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http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010arXiv1011.5973Z

1

1 2

1. 100049, [email protected]

2. 200030, [email protected]

20142

................................................................................................................................................................ 21 ................................................................................................................................................. 3

1.1 .............................................................................................................. 3

1.2 .................................................................................................................8

1.3 ..........................................................................................................................10

1.4 ......................................................................................................................11

1.5 .................................................................................................................................12

1.6 ......................................................................................................................14

1.7 ..............................................................................................................................15

1.8 ....................................................................................................16

1.9 .................................................................................................18

1.10 ..................................................20

1.11 ..............................................................................................................................22

1.12 ..........................................................................................................................23

1.13 .......................................................................25

1.14 orand ......................................................................................................................25

1.15 ....................................................................................................26

2 .............................................................................................................................................. 27

2.1 .............................................................................................27

2.2 ; ..................................................................................................................28

2.3 en dash .................................................................................................28

2.4 [2] ............................................................................................................29

2.5 ...................................................................................................................30

3 .................................................................................................................................................. 303.1 ..............................................................................................................................30

3.2 .................................................................................................................................32

3.3 .................................................................................................................................33

3.4 ..............................................................................................................................33

3.5 .................................................................................................34

3.6 ........................................................................................................34

3.7 .................................................................................................................................35

4 .............................................................................................................................................. 35

4.1 .................................................................................................................................35

4.2 .................................................................................................................................37

5

.............................................................................................................................................. 385.1 ....................................................................................................38

5.2 respectively [2] ...................................................................................39

5.3 ..........................................................................................................................39

5.4 .........................................................................................40

5.5 ..............................................................................................................................41

5.6 .....................43

5.7 .............................................................................................44

.....................................................................................................................................45

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[1]

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McGill

1

1.1

(1) equationformulaformula

(2) questionproblem

ask a questionanswer a questionformulate a problemsolve a problem

[1] I have aquestionabout the last page of your presentation.

[2] I have a problemabout the last page of your presentation.

the last page of your presentation

the last page ofyourpresentation

(3) too, alsoas well

[1] I have done this quickly too. too

[2] I have alsodone this quickly. also

[3] In the mean time, I finished this as well. as well

as well

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(4) fewseveralseveralfew

a few

[1] I bought severalbooks today. [1] (b) I bought a few books today.

[2] Very fewstudents came to today's seminar. ()

[3] Few students came last night. ()

[4] A fewstudents came last night. ()

(5) property, charactercharacteristic

[1] property

A star has the following properties.

[2] character

Soldiers should have brave character. character

David is a characterin this movie.

[3] characteristic The

characteristicsof neutron stars are listed in table 1.

(6) obscure() obscure

fuzzy, blur, dark, faintobscure

[1] The black hole is obscuredby the dust along the line of sight.

[2] The image of the star is fuzzy (blurred), because the telescope is out of focus.

[3] The source appears to be dark (faint), because of the obscurationby the gas in front of it.

(7) at lastfinallyFinally, we reconstruct the expansion history of the

universe up toz=7 with the distance moduli of SNe Ia and GRBs.Finally At last

......

......

(8) suspect or suspiciousdoubt or doubtful

[1] We suspectthat the observed deviation of data from the model prediction is caused by the

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over-simplification of the model. (

)

[2] It is suspiciousthat the observed deviation of data from the model prediction is caused by the


)

[3] We doubtthat the observed deviation of data from the model prediction is caused by the


)

[4] It is doubtfulthat the observed deviation of data from the model prediction is caused by the


)

(9) distinction() difference()

[1] A distinctionshould be made between a star and a planet. starplanet

[2] The differencebetween the two measurements is only 10%.

(10) due to, because of, since, becauseas

[1] However, due to the fact that(the fact that) the inner disk temperature

or BB temperature is lower than several keV, the disk or NS flux below 2 keV contributes a

considerable portion in the whole energy band.

[2] However,because ofthe fact that the inner disk ....

[3] However, sincethe inner disk ....

[4] However, the disk or NS flux below 2 keV contributes a considerable portion in the whole

energy band, because the inner disk or BB temperature is lower than several keV.

[4]becausesince

()asasdue

tobecause of

[5] Due tothe expansion of the universe, the distances between galaxies become farther and

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farther.

[6] Because ofyour work, this problem has been solved completely.

due tobecause ofdueto

because of

(11) revise, correct, modify

[1]revise or revision or revisedThe

new version of the manuscript has been revisedby updating the reference list.

[2]correct or correction or correctedWe

have correctedthree mistakes.

[3]modifyWe have modifiedthe introductory part of the paper,

by including more background information and references

(12) lightlyslightly

NELGs are intermediate Seyfert galaxies whose broad line regions are lightly (slightly)

obscured.

