA KB . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.4 (c) & (d): Nominal Subject & Predicate ( ) 132 jJbA CfNJA . ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.5 A Rule: Placement Of The Subject & Predicate 145 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.6 A Section: The Nawasikh ( ) 146 cmAA . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.6 a- Defective Verbs ( ) 146 vBA BC . ..... ..... ..... .....

.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.7 Two Issues 150 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.8 b- Particles Bearing Resemblance To A Verb ( ) 153 BMAaC G . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.9 c- ( ) And ( ) Bearing Resemblance To ( ) 159 B o . ..... ..... ..... .....

..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.10 d- ( ) For Negating The Collective Noun ( ) 161 oVA B .... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.11 Information 164 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.12 e- Verbs Of Approximation ( ) 167 IiBA BC .... ..... ..... .....

... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.13 Completion 169 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.14 Second Type: Accusative Only 171 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.14 1- The Simple Subject ( ) 171 I A .... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.15 2- The Absolute Object ( ) 173 A A .... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.16 3- Maf'ul Lahu ( ) 177 A .... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....


2.17 4- Maf'ul Ma'ahu ( ) 179 A .... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.18 5- Maf'ul Feehi ( ) 181 A .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.19 6- Accusative Due To Removal Of The Genitive 184 .... ..... ..... ..... .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.20 7- The Hal ( ) 186 BZA .... ..... ..... .....

... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.21 8- Tamyeez ( ) 190 lNA .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.22 Third Type: Genitive Only 194 .... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.23 Completion 197 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.24 Genitive Due To Genitive Particle 202 .... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.25 Fourth Type: Accusative & Non-Accusative 217 .... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.25 1- The Exception ( ) 217 RNnA .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.26 Completion 221 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.27 2- A Noun Diverted From Its Governing Agent ( ) 225 B NrA .... ..... ..... ..... .. ..... ..... .....

2.28 3- The Vocative ( ) 233 eBA .... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.29 Some Details (Regarding the Vocative) 235 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.30 Enlightenment 239 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.31 4- Mumayyiz ( -Words Distinguished By Numbers) 246 lA .... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.32 Completion 249 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.33 Indeclinable Words ( ) 252 JA mA .... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.33 1- Pronouns ( ) 252 jBzA .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.34 An Issue: The Pronoun Of Fact & Narration 256 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.35 A Lesson: The Reference Of A Pronoun 258 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.36 2- Demonstrative Nouns ( ) 263 iBqA FmC .... ..... ..... ..... .....

. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....


2.37 3- Relative Nouns ( ) 266 uA FmC .... ..... ..... ..... .....

... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.38 Completion 268 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.39 An Issue 270 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.40 4- Compounds ( ) 272 KjA FmC .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.41 Appositive Subordinates ( ) 274 IANA .... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.41 1- The Adjective ( ) 274 OA .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.42 2- Apposition With A Particle ( ) 280 jZI .... ..... ..... ..... .....

.. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.43 Completion 287 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.44 3- Emphatic Apposition ( ) 289 fDNA .... ..... ..... ..... .....

.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.45 Two Issues 292 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.46 4- Equivalent Apposition ( ) 293 fJA .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.47 A Guidance 296 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.48 5- Explicative Apposition ( ) 297 BJA .... ..... ..... ..... .....

.. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.49 Nominal Governing Agents Resembling A Verb 301 .... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.49 1- The Masdar ( ) 301 ifvA .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.50 2 & 3- The Active & Passive Participles ( ) 305 A BA mG .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... .....

2.51 4- The Adjective Resembling An Active Participle ( ) 310 BBI Jr u .... ..... ..... ..... ..... . .....

2.52 Enlightenment 313 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.53 5- The Superlative Noun ( ) 318 zNA mG .... ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.54 Completion 321 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.55 Enlightenment 323 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.56 Conclusion 325 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....


THIRD CHAPTER 332 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

3.0 Matters Related To The Verb: I'rab And The Present-Tense Verb 333 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

3.0 1-The Nawasib ( -Accusative Particles) 333 KuAA ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

3.1 Perfection: Estimation Of The Accusative 338 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

3.2 2-The Jawazim ( -Jussive Particles) kAVA . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....342

3.2 The Jussive Governing One Verb ( ) 342 fYA kBU . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .. ..... ..... ..... .....

3.3 The Jussive Governing Two Verbs ( ) 345 kBU . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

3.4 An Issue 349 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

3.5 The Verbs Of Praise And Blame ( ) 350 hA `fA BC . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

3.6 The Verbs Of Surprise ( ) 354 KVNA . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

3.7 Verbs Of The Heart ( ) 357 LA BC . ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

3.8 An Issue: Cancellation Of Government 359 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

3.9 Conclusion: Contention Between Two Governing Agents . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

361

FOURTH CHAPTER 367 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.0 Sentences And That Which Follows Sentences 368 ..... .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.0 Nominal & Verbal Sentences 368 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.1 A Summary: Sentences With & Without A Place Of I'rab 371 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.2 Details: 1. Khabariyyah ( -Informative Sentence) 374 jJbA ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....

..... ..... ..... .....

4.3 2. Haliyyah ( ) 376 BZA ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.4 3. Sentence With An Object Occurring In It ( ) 378 BI A ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.5 4. The Sentence Which Is Mudaf Ilaihi ( ) 380 BG BzA ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

... ..... .....


4.6 5. Reply To The Jussive Condition ( ) 381 kBU jr LAU ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... .....

4.7 6. The Sentence Subordinate To A Singular ( ) 382 ej IBM ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.8 7. A Subordinate To A Sentence With A Place of I'rab 383 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.9 Other Details: 1. Newly Initiated Sentence ( ) 385 DNnA ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.10 2. Parenthetical Clause ( ) 386 yjNA .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.11 3. Explanatory Sentence ( ) 388 jnA ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.12 4. The Relative Clause ( ) 389 vA .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.13 5. Reply To An Oath ( ) 390 n LAU .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.14 6. Reply To A Non-Jussive Condition ( ) 391 kBU j jr LAU .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.15 7. A Subordinate To A Sentence With No Place Of I'rab 392 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .. .....

4.16 Conclusion: The Genitive Particle, The Genitive Noun And Adverb 393 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... .....

FIFTH CHAPTER 396 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.0 ( ) 397 lA . ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.1 ( ) 399 C . .....

. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.2 ( ) 401 G . ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.3 ( ) 403 C . .....

. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.4 ( ) 405 G . ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.5 ( ) 407 gG . ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.6 ( ) 408 AgG . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.7 ( ) 410 C . .....

. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.8 ( ) 411 BC . .....

..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....


5.9 ( ) 414 BG . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.10 ( ) 416 C ....

..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.11 ( ) 418 I ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.12 ( ) 420 BqBY .... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.13 ( ) 422 NY .... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.14 ( ) 424 B .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.15 ( ) 429 f .... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.16 ( ) 431 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.17 ( ) 432 ....

. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.18 ( ) 435 ....

.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.19 ( ) 437 ....

. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.20 ( ) 440 ....

..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.21 ( ) 442 B ....

..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.22 ( ) 444 B .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.23 ( ) 446 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

Author's Final Words 448 .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

Footnotes 449 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

Grammarians in History 451 ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

Bibliography 459 ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....


fNA

INTRODUCTION

mjA fm fZ a Mja nA vA BNnA fZA

.UC A PAu ,jBA E A u

For generations, the book by Shaikh al-Bahai, has been a al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah

constant element in the 'Arabic curriculum of many Islamic seminaries and institutes of

higher learning. Furthermore, due to its inclusion in the well-known seminary student's

handbook ( ), it has become a fixture in Islamic Jami' al-Muqaddimat PBfA BU

seminaries of Iran and 'Iraq. This handbook contains fifteen small books, twelve of which

are on various topics of 'Arabic grammar including Tasreef, Nahw and grammatical government of words. It also includes two books on logic or Mantiq and a beneficial book, Etiquettes of the student ( ) by Shaikh Naseer ad-Deen Tusi. NA LAeC

As noted in his preface, Shaikh al-Bahai wrote as a guide for al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah

his brother, 'Abd as-Samad who was a teacher in Jabal-'Amil, the mountainous area

which is now considered Lebanon. To those unfamiliar with the style of such books, this

book may appear cryptic. The book is basically an outline of important issues in Nahw. As such, it requires a teacher or commentary to expound upon the text with details and

provide beneficial examples for the student.

