مكافحة الفساد ... الاطار القانوني... والتطبيق
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Summary of Research Study"Fighting Corruption Legal Framework Application'
This research study, entitled 'Combating Corruption … Legal Framework … Practice' discussesspecific mechanisms for combating and fighting corruption. Corruption has evolved into one of themajor challenges at the community level that obstruct and undermine such endeavors that seek toattain an idealistic, democratic community. Moreover, corruption undercuts the developmentalefforts, as it poses serious threats to the community at large. Corruption leads to an uneven balancein the community. Therefore, this research study, in general, examines the root causes of corruptionin all its forms from a legal perspective in order to review all the legal provisions and textspertaining corruption, including bribery, embezzlement, fraud, etc. In addition, this research studyhighlights any limitations and/ or failures in the laws that seek to combat corruption, alongside themain roles and responsibilities of the formal and informal structures in fighting corruption. Theresearch study also draws recommendations and proposals to effect legislative reform. The researchstudy also discusses how to re-invigorate the role of different control structures, as well as how toinstitutionalize principles of transparency, accountability and integrity.
The Research study addresses a range of aculeate issues. The research is structured into 3 chapters,which are heralded by an introduction that discusses the relationship between human rights andcorruption as a question that is strongly and frequently asked these days. Accordingly, this researchstudy attempts to review all the anti-corruption mechanisms and approaches as perceived in theEgyptian Constitution, as well as other relevant legislations. This is coupled with how to applythese mechanisms and approaches to fight corruption, wherever corruption exists.
In Chapter 1, the research study offers an overview of the definition of corruption. The researchstudy points out that researchers and scholars have not been able to reach a common understandingabout corruption, and what corruption is. They believe that reaching a consensus about thedefinition of corruption is not imperative. Therefore, this has led to the introduction of several andvarious definitions. For instance, the International Transparency Organization defines corruption as'any act that entails misuse of public office to realize some interests, whether personal or for a groupof individuals. Chapter 1 also introduces the root causes for the high prevalence of corruption.The research study indicates that these causes underlie in the following: (1) poor salary level in thegovernmental sector; (2) immunity granted to top officials; (3) high confidentiality of publicprocesses and procedures; (4) dysfunction of public expenditure policies; (5) privatization; (6)increased foreign trade and investments; (7) tight and strict control over the media; and, (8) policiesof financial deregulation. The research study also indicates that there is a wide range of othercauses, which, although highlighted from a different perspective, are analogous to the root causesreferred to above. Relevantly, others group the causes of corruption into the following categories:A. Economic reasons, including poverty, unemployment, government interference in economic
business activities, poor salary level of civil servants comparable to the private sector, lack ofaccess to information, and tight control and restrictions over freedom of opinion, expression,and the media.
B. Political reasons, such as corruption of some political leadership, failing to institutionalizevalues of integrity, transparency, and accountability, poor performance of control and oversightstructures, and high prevalence of favoritism, biasness and agency.
C. Cultural and social reasons, including lack of public awareness about the main causes, formsand threats of corruption, and lack of common understanding of what is ethical versus unethical,and of what is allowed versus prohibited.
D. Legislative reasons, including multiplicity of, and failing to enforce, legislations.E. Administrative reasons, including poor salary schemes of civil servants, and tedious
administrative processes required to access services.
The research study also addresses the different forms and manifestations of corruption, as tominor versus gross acts of corruption. This is in order to gain a better understanding about theimpact of corruption on the economic, social, political and cultural life.
In Chapter 2, the research study addresses the effective approaches to combating and eliminatingcorruption. For instance, the World Bank developed a strategy to fight corruption, which revolvesaround the following areas of focus: (a) develop legal and constitutional control systems to monitorand to hold government officials responsible; (b) ensure engagement of civil society organizationsin all the efforts of oversight, accountability and anti-corruption, through enhancing principles ofaccountability, transparency and good governance; (c) enforce, improve and update relevant lawsand legislations; and, (d) enhance the role of the oversight and control structures. Chapter 2 alsogives a brief overview of the key structures that are mandated to fight corruption in Egypt.
Chapter 3 discusses how corruption is accounted for in the Egyptian Legislation, as well asinternational conventions. Chapter 3 highlights the key international anti-corruption endeavorsthat are introduced by the International Transparency Organization to reinforce principles oftransparency and integrity. The International Transparency Organization believes strongly thatfighting corruption is an on-going process. The International Transparency Organization offersfunding to a number of governmental and non-governmental organizations, as well as othereconomic institutions, such as the World Bank, etc. The International Transparency Organizationseeks to eliminate corruption through re-invigorating a global federation, as well as improving andstrengthening values of local and international integrity. The International TransparencyOrganization also embraces certain guidelines, including enhancing a shared, public responsibilityfor combating corruption, emphasizing principles and values of civic participation, decentralization,diversification, transparency, etc., at the local level.
The research study pinpoints the successes achieved by the International TransparencyOrganization. For instance, the Organization gained universal reputation as a key partner in thewarfare against corruption, and as a key actor in breaking down barriers of caution that ban anydiscussion about corruption. The Research study lists the key international conventions againstcorruption, as follows: on fighting and combating corruption:§ UN Convention against Corruption, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in
October 2003, and ratified by 25 countries, including Egypt, Algeria and Jordan.§ Instrument of Alexandria in 2004, which includes several focuses for reform, such as political
reform, social reform, cultural reform, economic reform, and monitoring mechanisms of civilsociety.