(13) luminousbright

luminousbrightluminous, bright

brightfaintluminous

weakluminousless

luminous

[1] Source A is more luminous than source B because source A is located at a much farther

distance than source B, although source B is much brighterthan source A ( although source

A is much fainterthan source B).

[2] Source A has a higher luminositythan source B because source A is located at a much farther

distance than source B, although source B is much brighter than source A (although source

A is much fainterthan source B).

(14) just only :

[1] This model canjustexplain the data.

[2] This model can only explain the data.

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(15) radiative, radiating radiation

radiative

radiationradiative transferradiation transfer

radiating transferradiating processradiating mechanism

radiating sourceradiative

source radiation sourceAn

accelerator is also a radiationsource and it becomes a radiatingsource when it is turned on.

A radioactive source is a radiation sourceA radioactive source is a radiative

source

radiativelyThe electrons cool down radiatively

(16) figure, plot, picture, photo, illustration, schematic, diagram, flow chart

figure

plot

, picture

photo

, illustration, schematic, diagram flow chart

[1] In Figure3, the left panel is the plotbetween the observed temperature and luminosity of this

star.

[2] The right panel of Figure3 is the picture(photo) of the galaxy. picture

photo

[3] Figure 4 is anillustrationof the state transition processes of this binary system.

[4] The schematicof this telescope is shown in Figure 7.[5] The diagram in Figure 3 shows how a star evolves.

[6] Figure 6 is the flow chartof our numerical calculations.

(17) limit, limitation, constrain, constraint

[1] We limit limitconstrain the redshift range between

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0.1 and 0.3 ( from 0.1 to 0.3, between 0.1 to 0.3, between 0.1 to

0.3).

[2] The range of the redshift of these objects is constrained constrain

limit

between 0.1 and 0.3 with their measured emission lines.

[3] From the measured emission line of this object, we obtain a constraint constraint

constrain, constrain to its redshift between 0.1 and 0.3.

[3] The main limitation limitation limit constraint

of this method is that it can only be applied to objects at low redshift.

1.2

(1) literature, staff, faculty, deersheepfishChineseJapanese

There are one Chinese and two Japanese in this class A.

(2) evidence,equipment, horsepower,

information, manpowera lot of equipment,

95 times of (of) horsepower95 horsepowerhorsepower

, huge manpower

evidence

[1] There is one evidencein support the existence of black holes in the universe.

[2] There are many evidencesin support the existence of black holes in the universe.

[3] There is evidencein support the existence of black holes in the universe.

[4] There is one piece of evidencein support the existence of black holes in the universe.

[5] There are many pieces of evidencein support the existence of black holes in the universe.

information

[6] This observation provides an informationfor the activities of this system.

[7] This observation provides many informationsfor the activities of this system.

information

[8] This observation provides informationfor the activities of this system.

[9] This observation provides several pieces of informationfor the activities of this system.

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[9] This observation provides a lot of informationfor the activities of this system.

(3)

[2]How did you smooth away the difficulties?

It is a great pleasureto talk with you. What a surprise!

(4) 1 man woman

-men -women an Englishmantwo Englishmen

German GermansBowman the Bowmans

1 [3]

datum data nucleus nuclei

spectrum spectra focus foci

medium media radius radii

nova novae locus loci

formula formulae torus tori

index indices modulus moduli

continuum continua

(5) AGNNnucleusan AGN, two AGNs

nuclei (two AGN)

(6) differentvarious1

In Figure 7, I show the conversion efficiency of different kind(kinds) of black hole

accretion systems.2

2 [3]

Different node Different nodes

Various method Various methods

Two advantage Two advantages

Fifteen thermocouple Fifteen thermocouples

1.3 meter 1.3 meters

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(7) this, that, these, those

This (or that)two pictures are taken ... These (or those)two pictures are

taken ...

(8) glasses trousersclothespairsuita pair of glasses two pairs

of trousers

(9) [2]

[1] committeeThe committeehavediscussed all aspects of the case and have not yet reached

agreement.

[2] The committee approved the motion unanimously and directed itssubcommittee to take

immediate action.

[3]majorityThe party's majoritywassmall.

[4] Although the complexes are mapped in detail, the majority are not accurately dated.

[5]numberA large number of problems were encountered.

[6] The number of solutions waslimited.

(10) 11

(11) 1 keV, 2 keV, 1 km, 2 km, 1 kg, 2 km 2 keVs,

2 kgs, 2 kms 2 meters, 2 grams, 2 ergs

(12)

[1] From equation(10) and (11), we can calculate their relations, as shown in figure4 and 5.

equationfigureequationsfigures

[2] as follow as follows as following

1.3

(1) either/neither, each/everyone

[1] Neitherof the members warrants () formation status.