Shaikh al-Bahai divided into five chapters. He refers to each al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah

chapter as a Hadeeqah, literally meaning . The first chapter contains preliminary a garden matters highlighted for the student's benefit. It covers topics like the definition of Nahw, Kalimah, Kalam . More importantly, he identifies the signs of I'rab in the noun and verb.

The second chapter contains the traditional topics of Nahw: categories of words which are always found to be nominative, accusative or genitive. The third chapter deals with

issues related to the verb, particularly with regard to I'rab. The fourth chapter covers

matters related to sentences. The fifth chapter reviews a selection of individual nouns

and particles.


In this commentary, is presented in its entirety in the first al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah section. The text, its translation and commentary are in the second section.

Also in his preface, Shaikh al-Bahai eloquently indicates that it was 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS),

the cousin of the Prophet Muhammad (S), who first formulated the rules of 'Arabic grammar. It was his intent to protect the Quran from error in interpretation and deliberate

misinterpretation. The 'Arabic of 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS), flowing from his genius intellect 1

has produced some of the most inspiring and thought invoking examples of 'Arabic in

history. The compilation of his speeches, sermons, letters and advices, known as Nahj

al-Balaghah, has been universally acknowledged by grammarians as the greatest

example of 'Arabic literature after the Quran itself.

'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS) formulated the rules of 'Arabic Grammar and presented these

fundamentals to one of his companions, Abu al-Aswad ad-Duali, who was also very

proficient in 'Arabic. He encouraged Abu al-Aswad to expound upon these fundamentals.

With this, Abu al-Aswad was destined to become the first to write a comprehensive book

on Nahw. This book was studied, copied and expounded upon beginning a tradition which has continued successively for nearly fifteen centuries.

Nahw, then, is a venerable discipline with its own history, chains of transmission, notable personalities and famous texts like every other branch of knowledge. Throughout the text

of this book, Shaikh al-Bahai mentions some of the notable personalities in Nahw. At the

end of the book, I have provided short biographical sketches of some of the famous

grammarians in order to make their contributions more evident. In particular, I have

focused on the early grammarians of Basrah and Kufah as their works have had the most

profound influence upon the discipline of Nahw.

In this preface, I would like to present a biography of Shaikh al-Bahai. Before his

biography, however, I would like to present a short biography of Abu al-Aswad ad-Duali,

the forefather of this discipline:


fA emA IC Best known as Abu al-Aswad ad-Duali, his proper name is: . (fA)fA emA IC j I B

He was born during the life-time of the Prophet (S) and migrated to Basrah during the caliphate of 'Umar Ibn al-Khattab. He was one of the scholars of the , the Taba'een

generation subsequent to the generation of the Prophet (S), and is well-known in literature for his exceptional poetry. He is considered a reliable transmitter of narrations

by scholars of both sects.

Abu al-Aswad was also a companion of 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS) who was the first of the

twelve Shi'ite Aimmah and the last of the rightly guided caliphs of the Sunni. Abu

al-Aswad fought with him at Siffeen. Once he heard a person reciting the following verse from the Quran:

{mi jrA jI A C...}

"(And an announcement from Allah and His Apostle to the people on the day of the

greater pilgrimage that Allah and His Apostle are free from liability to the idolaters." [9:3]

The reciter, however, incorrectly recited the word ( ) with Kasrah ( ) thereby mi mi

changing the meaning to: . That Allah is free from liability to the idolaters and His Apostle

The change of one vowel had a profound impact upon the meaning of this verse and Abu

al-Aswad realized that the meaning of the Quran needed protection as a growing number

of people were reciting the Quran without a clear understanding of 'Arabic. He devised

the Quran's first system of diacritical signs by placing colored dots above or below the

'Arabic letter to accurately indicate its vowel.

Some reports indicate that after hearing his own daughter make a grammatical mistake in

speaking, he complained to 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS) about the deterioration of the 'Arabic

language and his fear of its corruption. 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS) agreed and began to

formulate for him the fundamental principles of grammar, after which that he said to Abu

al-Aswad: . From this statement, it is said that the term ZA Ah \G Follow this manner

Nahw was coined for grammar. The aim of 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS) and Abu al-Aswad in

codifying the rules of Nahw was the protection of the meaning of the Quran from

corruption.


Afterward, Abu al-Aswad authored what is commonly acknowledged as the first book of

Nahw, ( ). In this treatise, Abu al-Aswad Principles of 'Arabic Grammar IjA ZA uC

expounded upon the fundamentals of 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS). The linguist ar-Raghib

al-Isfahani, in his book ( ) says of Abu al-Aswad: Muhadarat al-Udaba , "He FIeA PAjyBZ

was the first to give diacritical signs to the Quran and he laid the foundation of Nahw with

the guidance of 'Ali (AS)." 2

Abu al-Aswad died in the year 69 HQ/~688 CE during the caliphate of 'Umar Ibn 'Abdul-'Azeez.

Among the earliest historical accounts of Abu al-Aswad's book is related to the famous

grammarian, 'Isa Ibn 'Umar (d. 148 HQ /766 CE) who is reported to have recorded and taught this book which was narrated from his teacher Abu Ishaq (d. circa 117 HQ/735 CE). Abu Ishaq is one of the earliest grammarians in the generations subsequent to Abu

al-Aswad whose background is well-known. It is apparent from the reports of his student

that he taught Abu al-Aswad's book.

'Isa Ibn 'Umar, his student, is said to be the founder of the Kufiyyeen school of grammar.

Another of Abu Ishaq's students, Abu 'Amr Ibn al-'Ala (~69-153 HQ/689-770 CE), is considered the founder of the Basriyyeen school of grammar. Such great scholars in their own right, they only magnify the position of their teacher, Abu Ishaq, as the father of the

Basriyyeen and Kufiyyeen.


BJA cq Shaikh Bahai was born on the 17th Muharram 953 HQ/1546 CE. There are differing

reports regarding his place of birth. One reports indicates is that he was born in or near

Ba'labakk (now Lebanon). The area, known as Jabal al-'Amil ( ) is famous for BA JU

producing great scholars. Due to this, he is referred to as al-'Amili ( ). Another report BA

from Abu al-Mu'ali at-Taliwi, however, reports that he was born in Qazveen, Iran.

The third report also says he was born in Iran. Some reports indicate his birthplace to be a

town named Amil ( ) in northern Iran on a road to Mazandaran. Some scholars say that E

it is a repeated mistake that he was referred to as al-'Amili ( ) resulting from mistakes BA

copied in manuscripts. They contend that this mistaken attribution gave life to the idea

that we was born in Jabal al-'Amil in Syria. Other scholars contend that he is referred to

as al-Amili ( ) because this was a name by which his clan was known. A

One of Shaikh Bahai's forefathers, al-Harithi al-Hamdani was also a companion of 'Ali Ibn

Abi Talib (AS). He and members of his tribe fought with Imam 'Ali (AS) at Siffeen. Poetry praising al-Harith and his tribe has been narrated from Imam 'Ali. The tribe of al-Harith

were originally from Yemen and settled in northern region of Iran, called Hamdan. It is

said, then, that the descendents of al-Harith became known as al-Amili ( ). Shaikh A

Bahai's full name is:

AfA QiBZA \Bu I nZA I I fZ I fvA fJ I nZA I fZ fA FI

It is difficult to know which report is accurate. However, if he was born in Syria, it is

apparent that his father moved to Iran while he was very young and most of his life, from

childhood onward, was spent in Iran.

