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1 2
1. 100049, zhangsn@ihep.ac.cn
2. 200030, xuyun@shao.ac.cn
20142
................................................................................................................................................................ 21 ................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 .............................................................................................................. 3
1.2 .................................................................................................................8
1.3 ..........................................................................................................................10
1.4 ......................................................................................................................11
1.5 .................................................................................................................................12
1.6 ......................................................................................................................14
1.7 ..............................................................................................................................15
1.8 ....................................................................................................16
1.9 .................................................................................................18
1.10 ..................................................20
1.11 ..............................................................................................................................22
1.12 ..........................................................................................................................23
1.13 .......................................................................25
1.14 orand ......................................................................................................................25
1.15 ....................................................................................................26
2 .............................................................................................................................................. 27
2.1 .............................................................................................27
2.2 ; ..................................................................................................................28
2.3 en dash .................................................................................................28
2.4 [2] ............................................................................................................29
2.5 ...................................................................................................................30
3 .................................................................................................................................................. 303.1 ..............................................................................................................................30
3.2 .................................................................................................................................32
3.3 .................................................................................................................................33
3.4 ..............................................................................................................................33
3.5 .................................................................................................34
3.6 ........................................................................................................34
3.7 .................................................................................................................................35
4 .............................................................................................................................................. 35
4.1 .................................................................................................................................35
4.2 .................................................................................................................................37
5
.............................................................................................................................................. 385.1 ....................................................................................................38
5.2 respectively [2] ...................................................................................39
5.3 ..........................................................................................................................39
5.4 .........................................................................................40
5.5 ..............................................................................................................................41
5.6 .....................43
5.7 .............................................................................................44
.....................................................................................................................................45
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[1]
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McGill
1
1.1
(1) equationformulaformula
(2) questionproblem
ask a questionanswer a questionformulate a problemsolve a problem
[1] I have aquestionabout the last page of your presentation.
[2] I have a problemabout the last page of your presentation.
the last page of your presentation
the last page ofyourpresentation
(3) too, alsoas well
[1] I have done this quickly too. too
[2] I have alsodone this quickly. also
[3] In the mean time, I finished this as well. as well
as well
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(4) fewseveralseveralfew
a few
[1] I bought severalbooks today. [1] (b) I bought a few books today.
[2] Very fewstudents came to today's seminar. ()
[3] Few students came last night. ()
[4] A fewstudents came last night. ()
(5) property, charactercharacteristic
[1] property
A star has the following properties.
[2] character
Soldiers should have brave character. character
David is a characterin this movie.
[3] characteristic The
characteristicsof neutron stars are listed in table 1.
(6) obscure() obscure
fuzzy, blur, dark, faintobscure
[1] The black hole is obscuredby the dust along the line of sight.
[2] The image of the star is fuzzy (blurred), because the telescope is out of focus.
[3] The source appears to be dark (faint), because of the obscurationby the gas in front of it.
(7) at lastfinallyFinally, we reconstruct the expansion history of the
universe up toz=7 with the distance moduli of SNe Ia and GRBs.Finally At last
......
......
(8) suspect or suspiciousdoubt or doubtful
[1] We suspectthat the observed deviation of data from the model prediction is caused by the
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over-simplification of the model. (
)
[2] It is suspiciousthat the observed deviation of data from the model prediction is caused by the
over-simplification of the model. (
)
[3] We doubtthat the observed deviation of data from the model prediction is caused by the
over-simplification of the model. (
)
[4] It is doubtfulthat the observed deviation of data from the model prediction is caused by the
over-simplification of the model. (
)
(9) distinction() difference()
[1] A distinctionshould be made between a star and a planet. starplanet
[2] The differencebetween the two measurements is only 10%.
(10) due to, because of, since, becauseas
[1] However, due to the fact that(the fact that) the inner disk temperature
or BB temperature is lower than several keV, the disk or NS flux below 2 keV contributes a
considerable portion in the whole energy band.
[2] However,because ofthe fact that the inner disk ....
[3] However, sincethe inner disk ....
[4] However, the disk or NS flux below 2 keV contributes a considerable portion in the whole
energy band, because the inner disk or BB temperature is lower than several keV.
[4]becausesince
()asasdue
tobecause of
[5] Due tothe expansion of the universe, the distances between galaxies become farther and
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farther.
[6] Because ofyour work, this problem has been solved completely.
due tobecause ofdueto
because of
(11) revise, correct, modify
[1]revise or revision or revisedThe
new version of the manuscript has been revisedby updating the reference list.
[2]correct or correction or correctedWe
have correctedthree mistakes.
[3]modifyWe have modifiedthe introductory part of the paper,
by including more background information and references
(12) lightlyslightly
NELGs are intermediate Seyfert galaxies whose broad line regions are lightly (slightly)
obscured.
(13) luminousbright
luminousbrightluminous, bright
brightfaintluminous
weakluminousless
luminous
[1] Source A is more luminous than source B because source A is located at a much farther
distance than source B, although source B is much brighterthan source A ( although source
A is much fainterthan source B).
[2] Source A has a higher luminositythan source B because source A is located at a much farther
distance than source B, although source B is much brighter than source A (although source
A is much fainterthan source B).
(14) just only :
[1] This model canjustexplain the data.