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[2] Everyone wants () their (hisher) work published quickly.

(2)none

noneno one, not one, no person, no thingno

persons, no things, not any

[2]

[1] None (= not one)of the telephones is working.

[2] None (= not any)are working.

1.4

1.4.1

(1) for

becausesinceas

(2) while......

while...... whereas

1.4.2 even

[1] Even though() a scientist does not make a lot of money, I still choose doing research

because ...

[2] Even if() this book costs a lot of money, I will still buy it because ...

[3] This book is very good, even() better than the most popular book written by...

1.4.3primaryprimary(initial)

(elementary) (preliminary)primary

[1] The energy spectrum of this source is consisted of two components; the primary()

component is a blackbody with a temperature of 1 keV and the secondary () component is a

power-law with a photon index of 2.

[2] After analyzing these data, our preliminary() conclusion is that this accretion disk has

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an inner disk radius of 20 km.

[3] After analyzing these data, our primary() conclusion is that this accretion disk has an

inner disk radius of 20 km.

1.5

1.5.1 athea

the

(1)

[1] I bought abook about Einstein yesterday. (

)

[1] I bought thebook about Einstein we discussed in the class yesterday.[1] I bought thebook about Einstein's love stories.

[1] I bought thebook about Einstein. (

)

[2] I bought threebooks about Einstein's general relativity. ()

[3] I bought the threebooks about Einstein's general relativity. ()

[4] I bought the three mostpopular books about Einstein's general relativity. (

)

[5] I bought three mostpopular books about Einstein's general relativity. (

)

[2][5]

(2) the

[1] In left panel of Figure 2In theleft panel of Figure 2; left panel

[2] In following section, we showIn the following section, we show;following

section

[3] We will calculate this quantityin following paragraph.We will calculate this quantity

in thefollowing paragraph.following paragraph

[4] In above calculations, we have ... In theabove calculations, we have ... (above

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calculations)

[5] From above discussions From theabove discussions

(3) samethe

the same as same with

[1] Our calculation result is the same as(the

aswith) that reported in Zhang et al. (1989).

the same a same

[2] This is the(thethea) same phenomenon.

[3] The twins look the same.

[4] Thesame method is also used here. Same methodis also

used here.

[5] We have chosen the cross-correlation method, thesame as that used by Ling &

Zhang (2006).

1.5.2singlesingleathe

a single bookthe single tree

1.5.3 If there is sufficient amount of matter around a black hole ... If there is a

asufficient amount of matter around a black hole ...

1.5.4 the

(1) the equation 3,the table 4,the figure 5equation 3,table 4,figure

5the

the

This is shown inthe equation (10) and the figure 5.

As thedescription above As described above

asthefollows as follows the

(2) theEmpirically,the (

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the) is roughly correlated to observed peak (the observed peak) spectral energyEp

by lgEp =(2.76 0.07) (3.61 0.26) lg .

We employ this empirical relation to estimate the(the)Ep of Swift GRBs and

correct the observed peak luminosity to a bolometricband.We employ this empirical relation to estimate thepeak energyEp of Swift GRBs and

correct the observed peak luminosity to a bolometric band.peak energy

theEppeak energy

(3) The role of MXBs inthecosmology has attracted increasing attention in recent years.

The role of MXBs in cosmology has attracted increasing attention in recent years.

cosmology the cosmology

cosmologiesthe cosmologycosmology

1.5.5 aanan

a

anhour(h)a histology class, a one-way path,

auniform look(h, o, u )

(1) aanaNLS1 galaxy(aNarrow

Line Seyfert 1 galaxy), oranUV peak(an ultraviolet peak)

(2) anaA

EFHILMNORSXanBCDGJKPQTU

VWYZa

aNLS1 galaxyaUV bump

a UV peakan UVpeak

1.6

1.6.1 asin

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The results are shown as(in) Figure 2.

1.6.2similar todifferent fromdiffer fromsimilar withsimilar

asdifferent withdiffer with

(1) Our solution differswith (from) the solutions obtained in previous studies

Our solution are differentwith (from) your solutions

(2)

[1] We differ with youon solving this problem, by including the effects of magnetic fields.

[2] The brothers differ intheir interests.

[3] The houses in the row differ only in small details.

[4] We differabout moral standards.

1.6.3to do somethingin order to do something

[1] I have solved this problem to getthis result. (

)

[2] I have solved this problem in order to getthis result. (

)

To getthis result I have solved this problem.In order to getthis result I have solved this

problem.In order to

1.7

(1) /more/most+ This

problem can be solved using this method easiermore easily.

easyeasiereasily

easiereasilymore

(2) better, best, most, least, worse, worst

[1] You can do this better.