Shaikh Bahai began his traditional studies with his father in the fields of 'Arabic grammar,

Fiqh, Usul, Hadeeth and Tafsir. He began his studies in the city of Qazveen, the seat of authority with the Safavid government.


Shaikh al-Bahai's father, Shaikh Husain Ibn 'Abd as-Samad al-'Amili (919-984

HQ/1512-1576 CE) was a scholar of the Jabal-'Amil. Shaheed ath-Thani, also from Jabal

al-'Amil, has listed his father in his Ijazat as a scholar of the Jabal al-'Amil. It is known that

he also studied with 'Allamah 'Abdullah Yazdi, also of Qazveen. He became well-known in

this city for his knowledge and attracted the attention and esteem of the Safavid King

Shah 'Abbas al-Kabeer.

He traveled extensively throughout the Persian empire including Afghanistan. It is

reported that he was often accompanied in his travels by the king Shah 'Abbas or he

traveled as his guest with other officials. Shah 'Abbas sought to honor him with the post of

leadership of the 'Ulama ( ) a post which he reportedly never officially accepted, FA mBi

although he clearly had an extensive relationship with the king.

His travels took him outside of Persia as well. He visited Egypt where he wrote his Book

Kushkul ( ) wherein he collected rarities related to various branches of knowledge. rA

From Egypt he visited al-Quds (Jerusalem), Hijaz, 'Iraq and the 'Arab Peninsula.

Everywhere he traveled we was acclaimed for his knowledge and piety.

His fame in Persian and 'Arab countries was due not only to his mastery of the traditional

branches of knowledge. He was equally as accomplished as a mathematician,

astronomer and engineer. In all, he composed more than fifty treatises and books the

majority of which were published:

In astronomy, he wrote three well-known treatises: ( ) A Bmi The Lunar

Treatise Explanation of Celestial . A treatise on the lunar cycles; ( ) A \jrM

Bodies . A listing of commonly visible celestial bodies and constellations; and

( ) . Although invented by the either the IjmA BmjA The Astrolabe Treatise

Greeks or Indians, Muslim astronomers and mathematicians had greatly

enhanced the accuracy of the astrolabe by the eighth century.

In traditions, he wrote two books: ( ) BnZA `BZvA SeBYA fA BYC NA JZA

al-Habl al-Mateen , a collection of over one thousand traditions with the Shaikh's commentary. ( ) his selection of forty BRfY IiA `jq Explanation of Forty Traditions,

traditions with his commentary.


In matters of worship and Du'a, he composed: ( ) A A `A `BN The

Keys of Success In the Acts of the Day and Night . A book about worship and

Du'a ( ) a commentary on IjA AfY Hadaiq al-Muqarribeen, Saheefah

as-Sajjadiyyah including other Du'a, published under various names.

In Islamic Law he wrote a number of treatises: ( ) mBJA BVA The 'Abbasi

Collection . A book on the rules of Islamic law which contains chapters up to the

book of Hajj; ( ) A treatise on the calculations used in inheritance SiAA Bmi

( ) A treatise on the slaughtering of the People of the Book; LBNA C \BIg Bmi

( ) A treatise on the Qiblah; ( ) A treatise on the JA Bmi NA eVm BYC Bmi

rulings of the prostration of recitation.

In Usul, the fundamentals of Islamic Jurisprudence, he wrote three books: ( ) fIlA

az-Zubdah; The Mystery of az-Zubdah; Margin ( ) ( ) fIlA l frA fA tAY

notes on the rules of Shaheed (Thani); Margin ( ) uA jvNb fzA `jq qBY

notes on the commentary of al-'Adadi on the Summary of Usul.

In 'Arabic grammar, he wrote two books: ( ) fvA fAA al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah

and ( ) . BJA KhM Tahzheeb al-Bayan

In mathematics, his two most famous published works were: ( ) LBnZA ua A

summary of calculations . Published in Iran and Germany, this book was still in

use until the nineteenth century in some parts of Iran; ( ) LBnZA jZI The Sea of

Calculations . These two books highlight the principles of addition, subtraction,

division and fractions. He was one of the mathematicians who embraced the

Hindi numbering system which we currently utilize.

Shaikh Bahai is known to have written many treatise on mathematics. In fact, by the end

of the sixteenth century, Shaikh Bahai was well-known throughout 'Arabia as well as

Persia for his mathematical works. His name and works appear in many of the indices

cataloging the scholarly works of his era. In that era, numerous commentaries were

written on many of his works, some of which have been translated into western

languages, particularly German. It is reported that when he died, he was working on a

book named ( ) which dealt with the topics of algebra and the LBnZA jJU Jabr al-Hisab,

proofs of the calculations of area and distance.


One of his most devoted students, Sayyid Haydar al-Husaini al-Kurki narrates about the Shaikh:

"I was in his service for forty years in residence and in travel. With me there was great

love and friendship for him. I traveled with him to visit the Aimmah of 'Iraq, prayers and

peace be upon them. I read with him numerous Ahadith in Baghdad, al-Kazimain, an-Najaf ash-ashraf and the courtyards of al-Husain and al-'Askariyyain (AS). In each of these places he permitted me access to all of the books of Hadith, Islamic Law, Tafsir and others.

I was with him traveling to visit (the shrine of) ar-Rida (AS) in which the Senior Nawwab

Khaldullah was at his service, he set out always walking barefoot from Isfahan to his visit

(of ar-Rida-AS). There, I read with him the Tafsir of Surah al-Fatihah from his Tafsir named al-'Urwah al-Wuthqa and his commentary on Du'a al-Misbah and Du'a ( ) QA jA

al-Hilal from as-Saheefah as-Sajjadiyyah. Then, we set off for the city of Herat

(Afghanistan) which he and his father had previously visited. Then, we returned to

Mashhad Muqaddas and from there we set off for Isfahan. In all, I read from him, first, in

the prime of youth, Alfiyyah of Ibn Malik in Nahw. Then, I read with him numerous of treatises of his (own) authorship. I read with him (his) commentary on Forty Traditions

( ). ( ) BRfY IiA `jq iBJaA KhM I read the first volumes of Tahzheeb al-Akhbar and al-Kafi

( ) BA by Thiqah al-Islam Muhammad Ibn Ya'qub al-Kulaini. (I read) the first volume of

(Shaikh Saduq's) al-Faqeeh and most of (Shaikh Tusi's) book al-Istibsar ( ) A jzZ

( ) iBvJNmA except a little at its end.

I read with him a summary of sayings on Ma'rifah ar-Rijal and Dirayah ( ) ( ) BUjA j AifA

written by his father and his (book) Dirayah which he had made as a preface to his book

Habl al-Mateen I read Habl al-Mateen with him from which he extracted forty ( ). NA JZA

Hadith compiled by Shaheed (ath-Thani). I read with him a treatise named Tahzheeb

al-Bayan and Fawaid as-Samadiyyah, both of which are his writings in Nahw. He died in Isfahan in the year 1030 at the time of our return from visiting the Sacred House of Allah.