[2] This model can only explain the data.
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(15) radiative, radiating radiation
radiative
radiationradiative transferradiation transfer
radiating transferradiating processradiating mechanism
radiating sourceradiative
source radiation sourceAn
accelerator is also a radiationsource and it becomes a radiatingsource when it is turned on.
A radioactive source is a radiation sourceA radioactive source is a radiative
source
radiativelyThe electrons cool down radiatively
(16) figure, plot, picture, photo, illustration, schematic, diagram, flow chart
figure
plot
, picture
photo
, illustration, schematic, diagram flow chart
[1] In Figure3, the left panel is the plotbetween the observed temperature and luminosity of this
star.
[2] The right panel of Figure3 is the picture(photo) of the galaxy. picture
photo
[3] Figure 4 is anillustrationof the state transition processes of this binary system.
[4] The schematicof this telescope is shown in Figure 7.[5] The diagram in Figure 3 shows how a star evolves.
[6] Figure 6 is the flow chartof our numerical calculations.
(17) limit, limitation, constrain, constraint
[1] We limit limitconstrain the redshift range between
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0.1 and 0.3 ( from 0.1 to 0.3, between 0.1 to 0.3, between 0.1 to
0.3).
[2] The range of the redshift of these objects is constrained constrain
limit
between 0.1 and 0.3 with their measured emission lines.
[3] From the measured emission line of this object, we obtain a constraint constraint
constrain, constrain to its redshift between 0.1 and 0.3.
[3] The main limitation limitation limit constraint
of this method is that it can only be applied to objects at low redshift.
1.2
(1) literature, staff, faculty, deersheepfishChineseJapanese
There are one Chinese and two Japanese in this class A.
(2) evidence,equipment, horsepower,
information, manpowera lot of equipment,
95 times of (of) horsepower95 horsepowerhorsepower
, huge manpower
evidence
[1] There is one evidencein support the existence of black holes in the universe.
[2] There are many evidencesin support the existence of black holes in the universe.
[3] There is evidencein support the existence of black holes in the universe.
[4] There is one piece of evidencein support the existence of black holes in the universe.
[5] There are many pieces of evidencein support the existence of black holes in the universe.
information
[6] This observation provides an informationfor the activities of this system.
[7] This observation provides many informationsfor the activities of this system.
information
[8] This observation provides informationfor the activities of this system.
[9] This observation provides several pieces of informationfor the activities of this system.
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[9] This observation provides a lot of informationfor the activities of this system.
(3)
[2]How did you smooth away the difficulties?
It is a great pleasureto talk with you. What a surprise!
(4) 1 man woman
-men -women an Englishmantwo Englishmen
German GermansBowman the Bowmans
1 [3]
datum data nucleus nuclei
spectrum spectra focus foci
medium media radius radii
nova novae locus loci
formula formulae torus tori
index indices modulus moduli
continuum continua
(5) AGNNnucleusan AGN, two AGNs
nuclei (two AGN)
(6) differentvarious1
In Figure 7, I show the conversion efficiency of different kind(kinds) of black hole
accretion systems.2
2 [3]
Different node Different nodes
Various method Various methods
Two advantage Two advantages
Fifteen thermocouple Fifteen thermocouples
1.3 meter 1.3 meters
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(7) this, that, these, those
This (or that)two pictures are taken ... These (or those)two pictures are
taken ...
(8) glasses trousersclothespairsuita pair of glasses two pairs
of trousers
(9) [2]
[1] committeeThe committeehavediscussed all aspects of the case and have not yet reached
agreement.
[2] The committee approved the motion unanimously and directed itssubcommittee to take
immediate action.
[3]majorityThe party's majoritywassmall.
[4] Although the complexes are mapped in detail, the majority are not accurately dated.
[5]numberA large number of problems were encountered.
[6] The number of solutions waslimited.
(10) 11
(11) 1 keV, 2 keV, 1 km, 2 km, 1 kg, 2 km 2 keVs,
2 kgs, 2 kms 2 meters, 2 grams, 2 ergs
(12)
[1] From equation(10) and (11), we can calculate their relations, as shown in figure4 and 5.
equationfigureequationsfigures
[2] as follow as follows as following
1.3
(1) either/neither, each/everyone
[1] Neitherof the members warrants () formation status.
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[2] Everyone wants () their (hisher) work published quickly.
(2)none
noneno one, not one, no person, no thingno
persons, no things, not any
[2]
[1] None (= not one)of the telephones is working.
[2] None (= not any)are working.
1.4
1.4.1
(1) for
becausesinceas
(2) while......
while...... whereas
1.4.2 even
[1] Even though() a scientist does not make a lot of money, I still choose doing research
because ...
[2] Even if() this book costs a lot of money, I will still buy it because ...
[3] This book is very good, even() better than the most popular book written by...
1.4.3primaryprimary(initial)
(elementary) (preliminary)primary
[1] The energy spectrum of this source is consisted of two components; the primary()
component is a blackbody with a temperature of 1 keV and the secondary () component is a
power-law with a photon index of 2.
[2] After analyzing these data, our preliminary() conclusion is that this accretion disk has
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an inner disk radius of 20 km.
[3] After analyzing these data, our primary() conclusion is that this accretion disk has an
inner disk radius of 20 km.