§ Greater Middle East Initiative, 2004.§ Tunisia Declaration, May 2004.§ Tunisia Reform, Modernization, and Development March Instrument, 2004.§ Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business
Transactions, 1997.§ UN Convention on Combating Planned Non-National Crimes, 2000.§ Other UN resolutions on combating corruption.
The research study did not overlook how the Egyptian Constitution of 1971 addresses corruption.However, the Egyptian Constitution did not use the term 'corruption', either literarily or figuratively,as it is perceived to be an unstructured legal term. In addition, the Egyptian laws place a specialemphasis on combating corruption through establishing two types of legal accountability for civilservants; i.e. criminal and disciplinary liability. The Egyptian Penalty Law incriminates any act thatconstitutes a violation or misuse of public property and utilities, as well as public office. Articles103 – 111, of Chapter III of the said Penalty Law, address the crime of bribery (criminal liability).
The research study also discusses disciplinary sanctions and penalties that may be imposed againstthe civil servants, including warning, deferment of due bonuses, suspension, termination of service,dismissal, etc. However, top officials may not be sanctioned except as follows: reproaching,warning, termination of service.
Exercising control and oversight over the public institutions is one of the key pillars of the EgyptianLegislation. Accordingly, the research study gives special consideration to re-invigorating this role.The research study tackles four different kinds of control over the public institutions, as follows:§ Internal control.§ Triangulate control and oversight among the three state branches, i.e. oversight over the
Legislative Branch by the Executive Branch, control and oversight over the activities andprocesses of the Executive Branch by the People's Assembly, and oversight over Executive andLegislative Branches by the Judiciary System.
§ Legally-mandated control agencies. By virtue of the law, certain structures and systems arelegally mandated to carry out control and oversight activities, such as: Central Auditing Agency,Anti-Illicit Gain Department, Administrative Control Organization, local councils, and integrityand transparency committee.
§ Civil control and oversight. The Law on Exercising Political Rights is one of the instrumentsthat can be used to effectuate civil control and oversight. In addition, other several civicorganizations and institutions are entitled to exercise civic control and oversight, as follows:press, syndicates and labor unions, political parties, and civil society organizations.
The research study also discusses the underlying reasons for the legislative crisis that led to a rise inthe prevalence of corruption in the Egyptian Society, as follows:A. Dominance and supremacy of Executive Branch over the other two branches, coupled with
alienation of the principle of separation and circulation of power.B. Diminished oversight role of the People's Assembly.C. Dominance of Executive Branch, comparable to the Judiciary System.D. Diminished role of the legislative authority within the Egyptian Society.
The research study also highlights two different types of legal restrictions that obstruct circulationof and access to information in Egypt; i.e. general legal restrictions, and special legal restrictions.A. General Legal Rules and Regulations Imposed on Access to Information§ Public restrictions stipulated in the Fourth Estate Law.§ Public restrictions stipulated in the Publications Law.§ Public restrictions stipulated in the Emergency Law.
B. Special Legal Rules Imposed on Access to Information§ Special restrictions stipulated in the Law on Preservation of State Official Documents.§ Special restrictions stipulated in the Law on Banning News on Armed Forces.§ Special restrictions stipulated in the Civil Servants Law.§ Special restrictions stipulated in the Public Intelligence Law.§ Confidentiality of information, as indicated in the Penalty Law.
The research study underlines the full alienation and exclusion of the civil society organizations andnon-governmental organizations. The legislature imposed restrictions on the functions and mandateof the civil society organizations; thus undermining their role in the community developmentprocess. Even more, the overstated dominance and control of the executive authority over thefunctions of the civil society organizations, combined with the far-reaching mandate granted to theMinister of Social Solidarity, which goes far beyond any control or coordination role to thedissolution or disbanding of these organizations and assemblies by the Minister of Social Solidarity.
The research study concludes that it is crucial to establish a set of effective programs andmechanisms to combat corruption, which is raging in our communities, and which is rising day afterday. This research study is not meant to chase down and prosecute corrupt officials. Rather, thepurpose of this research study is to seek to effect substantial changes in the organizational structuresthat feed or fails to control this phenomenon.
The research study recommends that a comprehensive and all-inclusive strategy should be adoptedto combat corruption and to support civic participation and engagement in creating a communitythat maintains integrity and transparency through the following:§ Adopt and maintain a democratic system that enhances separation of powers and the rule of law.§ Construct an autonomous, well-functioning and disinterested judiciary system.§ Enforce laws against corruption, at all levels.§ Improve the oversight and accountability role of the legislative authority.§ Promote ethics in the public, private and civic sectors.§ Allow the press more freedom and improve press access to information.§ Improve the public role in combating corruption through introducing awareness and programs
about corruption and its associated threats.§ Reinforce the UN Convention against Corruption, which Egypt acceded to in October 14, 2003.§ Re-invigorate the role of the civil society enable it to perform its mandate, as to building a
grassroots base.
The research study also includes means of communication with the different structures that areconcerned with enhancing transparency and integrity, which the interested community members cancontact, as follow:§ Administrative Control Agency§ Ministry of Justice§ Ministry of Finance§ Ministry of Commerce and Industry§ Consumer Protection and Prevention of Monopoly Agency§ Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics§ Information and Decision Support Center, at the Cabinet§ Other structures that are concerned with enhancing integrity and fighting corruption.
The research study pays special attention to citing the contact information of different relevantgovernmental agencies, including:§ Public Fund Policing§ Universal Commercial Chambers Federation§ Central Bank of Egypt§ Public Agency for Combating Illicit Gains§ Public Service Network§ Other governmental agencies
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