Then, he was moved to the mausoleum of ar-Rida (AS) and he was buried near there in

his house close to (ar-Rida's-AS) blessed presence. His grave there is well-known and

the elite and the masses alike visit him." 3


Shaikh Bahai died in Isfahan on the 12th of Shawwal 1030 HQ/1621 CE. Like his

birthplace, the exact year of his death is disputed. This date was given by two of his

students Sayyid Haydar al-Husaini al-Kurki (whose report was just mentioned) and al-Majlisi (The First) who were both present at the time of his death and performed his

funeral rites. Other dates between 1030 and 1035 have also been mentioned regarding

his death. According to the various reports, he was between 77 and 82 at the time of his

death. As mentioned, he is buried in Mashhad Muqaddas next to the mausoleum of the

highly revered 'Ali Ibn Musa ar-Rida (AS). Millions of ar-Rida's (AS) devotees also visit

Shaikh Bahai's mirror-tiled mausoleum and pay their respects to him as well, thereby

keeping his memory vibrant for nearly four hundred years since his death. 4

It is my hope that this translation and commentary on will al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah expose Shaikh al-Bahai to a new audience in the west. English-speaking students of

Islamic studies are acutely aware of the lack of comprehensive books in 'Arabic grammar

and other topics in English. Hopefully, the commentary on will al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah benefit students seeking knowledge of 'Arabic and complement the contributions of

English texts to Islamic studies. My prayer is that students in the west will also adopt and

continue this venerable tradition of learning and teaching as exemplified in the

generations of great personalities preceding us.

This commentary on is divided into two parts. The full 'Arabic al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah text is presented in the first part. In the second part, each section of the text is translated

followed by a commentary.

Although the age of the book approaches 400 years, it is as useful today as any book on

Nahw from any subsequent era. The passage of time has not dated its content nor contradicted its rulings nor the author's perspectives. Thus, the title is to be Samadiyyah taken as more than a mere association with the author's family name. It praises the divine

and eternal relationship between 'Arabic and Islam.

'Ali 'Abdur-Rasheed

3 Jamada al-Ula 1428

May 20, 2007


A nA

fvA N

THE FIRST SECTION

The Text Of Samadiyyah


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B Jv hA (nA ) IA Bm ,AjA ijJA (E A u) fZ BA fm

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,C fNJ Nj C B A Ah PY ,IjA A fvA fAA h ,fI

fJ lA d BNy .LBJA AC G B fAj ,LAjA A U fA OzM

.EfY oa NrM .A U BI BA FA A U .fvA

A fZA :j fM PeiC B

,BA DbA BnA Y :MfF ,FJA LAjA SY LjA BC AI :ZA

.A A y

C mA G MD ,eBmBI f A ,jY mA : ,ej y B

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A EfA jVBI wNb ,QRA kA fYDI jN j Nn BB :mA (:`BzG)

SDNA FM fI wNb ,BfYDI jN Nn BB :A .VA RNA NA

.aC xAa q J fI j ,BfYDI jN Nn j BB :jZA .fDNA 6


nM

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.LiBz

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jA BfYC G BzA , hA Ag UjA fl j I r y G (:BzC) 6

.j G EfBI

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.

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M M :Z ,JBb C U C R i jy I vNA iBzA A

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VA jnA .BMBZ VA RA FA .NnA FmA A .iBzA jnA

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jvA jnA VA ejA mA jnB .ZNA FA jnA :TQ jVA (:\yM)

:lVA BN .jvA j ZNA .VA RA NnA FmA FA .BnA SA VA

.nbA BA N hZA .BZZu iBzA nB .hZA nA


fB

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.\uA


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:MAaC J fY :


M

G u ByG OB H .BMBZ VA RA NA BzA ejVM KV (:M)

.jA BvvbM jA BjM fM . G BbM G fM . B

f .A J Bj C , J Bj C I Bz BnU B G B G BzA

G BzBI FNmA kAU jrI oBI .RDM SA G BzA jhA BzA KnN

OB NA Q . I n A iBG : ,fA BA ifu Ojq B :

.f

BRA

IiC jVA jY irA . jU jY mAI q G Kn B ,jZBI ijVA (:BRA) 6

jVM B Jm .A FJA G .jzA jBA jVM B Jm ,jr

NY ,BM A mHI wNbM FNA ,jBI wNbM Li ,BlBI BvNbM h h , jBA

.A jBBI wNbM AA BA

IAjA A

MAaC G fI ihA ,RNnA :A ,IiC ,Lv j BIv ej B (:IAjA A)

HI RNnB . G ,vN BUjb B H .BY IBm G Kn BI BvMA f f

jg G .BJB KU j A .Bj m AA KnZI LjC , RNnA jh G

G . G B :Z ,A BJMA nYB vN B H G Kv ,BJU A B H

kV NA .KvA JU kBVZB B B G .A G _G :Z ,ZA ihM

.iBY C AiBY G A FU B :Z ,BJMA

NM Lv oI .BNjY jV BN Kv BqBY Af bI RNnA (:NM)

BI j Lj .ByBI ijV m jI .Lv Af BI a BI .BIU jNNn BmA .jJbA

.jaE f j f j m HI RNnA ZNn


BRA

oa mA h B ,N C jy KvI f mA B NqA AgG BA NrA (:BRA)

Afk :Z ,|zZNA AeD , G N B M AgG .NrA jn if BI Jv KV :PBY

,FVA AgH ,mA G N B M AgG EfNIBI i .jD N Afk AgG :Z ,jrA AeD .NjC

\UjN ,?NCi fk :Z ,ifvA B NrA I I v C .j Ijz fk AgH OUja :Z

fk B :Z ,A NVA KmBM JvI vY C ?NIjy AfkC :Z ,A B M AgG Jv

A JmBA OM AgG :AjA BnN .IjyG Afk :Z ,K NrA B C .NjC Aj

\UjN .A OJv C .mA B Oi H ,NjC Aj B fk :Z ,jfNA

.NIjy fk :Z ,jfNA f g Af B jA

SBRA

jNr .B BI ,LjA lBI ,fJA A C C C B C ,BDI fA ,eBA (:SBRA)

G EfA jY hZ f ,gBq NA B .VA G A a .y OC B .Aj

l PfU H .KA A f VA iBqA mA TBNnA LfA oVA mA

.hZA

vM

BzA .Ui B fk B :Z ,I Bj B BJ evA jA ,jA ejA (:vM)

\N BI |b TBNnA .Ui B JU BB B A fJ B :R ,Kv evA j Jq

iBNb jaE G BBz IA C IHI uA ejA A .Afk B fl B :Z , B

o - B Aj B A m :Z ,Jv y kV ijy A .j I fk B :Z ,ZN

.f M M B :Z A N Jv y kV BzA ijA .nA j B


jvJM

B JA IAM IAjHI LjM LjA IAN ejA BC ,B KvM BzA :IAM (:jvJM)

NnB fJA .Z KvM Y jM ,BJA vA fDNA I j

.B

G bB bB B G ejJA Jv o i iBNb bB C B H A BC

FJ jN .B zA IAN EfA J JA NB y if B IAM .fJB G o

.ZA ifA Kv KvM A ifA

IAjA

Lv DA jrA I B l .V ijV jrA G QRA l ,efA FmC l (:IAjA)

jr BNQG :efA uC .DA U Azi .ej ijV U BBR A DA l .ej

BBV .SA BR jhA Ajh BQA fYAB .C D ,jr G fYA .