1.5
1.5.1 athea
the
(1)
[1] I bought abook about Einstein yesterday. (
)
[1] I bought thebook about Einstein we discussed in the class yesterday.[1] I bought thebook about Einstein's love stories.
[1] I bought thebook about Einstein. (
)
[2] I bought threebooks about Einstein's general relativity. ()
[3] I bought the threebooks about Einstein's general relativity. ()
[4] I bought the three mostpopular books about Einstein's general relativity. (
)
[5] I bought three mostpopular books about Einstein's general relativity. (
)
[2][5]
(2) the
[1] In left panel of Figure 2In theleft panel of Figure 2; left panel
[2] In following section, we showIn the following section, we show;following
section
[3] We will calculate this quantityin following paragraph.We will calculate this quantity
in thefollowing paragraph.following paragraph
[4] In above calculations, we have ... In theabove calculations, we have ... (above
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calculations)
[5] From above discussions From theabove discussions
(3) samethe
the same as same with
[1] Our calculation result is the same as(the
aswith) that reported in Zhang et al. (1989).
the same a same
[2] This is the(thethea) same phenomenon.
[3] The twins look the same.
[4] Thesame method is also used here. Same methodis also
used here.
[5] We have chosen the cross-correlation method, thesame as that used by Ling &
Zhang (2006).
1.5.2singlesingleathe
a single bookthe single tree
1.5.3 If there is sufficient amount of matter around a black hole ... If there is a
asufficient amount of matter around a black hole ...
1.5.4 the
(1) the equation 3,the table 4,the figure 5equation 3,table 4,figure
5the
the
This is shown inthe equation (10) and the figure 5.
As thedescription above As described above
asthefollows as follows the
(2) theEmpirically,the (
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the) is roughly correlated to observed peak (the observed peak) spectral energyEp
by lgEp =(2.76 0.07) (3.61 0.26) lg .
We employ this empirical relation to estimate the(the)Ep of Swift GRBs and
correct the observed peak luminosity to a bolometricband.We employ this empirical relation to estimate thepeak energyEp of Swift GRBs and
correct the observed peak luminosity to a bolometric band.peak energy
theEppeak energy
(3) The role of MXBs inthecosmology has attracted increasing attention in recent years.
The role of MXBs in cosmology has attracted increasing attention in recent years.
cosmology the cosmology
cosmologiesthe cosmologycosmology
1.5.5 aanan
a
anhour(h)a histology class, a one-way path,
auniform look(h, o, u )
(1) aanaNLS1 galaxy(aNarrow
Line Seyfert 1 galaxy), oranUV peak(an ultraviolet peak)
(2) anaA
EFHILMNORSXanBCDGJKPQTU
VWYZa
aNLS1 galaxyaUV bump
a UV peakan UVpeak
1.6
1.6.1 asin
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The results are shown as(in) Figure 2.
1.6.2similar todifferent fromdiffer fromsimilar withsimilar
asdifferent withdiffer with
(1) Our solution differswith (from) the solutions obtained in previous studies
Our solution are differentwith (from) your solutions
(2)
[1] We differ with youon solving this problem, by including the effects of magnetic fields.
[2] The brothers differ intheir interests.
[3] The houses in the row differ only in small details.
[4] We differabout moral standards.
1.6.3to do somethingin order to do something
[1] I have solved this problem to getthis result. (
)
[2] I have solved this problem in order to getthis result. (
)
To getthis result I have solved this problem.In order to getthis result I have solved this
problem.In order to
1.7
(1) /more/most+ This
problem can be solved using this method easiermore easily.
easyeasiereasily
easiereasilymore
(2) better, best, most, least, worse, worst
[1] You can do this better.
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[2] You betterdo this.
[3] This problem is bestsolved by...
[4] This development is mostadvanced.
[5] That development is leastadvanced.
fast
[6] He speaks fastermore fastlythan Mary.
[7] He runs fastestmost fastlyin Class 1.
1.8
1.8.1
(1)
3 [4]
Taihang Mountains
Hongze Lake
Hengshan Mountain
the Huaihe River
the Chaohu Lake the Bohai Sea
(2)
aoe
Xian City
Xian
(3)
4
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4 [4]
Wuzhi Mountain
Jiulong River
Sanmen Gorge
332 Height 332
80 80 Nandan Road
(4)
Shaanxi Province Shanxi Province
1.8.2
Larger (smaller)higher (lower)
Larger (smaller) flux higher (lower) flux
Larger (smaller) luminosity higher (lower) luminosity
Larger (smaller) accretion rate higher (lower) accretion rate
Larger (smaller) temperature higher (lower) temperature
Larger (smaller) speed higher (lower) speed
This box has a larger size than the other one.
5
x chi-squared chi square
square root square-root
root mean square (RMS) root-mean square
major axis long axis
minor axis short axis
upper limit up limit
lower limit low limit
high mass large mass
low mass small mass
rightmost most right
leftmost most left
uppermost most upper
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lowermost most lower
multiple observations data multi-times observations data
multiply observed data multi-timely observed data
the data observed for four the four times observed data
line of sight (LOS) sight line
(1) The luminosity can be calculatedfrom the
belowequation.
[1] The luminosity can be calculated from thefollowingequation.