B Jm Bjbm :BM :Z ,oBI jrA G QRA .Ui Ui :B I ,efA

.BC BQ

NM

.SA CjA jr BNQA CjA jr fYG ,jhA Ui jr BQA Ui jr fYC :M (:NM)

.SA CjA jr nM G CjA jr TQ .jhA Ui jr nM G Ui jr QQ

jr BQA ,CjA jr fYG Ui jr fYC :N ,M Q .BMAaC jr BNn

.CjA nM nM G Ah ,CjA jr TQ Ui jr QQ ,CjA jr BNQA Ui


PBJA

v NmA H .BY jg Jm KF C KBb C N y B jzA B (:PBJA)

vA n .na h .ijV j vA .ijV Lv j vNA .vN G

.iBbBI Jq m F OC .vNA ihN G

n

B G RDM nZ .vA DrA jy n ,BI jn KF jy VA fN f (:n)

ejI jn V R .bmA C EfNIA G ,jNNn f .f B SA

.Bu pBA B .KAi jA G .j f ,KAi jA :Z ,JN

fB

DI Bj B AgG :yA na JMi B jaDNA jzA e ZA |I jg (:fB)

:Z ,lNI Ajn LBI B C ,flA OjC BjC :Z ,BRA BC ,kBNA

C Dr B C ,Ui Ii :Z ,y LjI AijV C ,Afk NIjy :Z ,jB fJ C .fk Ui

.j B vA

B

,ZA j Ag :BR Ag :jhA ej .pnZA G iBr y B ,iBqA FmC (:B )

M Bi BM :BR .M M g g BM :SA .DN AjYBn Ah G .ijV Iv g

.mN I LBbA B BZM JNA F BafM .Ajv Af C :BV .AjU BJv

.JNA jY ae B ,f f ,VA RA G fJ


B

C C :na irA .ifvBI Nu C jY jZB .mA C jY ,uA (:B )

,LBnZA An BI , ja AvM C ,BlC FC C :Z , B

.m C j fYC e ,XjY A

M

BNA AhA S NA jh hA : ,fB u G jNA B mA uA (:M)

V B hA A .ijV C Iv BB G FBI ,ZA j BB G DI BBR

NBNmA C B fI Ag g C C B .SA V MAA MA A ,jhA

.jhA S

n

,BBG i LAVA .BfNJ B ,u Ah OCi Ag Ou AgB O AgG (:n)

Kv jfNA LAVA B .wbq C C q C I B BJjM B 6

.B i LAVA C G ,B Ag ~j AgB :Z , o

B

eBY jr nb BI BjY BRA zM H .Jn BI o Ki B KjA (:B )

G JJ BRA LjC G iBNbA Lj B A gG ,j jr QA G BMAaC jr

.Jn BJ KjNA J


IANA

.B JN e B OA :A :na ,IBm LAjBI LjC j (:IANA)

AjhM BU RM AeAjG AjM BjM BIAjG JN u BZI BG BNqA KA

:Z ,BzC A uA jy i H AJA BC ,A QRA JN ,N BZI C ,BRDM

nY Ui FU :Z ,B G .LA Aj BUi ,LA Bj Ui ,LA j CjA FU

.BNiBU iAfA B C BB C ,BAfJ BnY MCjA O iAe B C B C ,NiBU

BRA

C C I C C C BG C C C NY C Q C FA C AA mAI IBM jZBI A (:BRA)

.oBI IBr mA A f .A BU .j fk FU :Z ,_

I mM C ,B uB C vBI vA G AjNNn C AkiBI vNA jA A nZ

.BFIE BjqC B \u Baf ,fk BC OU :Z ,A BA

NM

.flI I Pij :Z ,ijV jy A |BbA eB (:NM)

.j jVZA fk iAfA :Z G irA Nb B

SBRA

C ,ijA A BG .eAj ZA q C JN jjM f IBM fDNA (:SBRA)

n fk FU :M ,VB B B .RNA j fA BIB A oA :BC A

BAjNA \v ElUC g j B U .R BN .nC flA BnC Afk

.MAaC UDI JN f .f IB jzI vN . fJA OjNqG :Z ,BY


BNn

fC AgG . AfJ OjNqA kBU .n Ui OCi NA Q fFA G jA f (:BNn)

.n OC .nC NC A :Z ,vA fJ ,A oBI AjNNn C AkiBI vNA jA

IAjA

,A |JA ,A A fI .JN G Kn BI BuG evA IBNA fJA (:IAjA)

AjZA jrA n :Z ,jg G BnA rN SZI fJA NqA hA BNqA

FZvA .oq j JJY : EfJA fI m ,BJ jg G BJA fJA . BN

.\v .pjA fk FU :Z ,A fJ A iAfN C

Af

:ZA |I B .Afk NIjy :Z ,KBA G A fI jzA jBA fJ (:Af)

Afk O ,BC O :Z ,LjA v h I R B .jBA ,R jzA fJ

. fDM BG

oBbA

IiC JN .aC fk FU :Z ,JN \yM vA Jr IBM BJA (:oBbA)

. fI B Nn fJA ,fk BIC B f :Z fJA jN .OB jr

fk LiBzA TiBZA B .BA iAjM fJA ,fk UjA LiBzA FU ,TiBZA fk B :Z

.BN


BBI JrA BA FmA

.A NqA hA TfZ mA ifvA :A :BzC na (:BI JrA BA FmA)

G Bz C jRA :BU A fI B AgG G ,B B AgG G B

.EfC BA y : y A BG . fN .B

SBRA BRA

B H .TfZA B .TfY e B BA mB ,A BA mG (:SBRA BRA)

C jJb C ,BNmA C I eBNA ,BJNmA BZ jNr G ,B u

BY BY ,fuBI Aig mBI J .Fn Ba yBA I .BY g C u

.aD jrA A . TfY e B A mA .yB

IAjA

BvI BA mA jNM .PJRA B TfY e B JrA vA (:IAjA)

BbI .Bk jq j BI u B kAU fI ,Ku nZ fNA e kA

.iBzA BBjU fI .A B

jvJM

G lNA .j B G BI JrNA KvA ,BBI jA :PBY TQ B (:jvJM)

BG NnA h A . C BI BG QRA h ,ByBI jVA .j B

.ejV C BI C Bz

g nYB AJA BC .U nY NaA .U nZA U nZC NB .jr BQ PiBu

.IiC jzA BbA \JA .BQA jzA g nZA .nM fYAA jzA


oBbA

G J .S jh C ,j eBlI u e B zNA mG

iBu XjYe :Z J .zNA j C v j yBN IB jvN BM QQ

.Z fqDI uM jrA f H .j YC jzaC iC V Y jza i PB

.ieB JA |IC ,gBq J YC

NM .j zC AflA f :Z ,BAe jh ej :B ,BBz C DI C I BG Nn (:NM)

AflA zA f :Z , BV u IB :BRA .jJC C :Z , hZ f

:Z ,Bf IBA PkBU . KU G yC zM fv G :SBRA .zA

jh ej B zM fv G .MaG nYC m :N Ah .C C pBA BC AflA

.I pBA nYC C BMaG nYC AflA MaG nYC m :Z ,B

jvJM

Ui OCi :Z , jB i .BBUG I A Kv BBMA jNNnA jzA j (:jvJM)

I ,fk ZA nYC Ui OCi B :Z g jR .IC nYC

.A

MBa

(:MBa) j f SDM U V nM mA ju A

vA mBNA A k h KjM Q BMfAk

z AB OIB fYAI Ah jvA B NRI


f mA jZN jQC .AjIH ,QRA MeBk jrI A VA A ju M VB

jUBzY I ZC .N IBBI jBe Aif ,B B k jvA VA .jRA

G .BNY A ju G N LB EjY JY DI B G SDNA .Jr Ajm u

NZN ,iV BVC C ,jn mA jZN C ,Kl QRA AfAk C Z FNBI B

.XBUl Ba ,f ju

nI pBA gG ,jaC nI Pij jaD Ij BIj ,BuC fA vA jvA fA

o jv j m B fA if .BAe jh ej ByA A ejVA zNA mA jaE

.jB YAk jfNI j Yl ,A m

IBA jA uA Aj ,A ju A A .A jvA jQDM jq jNA

jq A k .JJ A ju UlA KjNA .N Yi jv Bj ,Ajn ,FN

jYD FN IBA jA uA .jr ,A ju ,fAk fAlI jfvM C BI xBvNaA

. eU jv

IiC nI Pij IiD .FNA J f uA B jrI kAA ju M vA

.ijzA ByA A jn LBJA U U jv


RBRA fZA :BBI N B

fDN () :jYC IiDI Kv .kBVA KuBA ejVNBI Mj .LAjBI iBzA wNb

(C) .JuB j A fI NA ,ifv jY (C) .JJnA BB () .JNnA

:Z ,BJNm I Aev jqBJ ifv JvM .ElVA LAV (gG) .BU A fI NA

.BU FA A BNA fI ,nBI vA kV .ikC :B jC gG

M

. jM BJ oJ :Z ,\ju mA BA jZA fI AkAU jz DI Kv (:M)