[2] The luminosity can be calculated from the equationas follows. (following)
followingfollowings
(2)
for why
explanation, evidence, overview
Physicists were looking for a fundamental explanation why(for why) the electron mass
could not be any different from its measured value.
(3) order of magnitudeorderThemass of this black
hole is about one order smaller (smaller by about one order of magnitude) than that
one.
(5) An extra constrained BPL is needed to fit the hard excess above 15 keV due tosmall levels
of comptonization at lower luminosity.smallsmall
[1] An extra constrained BPL is needed to fit the hard excess above 15 keV due tolowlevels of
comptonization at lower luminosity.
[2] An extra constrained BPL is needed to fit the hard excess above 15 keV due to a weakcomptonization componentat lower luminosity.
1.9
1.9.1
(1) sunsolarthe mass of the Sun()solar
mass()sun mass,sun energy
(2) emission() (emit
emission process emitting proces)emitting source
emission source
irradiation ()
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illumination()
(3) complicate, complicationcomplicated(complexsophisticated3complicated
complicationcomplex
sophisticated)
(4) doubletwice
[1] They discovered a doubleneutron star system.
[2] The doubleneutron stars in the systems have been observed many times.
[3] This observation program has doubledthe number of neutron stars known so far.
[4] He concluded that QPOs at both the NS spin frequency and twiceof it should be detected
during long (super) burst events for 4U 1636-53.
triplequadruple
(5) present At present; is present, At the present time; we present, it is presented,
[1] Our result is presented (present) in section 3. We
presentour result in section 3.
[2] Two flares are presented ( present) in the
light curve of this object.
[3] At present(), we are concentrating on studying the outburst mechanism of
this object.
[4] At the present time(), we are testing this code.
1.9.2
(1) relativerelatively This is mainly caused by the relative
(relatively) large statistical scatters of (scattering in) the GRB relations and the
relative(relatively) small data(number) of GRBs (in the sample,)
comparing (compared) to that of SNe Ia now(currently).enough
significantsufficiently significant
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(2) evenlyevenAll girls should sit on the chairs with even() numbers.
Students are evenly() divided into two groups.
(3) the anti-correlation shows larger scatteringscattering scatter.
(4) studyin this studyin this studying1.9.3 where,inaton
+which
[1] The black hole is located near the center of NGC 3341, in (in where many
neutron stars move at high speed.
[2] We finally climbed up to the top of the mountain, on (on where there are
many beautiful flowers.
[3] There is a new object at the lower-left corner of Figure 3, at (
at
where nosource was found before.
where
[4] Where do you come from
[5] Where are you going to
1.10
(1) comparingcomparedComparedto the joint constraints with GRBs and without GRBs, we can find the contribution ofGRBs to the joint cosmological constraints, although the contribution of GRBs to thecosmological constraints would not be significant enough,comparing to that of SNe Ia at present.
Comparingto the joint constraints with GRBs and without GRBs, we can find the contribution
of GRBs to the joint cosmological constraints,although the contribution of GRBs to the
cosmological constraints would not be significant enough,compared to that of SNe Ia at present.
[1] ComparedComparingwe
[2] comparingcompared, the contribution of GRBsthat of SNe Ia at
present
Comparing(comparedstellar mass black holes
) to neutron stars, stellar mass black holes are found to be much heavier.
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(2) base,basingbased
[1] Base(Basing) on these data, we can calculate the mass of the black hole.
we
[2] Base(Based) on these data, the mass of the black hole can be calculated.
the mass of the black holeon
(3) accompaniedaccompanying: the fall-back matter after the accompanied (
accompanying) supernova explosion forms an accretion disk around the black hole.
the fall-back matter accompanied by a supernova explosion forms an accretion disk around the
black hole.
(4) surroundedsurrounding: The accretion disk surrounded (surrounding) the
black hole is made of mostly ionized gas.
The black hole surrounding (surrounded)by an accretion disk is growing very fast.
(5) originatedoriginating, producingproduced
The neutron star originated(originating) from a supernova explosion is about 1000
years old.The neutron star produced by(from, in) a supernova
explosion is about 1000 years old. The supernova explosion producing the neutron
star happened about 1000 years old ago.
The neutron star that originatedfrom a supernova
explosion is about 1000 years old.The neutron star that was produced by(from,
in) a supernova explosion is about 1000 years old. The supernova explosion that
produced the neutron star happened about 1000 years ago.
(6) Dominating dominated
[1] The dominating ( dominant
dominated) process in this system isThe dominated( dominant
dominated) process in this system is
[2] Here we study the quantum effects dominatedsystems. (dominating
systemssystemsquantum effects) Here we study
the dominating quantum effects in these systems.quantum effects
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1.11
(1) imagine
image
(2) photophoton
(3) assess() access()
(4) complement (ary, arity) (),compensate(), compliment(ary)()
(5) applyingappling (yingy)
studying, flying, accompanyingedyi
applied, studied, flied, accompanied.
(6) acceptexcept[5]acceptPlease accept my gift.
except We go to school everyday except Saturday and Sunday.
(7) adviceadvise[5]
adviceShe gives good advice.
advisePlease advise me on what to do.