JnA eZVA :jYC na fI BIU .VA ae OmC :Z ,I jN AgG fI

,JJnA F .Y M C l :Z ,G C G I C .Ih A B B :Z , I

G I NY .JA LjrM nA DM .jD ik :Z ,K C I JnA :A A

OB ,BZA PeiC H .VA aeC NY OmC .orA LjM NY jmC :Z ,BJNmA I fiC AgG , C

.AfNIA jY

v

,fk :Z ,BNJA A :jYC IiC .AfYA lV B B :B kAVA (:v)

G :Z ,jrA AeC JYBvI wNb .yBA G KA A BjNr ,B .BI jrM

fA OIiB :Z ,BiBz hY kAVI B wNb .B Q :Z ,B BA kAVI .C M

.Ii N jA Kj B : ,BJB BN I .B


BRA

B .B BRY C C BC C N B BgG G : , lV B (:BRA)

C iBz A yB ,ElU Bjq zN B fYA .jqA FmC AJA ,BjY

FB Bjq U N ElU .BU fY BRA B H .lVB A C iBz BB H .Nb

C ,C BD M G :Z ,fI Bj ByB C AfBU C FrA C mA U D k

.O f C C C n C jD

n

Q .VA afM jM ,jC ik :Z ,JJnA fv if HI KA fI lV (:n)

.A eBn lVBI iBA afM jM NA

v

B .Fm oI :B .g C `f Fr Oy BC ,hA `fA BC (:v)

B IB xvbA jh Q .lNI Ajn AjNNn Ajy C BI j G BBz C BI Bj B j

,PAfA UjA Fn oI ,f CjA :Z ,CfNJA hZ AjJa C jJbA f AfNJ V .B

MDM C .xvbA fI B Ag BA ,oI B KY KY B .fk Ui Fm

.f CjA AhJY ,BJAi fk AhJY ,AflA AhJY :Z , BY C lNI fI C J

v

J B G BJ .I C C B B .KVNA Fr By :KVNA (:v)

I ,BBMA CfNJ B .B jvN .I efqC fqDI fBA G uN .zNA mA

f B FJA fI B .a ,hZ jJbA BNu BfI B u C BjJa BfI B q 6

.fAk C fN .saA f ,fAk ,Jm


v

jJbA CfNJA KvM . C PDr B BJ mA afM BC :LA BC (:v)

U .Fy FIE AC G :Z ,jJbA N C fU : .fY BfYC hY kV .

AfI j G :Z , KBA ,j Ci .ARJ C Aj hA k :Z , k

.BB Afk OJnY :Z ,A B KBA B KnY Ba .BJj Aj

n

:Z ,FA n Z B B BIG kBU ,PjaDM C jJbA CfNJA I OmM AgG (:n)

B B BIG KU nA C A C A C BNmA Oae AgG .O B fk ,B O fk

.B fl O ,vYC IlZA C :Z ,NA n ,

MBa

f Ij BRA iBNb jvJA C G ,Oq BC BG ,BfI AjB B kBM AgG (:MBa)

AlNmA f Jn A A .BBM J VA A ,JUBI vA BG AlNmA

B G B ,A BC .jB BA A BA PjyC OC BC .jhA J iByA

,B AflA BNJnY JnY :Z , o B C G .jyC BRA C ,hY A

.ZA |I B B


IAjA fZA :BJN B VA

C ,B fk :Z ,mB mHI OfI H .jRA f A C ,eBmHI N zM VA

Afk ,fk B ,fk B I C .jZBI jJ gG ,B Afk G , ja AvM

.ihB ifA .iBVNmA jrA fYC G ,AfJ B ,NIjy

VA ju IC B ,IC B fk :Z ,jJ U B CfNJ AjJa B C jv AjJa O G Q

B jJ ju M f . IC fk :Z ,iBJNHI jJ ju f .jJ

.fk

BUG

jr BIAU AA BG BzA BI A BZA jJbA :Jm Z B NA VA (:BUG)

yjNA DNnA :BzC Jm B Z NA .Z B V IBNA ej IBNA kBU

. Z B IBNA kBU j jq BI LBVA nA BI LBVA vA jnNA

vM

.KvA C jA :BZ .cmAA fY C CfNJ AjJa AA jJbA :Z B A (:vM)

iBqG C Bq oU C CfNJA ONqA AgG G ,if C ih IB jy B fI

.CfNJA o OB C G


BRA

ABI mB .IAi fI .BNmA jZI ifv j jJa M C Bjq :BZA (:BRA)

C .jn fk FU :Z ,fY jzBJ ,f fI OJR iBzI fJ OB G A .BfYC C jzA

OJRA yBA fI .mB G .A mi C M f gM :Z ,AA ,B

.AjfM f

RBRA

BRBQ , LBJ BBQ .A fJ G :B :Z ,BI Z M .BI AA (:RBRA)

LBJI g wNb .BA LM f .vYC IlZA C :Z ,BA B B C LBJ

.B fk :B :Z ,A

IAjA

fI . NC gG AjgA .Pf nA :Z ,BlA j fI M .BG BzA (:IAjA)

.A G BNByG jRA .BAm BA j VA G Bz .SY

nBbA

A z :Z ,lVA :BZ .BVA AgG C FBI j kBU jr BIAU AA (:nBbA)

lVB .O O G ,C M G :Z BC . AgG fC Of BI m JvM G , eB

.fY

meBnA

jA G Aj C :Z ,A G UjM B AMA :Z ,JnZI BZ ej IBNA (:meBnA)

.zJ PBFu


IBnA

M .jvA BI ,IC f B fk :Z ,BJnZI BZ .Z B V IBNA (:IBnA)

.Bn jVA jnA G - Bf M YiA C :Z ,eAjA eDNI C B jrI fI

A - jaE vM

:Z ,BJ B A C .A BI \NNA :DNnA :B Z B (A-jaE vM)

.yjN V :mN A BC .jaDN A BA U h .BU lA G lZ

BRA

A I BJB M .BI JUC mM f :BDq q I mNA yjNA (:BRA)

.Nu uA ,IAU nA ,Nu uA ,jJa CfNJA ,

RBRA

.LAjM a eE R A f n R G :Z ,M B qBA zA jnA (:RBRA)

.jnM B KnZI .B Z C \uA

IAjA

.u IB jy Nr KBb jJa B jNr uA u (:IAjA)

nBbA

NA n jq NUA N .mjA G ZA EjA o :Z ,nA BI LBVA (:nBbA)

.B jrA LAVI N .jJa G jN B BfM AgG G B fNA LAVI


meBnA

kBU jq BI LBVA BY .NjC NU AgG :Z ,kBU j jq BI LBVA (:meBnA)

.C M G :Z ,BVA AgHI FBI jN

IBnA

AA V AgG .NjC iAk hA FU ,NjD fk FU :Z ,B Z B IBNA (:IBnA)

.f jfNI BZ

MBa

zZA jA C ,BZ zZA jA fI BfYC AgG .jA ijVA iBVA BYC (:MBa)

AgG NA hY KV .NZAi BI C BI BM fI .B NZ zZA j C ,v

,BA j C kBU BNmA C fNA C h B AgG .BY C AjJa C u C u BfYC B

.q A C ,fYC f B ,IA iAfA hA FU :Z


nBbA fZA :PAejA

(:lA) ,ifvA Z U aAfA nN iBz ,mNA KjA Ef ejM jY

fkC :Z ,fvNA ivNA BI K ,BNm . ihM C MihC Em :Z

.fvNBI BuBvNa bI ?nA C fk iAfA C ?j C iAfA

(:C) jY BfI B gG ,BNC OD KBbA jzA mB .jY mA ejM .bNA \NBI

NU I mNA :Bjq ,jn RA b iBz JuB ejM jZA .BBMA LBbA

. nA I B fI BJB M ,fAk .B iBU ae f ,A I BC

(:G) G :Z ,RA b .ij G jBA G :Z ,B jq ejM .bNA jnBI

.fAk B jaDNB B G ONUA N .bNA Ej ,jzZ Bf U B

(:C) G BI ,BNr B G BjJa ifvI B M .fDM jY ffrNA \NBI

.fk Ah C , C I :Z ,AfBU B

(:G) Dq jy KvM f . BJv .jJbA jM mA KvM .fDM jY ejM .ffrNA jnBI

BNHI ei .AjYBn Ah G :BM g ejJA f . LAU jY .BjJa VB ,Aif

.CfNJA jJa A

(:gG) BUB .h ,hY :Z ,Bk mA BG Bz f .NVA afN .yB Bj ejM

.a ,j C jY hY .BI C BI fI

(:AgG) FnA AgG :Z ,BI wNbM .BIAVI KvM .Bjq G Bz .JNn Bj ejM

.A JnA AgG OUja :Z ,mBI wNbN ,BUB .iBVNmA jrA fYC G :R ,OrA

.BNaD B bA

(:C) nNA l fI M .BJ BI BfI B JMjA vNB . vN ejM


.jY ,jM jY .J A .BNmA

(:BC) ~ .Bjq hY lNA FA l jrA B .BJB vM jY .ffrNA \NBI

.KNA AC AB vNA iBM f .AC .BlY B lU B BI

(:BG) BI .Ai BG AjBq BG :Z ,vN ejM .irA jY .ffrNA jnBI

.BJB AA M .BI A J k BG .YBIA jbN .rA

(:C) C :Z ,BNmA mA .nZA FmA AfM B BC :Z ,jq mA ejM .ffrNA \NBI

.UjA BC B :Z ,A g Ef u .Ui C UjI Pij :Z ,BA Ae ?B UjA

.jC BC jC :Z ,BAm PuA Lj ,u

(:I) A A fI ,A G A ZA ju PBJQA fI fM . jY

.|I f G Y C BR fy PBJQG A Y jjM

(:BqBY) mA C BJ B Bv ifv G fB jNNn BB .AfBU C AiBU BjY BRNm ejM

C OjI I C AjI I mA . BqBY :Z ,lN . By |I C B

.a ,jIC I mA

(:NY) afN AfNIA jY .|I f jBBI wNb .g I yC C C lVI B ejM

B a BI jz DI iBzA BfI Kv f .ejJ Ba jBBI wNbN ,iBU ejM .VA

.

(:FA) MD hA :Z ,LAVA Jq Ij .yA Nm jvY .Bjq U NA LAV IAi ejM

eB :Z ,jhA .j fk B :Z ,ZB .I KMjNA KNA fN ,B .ie

f .jzb ~iA \JvN :Z ,JJnA F nN .BIBm BY KMjM fM f .B Ii `

BvI LjyB :Z ,|I f Zv nN ,hZ JM f .jNA VNA mHI hY wNbM

.PjVB jVZA


(:f) ZM iBzA M jY ,ie f f :Z ,KnY C I BmA ejM

.ir SZI I ifvA BZA OlNA Q .BZA IjM f .BJB yBA

(:) .B yBA AjNm Bj . fk B :Z ,FBI ZM B AjR .NG I mA ejM

.JNn BVM .PB oa

(:) jVI jJbA wNbM .ifvA l lNA G iBNA BJA BjNrM .BNmA jJa ejM

.eAjG l JvI BNmA .BV C Aej lNA

(:) ?OC :Z AjJa N ,BNmA .A f A lVN .jq ejM

?fk FU :Z BY ?Afk O :Z

(:) . yBBI wNbM .BIAV AlNmA .BIAU BN Bjq BNA zNN .jq ejM

.Oz f ,ifv .j B C :Z ,O I .zJ Ba kBU On jrA G I

(:) B B G jJbA hY B K .mBI wNbM .jq eUI IAU BNA Ij ejM .jY

.DM iBzBI wNbN ~jA |zZN .yBBI wNbM cIN .B

(:B) .a ,j C jY .O O B :Z ,jaC z eUI U z Ij ejM

.iC na BjM , iBz kBU .BY B o G :Z ,BRNmA jY

(:B) ,j u . KV BI Pij :Z ,u j u ejM mB .jY mA ejM

.oI Jr ejM jZA .BNmA .Bk j Bk jq .C jv fU B j :Z

.B u .Bk j Bk ifv

(:) fI mA jrA BA afA f fY fvNA KI lA jNM .BNmA jY

.ifu `jr C :Z ,lA bI , :B ,LBVBI xBvNaA ,

BvBa PBiA h BeiC B UA .BA BZI BI i ,iBA iADI Bifu `jqA C

A E mjA fm fZ JJZI G mN BH .A nA OC G B JM .jA U

.UC m A PAu vA


BRA nA `jrA UjNBI NA

THE SECOND SECTION

The Text With Translation & Commentary


fA YjA YjA A nI

.BA lU A fY ,AjA I NNb jJa ja ,A BI CfNJ nYC

IA Bm ,AjA ijJA (E A u) fZ BA fm nA vA

BC kBU ,BuA jn i ,m B Jv hA (nA )

.A Z ZA yA ,BA KuAA

PREFACE

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful

The most excellent word by which speech can be initiated and the best message by

which to seal an aspiration is Your praise O God! for the abundance of blessings. Prayers

and peace be upon the leader of mankind, Muhammad, prayers of Allah be upon him and

his descendants, the pious, the honorable. Especially his cousin, 'Ali (upon him be

peace) whom he positioned as a standard of Islam. He raised him in order to break the

idols, cut the necks of wicked rebels and to formulate the knowledge of Nahw in order to protect speech (from error).


Nj C B A Ah PY ,IjA A fvA fAA h ,fI

AC G B fAj ,LAjA A U fA OzM ,C fNJ

BI BA FA A U .fvA fJ lA d BNy .LBJA

.EfY oa NrM .A U

Then, these are eternally useful lessons in the discipline of 'Arabic (grammar). Collected

from this art is that which benefits the public and the understanding of which is most

important for the inexperienced. It contains important lessons in the rules of I'rab. Gems

unseen except by the possessors of understanding. I have created it for (my) dearest

brother, 'Abdus-Samad. May Allah make him one of the scholars of (the people of

Jabal-'Amil). May (this book) benefit him and all believers. It is comprised of five gardens:


A fZA THE FIRST CHAPTER


A fZA :j fM PeiC B

BnA Y :MfF ,FJA LAjA SY LjA BC AI :ZA

.A A y ,BA DbA

,eBmBI f A ,jY mA : ,ej y B

.mA C mA G MD

[1.0] THE FIRST GARDEN:

That which I intend to advance as a highlight:

Nahw: Knowledge of the rules of 'Arabic expressions from the perspective of their declension and construction.The benefit of Nahw is the preservation of the tongue from mistakes in speech. Nahw's subject is the word (Kalimah) and speech (Kalam).

The word, then, is an expression of a singular subject. It is either a noun (Ism), verb (Fi'l)

or particle (Harf). Speech is an informative expression with predication (Isnad). Speech is

only accomplished with two nouns or a verb and a noun.