(8) affecteffect[5]
affectDo not let your personal problems affect the quality of your work.
effectThe loss did not have an effect on me.
effect, She effected policies that benefited the entire
organization.(9) adaptadopt[2]
adaptWe were finally able to adapt to the cold climate of the area.
adoptThe group adopted the strategy and implemented it in the entire unit.
(10) latterlater:
[1] We have studied the accretion disk models for both black hole X-ray binaries and active
galactic nuclei; the latter (later) harbor supermassive black holes with
masses from millions to billions solar masses.
[2] We observed a neutron star first and a black hole later(latter).
(11) itsits
[1] From equation (10), we can calculate its(itssurface temperature accurately.
[1] From these data, we are confident that its (itsit is,
it isitsa black hole.
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1.12
(1) spherically symmetricspherical symmetryspherical symmetric
spherically symmetry
(2) detail descriptionin detailsdetailed descriptionindetail.
(3) Unlike in the case withUnlike the case of the
uniformity of the universe, no apparent violation of this law is known.
(4) take into account
[1] We will take the force into account.
[2] We will take into account the force.
[3] We will take account of the force.
We will take into account ofthe force.(5) These observations have made the studies of the formation processes of stars,planets,
galaxies and quasars possible.
These observations have made possiblethe studies of the formation processes of stars, planets,
galaxies and quasars.(possible)
(6) These black holes have masses between 1051010between 105and 1010solar
masses.
(7) Tremendous observational evidence supporting the existence of black holes inthe universe is
gradually permitting the uncovering(uncovering of) the mysteries of black holes.
uncoveringof
(8) The left panelin (of) Figure 9 shows a theoretical calculation of ...
(9) However this possibility, if true, may have fundamental impacts toregardingthe
evolution and fate of the universe, as I will discuss inatthe end of this chapter.
(10) compare tocompare with
[1] Compared tosource B, source A shows a similarly hard spectrum.
[2] Compared with source B, source A shows a much harder spectrum.
(11) Over thanMore thanOver20 experts at ESA side will share us with
share with ustheir experiences regarding to how to build the ground segment and how to
carry out the calibration.
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(12)consist inconsist of
[1] A proton and an electron consist ina hydrogen atom.
[2] A hydrogen atom consists ofa proton and an electron.
[3] A hydrogen atom is consisted ofa proton and an electron.
(13) These results are well agree withZhang et al. (1999)
[1] These results are in good agreement withZhang et al. (1999).
[2] These results agree well withZhang et al. (1999).
(14) Our result is in general consistent with observations. Our result is generally
consistent with observations.
6 [2]
agree on terms look over an account
agree to a proposal proceed to do something ()
agree with a person proceed with doing something(
)
begin by doing something prohibit from doing something
begin from a point provide against something
begin with an act provide for something
capable of doingsomething
provide ones self with something
capacity to do something prefer one to the other
conform to/adapt ones self
to
prefer to do one thing rather than another
conform with/in harmony
with
preference for
consistent with prevent from doing something
content ones self with pursuant to/in pursuance of
correspond to/resemble range from X to Y
correspond
with/communicate with
reference to
differ with somebody relief to suffering
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differ from something relieve one from a duty
evidence for a theory accept responsibility for an action
evidence of something responsibilityto someone
indifferent to result from something
join in a project result in failure
look for a missing article result of an investigation
1.13
(1) cannotApJcan not
MNRAS
(2) We also referred(referred to) Figure 3 and Figure 4 in the text.
(3) However, in science direct evidence is not always what leads(leads to) the
discovery of something. The appearance of X-rays leadsthe optical burst.X
The appearance of X-rays leads tothe optical burst.X
Prof. Zhang leads a very active research group.lead
(4) may, maybe, may be.
[1] This maybethe reason.:This may bethe reason.Maybethis is the
reason.
[2] (a) He agreed that this burst may totally fromthe external shock.
[2] (b) He agreed that this burst may come totally fromthe external shock.
[2] (c) He agreed that this burst may originate totally fromthe external shock.
[2] (d) He agreed that this burst may be totally fromthe external shock.[2] (b) maymaybe
1.14 orand
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Black holes, according to their masses, can divideinto stellar mass, intermediate massand
supermassive black holes.
Black holes, according to their masses, can be divided4.1into stellar
mass, intermediate mass orsupermassive black holes.
orandorand
andor
1.15
7 [2]
research work research
knowledge memory memory
simulation results simulation
knowledge information information
calculation results calculation
application results applicationtwo and a half decades 25 years500 students in college 500 college students
(1) The two scenarios are almost equally well torepresent the high-z LGRB rate excess.
The two scenarios almost equally wellrepresent the high-z LGRB rate excess.
(2) It is found that although this case can well reproduce the observed logNlogP distribution,
but much over produces(significantly over-produces) the observed GRBs atz ~2 and
lack to produce(under-produces) GRBs atz > 3.
(3) Despite of(Despite1.12) tremendous progress in black hole
research, many fundamental questions concerning(characteristics of) astrophysical
black holes in the physical universe remain not fully understood or clarified.
(4) In this paperstudy, IDEAS was used to .
(5)
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12NSd
3sin
2.2;
(1)
[1] I teach a graduate course on frontiers of astrophysics between 7:20 pm to 9:45 pm every
Thursday; I deliberately arranged to have my classes in the evenings because ...
[2] In this work, a simple method is provided to combine GRB data into the joint observational
data analysis to constrain cosmological models;in this method those SNe Ia data points used for
calibrating the GRB data are not used to avoid any correlation between them.
(2) ; [2]
[1] We thank Gang Li, Tsinghua University, for timing data; Hong Zhao, Peking University, for
helpful discussions;and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, for financial support.
[2] Follow this procedure: first, get your application forms;next, fill them out;
last, pay the charge.
(3) latex `testpsPDF
test. test. : ``test"test.
2.3
en dash
latex -- -$-$word
N
2 9 am5 pm19211949
chapters 89Figure 14550 kgcompounds AI.
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tothrough
2 to +12 km1 to 3 mag10 to >90 mL
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2.5
2.5.1
[1] The final step (washing)also was performed under a hood.
[2] The results (Table 1) were consistently positive.
2.5.2
(1), (2), (3), (a), (b), (c)
2.5.3
(k1)/(g2)K4Fe(CN)6
3
3.1
(1) SI
eV (ev)keV (KeV), MeV (meV)GeVTeV
8 SI [7]
10 [] yotta Y
10 [] zetta Z
10 [] exa E
10 [] peta P
10 [] tera T
10 [] giga G
10 mega M
10 kilo k10 hecto h
101 deka da
10-1 deci d
10-
centi c
10- milli m
10- micro
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10- [] nano n
10-
[] pico p
10- [] Femto f
10- [] Atto a
10-
[] Zepto z
10- [] yocto y
9
cm 1 cm
pc 1 pc=3.086 1810 cm
g 1 g
s 1 s
dyn 1 dyne = 1 gcm/s
erg 1 erg = 1 gcm/s
eV 1 eV = 1.60 1210 erg
/
erg/s 1 erg/s = 1 gcm/s
(2)
the Stone Age; the Paleozoic Era; Glacial Epoch; Albert Einstein; the Milky Way; Venus Aries;
Air force One; Titanic; Shenzhou spacecraft
(3)
(4)
[1] It requires that a clock still show proper time after being read: The quantum uncertainty in its
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8Fhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8Fhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8Bhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8Bhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%92http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%92http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9Bhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9Bhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E5%9B%A0http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E5%9B%A0http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8Fhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8Fhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BChttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BChttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BChttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8Fhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E5%9B%A0http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9Bhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%92http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8Bhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8Fhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6 -
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position must not introduce significant inaccuracies in its measurement of time over the total
running time. (showrequire)
[2] I classify black holes into three categories: mathematical black holes, physical black holes or
astrophysical black holes. (or1.14)
(5) Some of the discussions, especially
on the question will (Will) all matter in the universe eventually fall intoblack holes?,(
) are quite speculative.
3.2
(1)
[1] Up to now, about 20 (twenty) black holes with masses around ten (10) solar
masses, called stellar mass black holes, have been identified observationally.
[2] All 3(three) studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30C.
(2)
[1] Twelve 12parameters were selected for the experiment.
[2] Five hundred 500 asteroids were detected using radar observations.
(3)
Group of eight(8), 52, and 256 particles...;
Nine out of 752samples.... (752seven hundred and fifty-two
)
(4) 21
twenty 2 keV particles202 keV
(5)
the mid-sixties; the seventies
(6) SI
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aan one-half inch; the major axis is 0.25 (1/4) cm; two third of the sample was
lost
(7) toen dash
1 to 2 m140150 m5% to 15%5%15%
(8) the first of July, 2006July first, 2006the second of July, 2006the third of
Julythe 4th of Julythe 28th of JulyJuly 28th, 20062006-07-2807-28-2006
(USA), 28-07-2006 (Europe and the rest of world)
(9) 2030 1930s1930s
3.3
(1) ProfessorProf.Pro.Dear Pro.ZhangProf.
Zhang.DoctorDr.Doc.
(2) Figure Table Fig. Tbl. Figure/Table
Figure.6, Figure6, Fig.6, Tbl10Figure 6, Fig. 6, Tbl. 10
3.4
(x, y, z, A, B, C
) (kg, km, eV)sin, cos,
log, ln latex\sin, \cos, \log, \ln{\rm log}
() (latex \rm
)MBH MBHMBHMBH
BHMBH
MMk MkMkMk
Mk
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3.5
(1) 10 eV, 20 kg, 40 km$m=10\
{\rm kg}$$m={\rm10\ kg}$$m=10\mbox{ } {\rm kg}$\ \mbox{ }
$m=10{\rm kg}$$m={\rm 10 kg}$
210530C
(2) ( )
)
, .
[1]7This problem has been
solved(Einstein 1915 )and consequently applied to many astrophysical settings( Freedman
1932;Lieu 1945) .
This problem has been solved(Einstein 1915) and consequently applied to many
astrophysical settings(Freedman 1932; Lieu 1945).
[2] From Figure3, we find that Dr. Lius calculations
From Figure3,we find that Dr.Lius calculationsFrom Fig.3,we
find that Dr.Lius calculations
Fig.3,we
Fig. 3, we
.
,Dr.LiuDr. Liu
(3) 0.1(0".1)0.1(0.1)0.1(0.1)1.1
(1".1)1.1(1.1)1.1(1.1)
(4) /The anonymous referee is thanked for his / her
his/hercomments and suggestions.