_________________________

[1.0] COMMENTARY

In the first chapter or Hadeeqah (literally meaning a garden), Shaikh al-Bahai prefaces his

main discussion with the introduction of some preliminary definitions and concepts that

the reader will undoubtedly need in understanding many aspects of this book.

First, the definition of Nahw is put forth. Nahw is defined as the rules of 'Arabic expressions. The use of the term expressions (Alfaz) as opposed to words (Kalimat) is

due to the distinction that an expression can be a meaningful signification of one's

thoughts while words alone do not convey a meaning unless organized in a particular

manner that is determined by grammatical rules.


Nahw, then, is the study of such rules that distinguish useful, understandable expressions from non-understandable or incomplete expressions. Particularly, as the rules relate to a

word's declension (I'rab) and construction (Bina).

Declension or is a characteristic of the 'Arabic noun and verb by which the word's I'rab

grammatical state is indicated by signs appearing most often at the end of a word. These

signs change with a change in the grammatical state of the word. The grammatical state

of a word is altered by the government of other words. The 'Arabic word capable of

indicating the signs of I'rab is referred to as ( ) or . Mu'rab LjA declinable

Construction or here refers to the construction of words wherein there are no Bina

indicators of I'rab found at the end of a word. As these types of words are incapable of

indicating a state of I'rab, their grammatic state and indicator of I'rab must be estimated.

The construction of such words are referred to as ( ) or , meaning Mabniy JA indeclinable

to have a fixed ending.

As we delve further into this section, the role declension and construction will be further

clarified with examples.

The benefit of grammar is protection against error in speech and, likewise, in writing. The

body of rules collectively known as grammar serves as a guidance for proper speech.

Clear and effective speech is a by-product of the mastery of a language on different

levels. The mastery of grammar being fundamental.

The subject of Nahw revolves around the word itself (Kalimah) and speech (Kalam). The

difference between the two being that a word is an individual element of an expression

while speech is a collection of words which, as an expression, conveys a complete

meaning.

Kalam, therefore, is an arrangement of Kalimah that signifies a complete thought. If

someone says: , it is a Kalimah, a singular word. Although it has meaning, in that we Zaid

can understand it to be a name of someone, it leaves the listener waiting for some

information to be attributed to Zaid.


Without that attribution, the Kalimah alone does not convey a complete thought. The

listener may wonder: If the listener already knows who Zaid is, it will still Who is Zaid?

leave him to wonder: As such, it is not a meaningful expression even What about Zaid?

though Zaid may be known to the listener.

The expression: , conveys information about Zaid. Grammarians would Zaid is my father

refer to it as a proper sentence as it conveys a complete meaning. In this sentence, the

word is only one element of the expression. Therefore, is a Kalimah while the Zaid Zaid

entire expression, , is Kalam. The attribution of being is Zaid is my father my father

associated with Zaid. By means of that attribution, more is understood with regards to

Zaid than can be understood from the Kalimah alone. Zaid

This process of attribution is referred to predication, defined as: "To state or affirm as an

attribute or quality of something." 5 In the example, the attribute of being my father is

attributed to Zaid forming a simple noun sentence: . is the IC fk Zaid is my father Zaid

Subject and is the predicate, meaning that attribute or quality being attributed to my father

the subject. This predication is referred to as Isnad ( ) by the author. Predication also eBmA

occurs in verbal sentences as well, such as:

IC fk B Zaid was my father

Nahw is concerned with the Kalimah as it exists within the context of a sentence or expression. Nahw is not particularly concerned with the Kalimah itself. There is another branch of 'Arabic grammar referred to as Tasreef, that is related to the Kalimah, its derivation and patterns.

Nahw is also referred to as syntax. Syntax being defined as: "the study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form

grammatical sentences." grammatical sentences complete expressions The terms and 6

denote one in the same thing.

__________________


:`BzG

jVBI wNb ,QRA kA fYDI jN j Nn BB :mA (:`BzG)

,BfYDI jN Nn BB :A .VA RNA NA A EfA

Nn j BB :jZA .fDNA SDNA FM fI wNb

.aC xAa q J fI j ,BfYDI jN 6

[1.1] EXPLANATION:

The noun is a word whose meaning is established independently being un-associated

with one of the three tenses. The noun is distinguished by the genitive state (Jarr); the

Vocative (Nida); the Definite Article (Lam); Nunnation (Tanween); the dual (Tathniyyah)

and the plural (Jam').

The verb is a word whose meaning is established independently (while being) associated

with one of the three tenses. The verb is distinguished by (the particle) Qad; the Feminine

Ta and the Nun of Emphasis (Nun at-Takeed).

The particle is a word whose meaning is not established independently nor is (its

meaning) associated with one of the three tenses. It is known through lack of acceptance

of any of the particularities of its two siblings (the noun and verb).

_________________________

[1.1] COMMENTARY

This section clarifies the definition of each part of speech, meaning the noun, verb and

particle.

In English grammar, the noun is defined as: " The part of speech that is used to name a

person, place, thing, quality, or action..." 7 The 'Arabic noun embraces this definition as

well. The meaning associated with a noun can be understood from only the noun itself

without any connection to any other word, as in: . It is understood as a place of Mosque

Islamic worship. That associated meaning has no connection with time or tense, meaning

the past, present or future tense.


There are six signs that distinguish a noun from other parts of speech. They are:

1) The Genitive State or ( ). The genitive state is uniquely associated Jarr jVA

with nouns. This state is created in a noun whenever a noun is preceded

by a genitive particle, known as ( ). These particles Harf al-Jarr jVA jY

include such common words as: and: . Genitive G From; To In

particles will only precede nouns which they govern, thereby altering

their grammatical state, as in: jBA G PjBm I traveled to Cairo.

Here, the genitive particle ( ) precedes the noun (Cairo) G al-Qahirah

resulting in the noun being genitive as indicated by the Kasrah at its end.

Kasrah is the primary indicator of the genitive state in nouns. Often the

genitive particle extends the government of the verb to words other than

its subject and object as the nature of the particle is that it often provides

linkage between words.

The genitive state may also be produced in nouns by the annexation of

one noun to another, known as . Most often this construction Idafah

signifies possession (whether physical or abstract), connection or

composition, as in:

A fJ VA Ja Servant of Allah; Friday Sermon;

z MBa A Silver Ring

The first part of the Idafah is referred to as: ( ) and the al-Mudaf BzA

noun annexed to it is known as: ( ), the latter al-Mudaf Ilaihi G BzA

always being in the genitive state. This annexation of the second noun

also defines the first.

Grammarians say that the genitive state in the Mudaf Ilaihi is due to the

estimation of a genitive particle whose government is present while the

particle itself is not. The original expression could be estimated, for

example, to be: , wherein the genitive state is due to the zA MBa

genitive particle ( ). Min


The direct government of a particle over a noun or verb is an example of

literal government or ( ). The government of the Lafziyyah A BA

Idafah, on the other hand, is semantic government related to meaning or

Ma'nawi ( ). A BA

2) The Vocative or ( ). The vocatives are a group of particles used Nida EfA

in summoning or calling someone. These particles are found preceding

nouns which they define, as in: ; fZ B IB O Muhammad! O My son!;

{...AE hA BCB} The noun which they define are O you who believe!

known as the ( ) and will be always in the nominative state. Munada eBA

The Munada, as a rule, may only be a noun. The , in most Munada

cases, is a definite noun as the speaker generally intends to call

someone in particular. Technically, if someone unknown is being

summoned, then the should be indefinite. Such as a blind man Munada

who summons help without knowing who is around him: fI ha UiB O

man! Take my hand! As opposed to summoning someone who is known,

as in: fI ha fk B O Zaid! Take my hand!

3) The Definite Article or ( ). In 'Arabic the Definite Article is commonly Lam

referred to as A

al-fawaaid as-samadiyyah (eternally useful lesson in arabic syntax)

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