3.6
(1)
[1] Zhang et al. (1999) have shown that black holes can eat matter...
[2] It has been shown by Zhang et al. (1999) that black holes eat matter.
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(2)
[3] It has been known that black holes can eat matter (Zhang et al. 1999).
[1] Zhang et al. 1999 have shown...
[2] It has been shown by Zhang et al. 1999 that black holes eat matter.
[3] It has been known that black holes can eat matter (Zhang et al. (1999)).
3.7
3.7.1
3.7.2
figure
caption
3.7.3
(1) figure panelsub-figuretop panel, middle panel, bottom panel, upper panel, upper-left panel, lower-right panel,
(2) solid line, dotted line (dot line), dashed line (dash line),
dot-dashed line
4
4.1
(1) People have done... It has beencalculated...by
xxx( byxxx
)
(2)
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[1] Several issues about black hole growth have clarified.Severalissues about
black hole growth have been clarified.
[2] The configuration is consists of three parts.
(a) The configuration is consisted of three parts.
(b) The configuration consists of three parts.
[3] Models divideinto three classesModels are
dividedinto three classes
[4] Black hole locatesin center of galaxy.A
black hole is locatedin the center of a galaxy.
A black hole is foundin the center of every galaxy.
Every galaxy harborsa black hole at its center.
5Each of the five galaxies observed harborsa black hole
at its center.A black holeisfound(located) in the center of each of the five galaxies
observed.
[5] the gravitational potential energy transforms to the radiation on NS surface.the
gravitational potential energyis convertedto the radiation on NS surface.[7] The observed spectral variation may attribute to the variation of the electron energy
distribution.()The
observed spectral variation may be attributed to the variation of the electron energy
distribution.The observed spectral variation may be due to the variation of the electron
energy distribution. The variation of the electron energy distribution may attribute tothe
observed spectral variation.
[8] The bubble nebula result from the radiatively driven outflow during the different X-ray
active phases. 1nebula nebulae
2bubble nebula
The bubble nebula is resulted from the radiatively driven
outflow during the different X-ray active phases. The outflow
results inthe bubble nebula. is resulted fromresults in
[9] The gas pressurerelates to associates with its temperature.The
gas pressure is related toits temperature.
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(3)
[1] After the correction, the peak in the spectrum is disappeared. ( has disappeared
is absent).
[2] All models are includedan interstellar absorption component with the hydrogen column
All models includean interstellar absorption component with the hydrogen column
4.2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) summary
The black hole we studiedin this work ... ,In this paper we have calculated... ,It has
been shownthat ... ,We studythis problem ... ,We analyze these data... ,We start
from ... ,We found that ... ,We conclude that,Itis shown,Inthis paper we calculate...
(6)
[1] Thanks for the referee's suggestion. Actually we calculatedthe mass accretion of three
sources, but neglected to include the result in the paper.
[2] We includedFigure 2 and Table 3 in the revised manuscript.
[3] We thankthe referee for these insightful comments and suggestions.
[4] We have improvedthe manuscript substantially.
[5] The manuscript has been improvedsignificantly by including...
[6] We have further improvedthe manuscript
following the suggestions in the second referee report...
(7)
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(general truth)
[1] Homan et al. (2006a, 2006b, 2007a) suggestedthat XTE J1701-462 wasa Z source, because
it exhibitedtypical CDs of Z sources and its timing properties werealso consistent with those of
Z sources.
[1] Homan et al. (2006a, 2006b, 2007a) suggested(
) that XTE J1701-462 is() a Z source, because it exhibited() typical
CDs of Z sources and its timing properties are() also consistent with those of Z
sources. XTE J1701-462 is a Z sourceits timingproperties are
also consistent with those of Z sources
[2] In yesterday's battle, three soldiers were killedand one was injured.[3] Now a total of 15 soldiers are deadand nine soldiers are injured.
5
5.1
(1) This has enabled people (people) to
do
(2) get(got) obtain,derive,deduce,acquire(
This resultis got.)
(4) importantly important
[1] Veryimportantly, SNe eject a lot of matter... importantly
eject
[2] Very importantly, SNe are powerful fountains of high energy particles...
are: Veryimportant, SNe are
(5) As one of our valued authors Ibelieve youmay interested tohear about IOP Asia-Pacific, a
new website from IOP Publishing dedicated to showcasing research from the Asia-Pacific
region.
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Ibelieve you, as one of our valued
authors, may be interested to...
5.2
respectively[2]
(1) Equations 26 can be respectively
linearized as:(equations given)
Equations 26 can be linearized as:(equations given), respectively.
(2) The weights of the two experts are respectively 0.600 and 0.400.
The weights of the two experts are 0.600 and 0.400, respectively.
5.3
(1) SoTherefore, Hence, Consequently, Thus,
As a resultSo
(2) And, ButAnd, But
HoweverNevertheless
(3) How to
How to (Determining how to)find the optimal parameter is the main objective.
(4) We
We
(5) Now
Now()
(6) We feel ... We think ... We thinkthe accretion
rate dominates the .We consider thatthe accretion rate dominates the .(7) it's, can't,
couldn't,doesn't it is, cannotcan not,
could not,does not
a little
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[1] Its surface temperature is a littlelow.
[2] Its surface temperature is slightly toolow.
[3] Its surface temperature is somewhatlow.
(8)
)
[1] The black hole binary is a very exciting source of high frequency QPOs, we therefore decided
to study it. the black hole binarywe
[1] Wedecided to study the black hole binary, because it is a very exciting source of high
frequency QPOs.
[1] The black hole binaryis a very exciting source of high frequency QPOs; wetherefore
decided to study it.
[2] The black hole binaries containa primary black hole and a companion star, the mass
exchange between them through an accretion disk inthe well-known thin accretion disk model.
[2] A black hole binary containsa primary black hole and a companion star, in which the mass
exchange between them isthrough an accretion disk described bythe well-known thin accretiondisk model.
5.4
(1) It is come(coming) from ... It comesfromIt isfrom
It is originatedfrom It originatesfrom .
(2) This radio-quiet quasar is also have(having) a relativistic jet.This radio-quietquasar also hasa relativistic jet.
(3) Therewill havean ESAC-HXMT workshop in March 78 at Villanueva de la Canada,
Spain. There will bean ESAC-HXMT workshop in March 78 at Villanueva de la
Canada, Spain.
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(4) There are existthree black holes in this galaxyThere arethree black holesexistin
this galaxy There are three black holes in this galaxyThere exist
three black holes in this galaxy Three black holes existin this galaxy Three black
holes arein this galaxy(5)The TeV dataof this SED in Figure 1 have considered the correction of the EBL absorption.
data The TeV dataof this SED in Figure 1 have includedthe
correction of the EBL absorption. The correction of the EBL absorption for the TeV data of
this SED in Figure 1 has been considered.
(6) The gas pressure grows with the growth of its temperature grow.The gas pressure
increaseswith theincreaseof its temperature grow.increasegrowth
declinedecrease
(7) This result consistentswith our model. consistent This
resultis consistentwith our model.
(8) equal
Ais equal toB;AequalsB.Aequals toB.
5.5
(1) whichthat
that
which
thatwhichthat
which
whichthat
[1] Thus the temperature is determined by the heating of the central source's luminosity, which is
(is) given byequation (2).
[2] This is the sample thatwhichJack collected.
[3] The sample, whichthatjack collected, was lost in transit.
[4] I am returning the reports, whichI have read.)
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[5] I am returning the reports thatI have read.)
(2) that
We find(find that) the CDM model is consistent with the joint data in 1confidence
region.(3) whichthat
[1] It is actually the expansion of the event horizon which(that) swallows the infalling
shell.
[2] Almost all gravitational potential energy is converted into the kinetic energy of the accreted
matter which(that) free-falls into the black hole and thus is(is) lost into
the event horizon of the black hole.
[3] I am thinking about the environment distributionto (that may) cause this missingemission.
[4] There aretwo XRT observations deviated( that deviate) from the constant radius.
(4)
[1] It was not clear who did it and why was it(it was) necessary to make the universe
suitable for our existence.
[2] We know who isthe author. We know whothe author is.
[3] We know what isthe answer.
We know whatthe answer is.[4] We know why isthe universe expanding. We know whythe universe isexpanding.
[5] We know how doesit work. We knowhow itworks.
(5)
[1] There isno previous work canrule out this model.
There is no previous work thatcan rule out this model. No previous work canrule out
this model.
[2]There is still no mature theory canexplain all X-ray properties of super-critical accreting
sources.There is still no mature theory that canexplain ...
[3]There is a subclass of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are candidates for super-Eddington
accretion.There is a subclass of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) thatare candidates
for super-Eddington accretion.
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[6] Because this source is very luminous and shows extremely strong variability, we thusconclude it must contain a black hole.
We thus conclude this source must contain a black hole, because it is very luminous and
shows extremely strong variability.
5.7
(1) A B Aincreases with increasing B.A increases
with B.
[1] However, when the source moves on the upper track, the inner disk radius increases with
increasing of(with) the disk accretion rate.
[2] Panel B in Figure 11 shows the inferred NS surface magnetic field strength during the
episodes in which the inner disk radius increases with theincreasing of the (increasing)
disk accretion rate.
[1] A increases by increasing B.
[2] A increases with B increases.
[3] A increases with increases B.
(2) A B Adecreases with increasingB.
The inner disk radius decreases withincreasing of the(increasing) disk accretion rate.
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1. . . 201031177
192
2.
. . 200492166
3. AIP Publication Board. AIP Style Manual. 5th ed. New York: American Institute of Physics,
1997: 1219
4. English language document review and editing specialists. 100 Common English Usage
Problems.www.kgsupport.com.2011.
5. Felicia Brittman. The Most Common Habits from more than 200 English Papers written by
Graduate Chinese Engineering Students.http://www.ysxbcn.com/mgjsjy.pdf,2011
6.
http://mdm53.blog.sohu.com/140293393.html2011
7. . . 200794041
http://www.kgsupport.com/http://www.ysxbcn.com/mgjsjy.pdfhttp://mdm53.blog.sohu.com/140293393.htmlhttp://mdm53.blog.sohu.com/140293393.htmlhttp://www.ysxbcn.com/mgjsjy.pdfhttp://www.kgsupport.com/
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