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[2] You betterdo this.

[3] This problem is bestsolved by...

[4] This development is mostadvanced.

[5] That development is leastadvanced.

fast

[6] He speaks fastermore fastlythan Mary.

[7] He runs fastestmost fastlyin Class 1.

1.8

1.8.1

(1)

3 [4]

Taihang Mountains

Hongze Lake

Hengshan Mountain

the Huaihe River

the Chaohu Lake the Bohai Sea

(2)

aoe

Xian City

Xian

(3)

4

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4 [4]

Wuzhi Mountain

Jiulong River

Sanmen Gorge

332 Height 332

80 80 Nandan Road

(4)

Shaanxi Province Shanxi Province

1.8.2

Larger (smaller)higher (lower)

Larger (smaller) flux higher (lower) flux

Larger (smaller) luminosity higher (lower) luminosity

Larger (smaller) accretion rate higher (lower) accretion rate

Larger (smaller) temperature higher (lower) temperature

Larger (smaller) speed higher (lower) speed

This box has a larger size than the other one.

5

x chi-squared chi square

square root square-root

root mean square (RMS) root-mean square

major axis long axis

minor axis short axis

upper limit up limit

lower limit low limit

high mass large mass

low mass small mass

rightmost most right

leftmost most left

uppermost most upper

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lowermost most lower

multiple observations data multi-times observations data

multiply observed data multi-timely observed data

the data observed for four the four times observed data

line of sight (LOS) sight line

(1) The luminosity can be calculatedfrom the

belowequation.

[1] The luminosity can be calculated from thefollowingequation.

[2] The luminosity can be calculated from the equationas follows. (following)

followingfollowings

(2)

for why

explanation, evidence, overview

Physicists were looking for a fundamental explanation why(for why) the electron mass

could not be any different from its measured value.

(3) order of magnitudeorderThemass of this black

hole is about one order smaller (smaller by about one order of magnitude) than that

one.

(5) An extra constrained BPL is needed to fit the hard excess above 15 keV due tosmall levels

of comptonization at lower luminosity.smallsmall

[1] An extra constrained BPL is needed to fit the hard excess above 15 keV due tolowlevels of

comptonization at lower luminosity.

[2] An extra constrained BPL is needed to fit the hard excess above 15 keV due to a weakcomptonization componentat lower luminosity.

1.9

1.9.1

(1) sunsolarthe mass of the Sun()solar

mass()sun mass,sun energy

(2) emission() (emit

emission process emitting proces)emitting source

emission source

irradiation ()

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illumination()

(3) complicate, complicationcomplicated(complexsophisticated3complicated

complicationcomplex

sophisticated)

(4) doubletwice

[1] They discovered a doubleneutron star system.

[2] The doubleneutron stars in the systems have been observed many times.

[3] This observation program has doubledthe number of neutron stars known so far.

[4] He concluded that QPOs at both the NS spin frequency and twiceof it should be detected

during long (super) burst events for 4U 1636-53.

triplequadruple

(5) present At present; is present, At the present time; we present, it is presented,

[1] Our result is presented (present) in section 3. We

presentour result in section 3.

[2] Two flares are presented ( present) in the

light curve of this object.

[3] At present(), we are concentrating on studying the outburst mechanism of

this object.

[4] At the present time(), we are testing this code.

1.9.2

(1) relativerelatively This is mainly caused by the relative

(relatively) large statistical scatters of (scattering in) the GRB relations and the

relative(relatively) small data(number) of GRBs (in the sample,)

comparing (compared) to that of SNe Ia now(currently).enough

significantsufficiently significant

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(2) evenlyevenAll girls should sit on the chairs with even() numbers.

Students are evenly() divided into two groups.

(3) the anti-correlation shows larger scatteringscattering scatter.

(4) studyin this studyin this studying1.9.3 where,inaton

+which

[1] The black hole is located near the center of NGC 3341, in (in where many

neutron stars move at high speed.

[2] We finally climbed up to the top of the mountain, on (on where there are

many beautiful flowers.

[3] There is a new object at the lower-left corner of Figure 3, at (

at

where nosource was found before.

where

[4] Where do you come from

[5] Where are you going to

1.10

(1) comparingcomparedComparedto the joint constraints with GRBs and without GRBs, we can find the contribution ofGRBs to the joint cosmological constraints, although the contribution of GRBs to thecosmological constraints would not be significant enough,comparing to that of SNe Ia at present.

Comparingto the joint constraints with GRBs and without GRBs, we can find the contribution

of GRBs to the joint cosmological constraints,although the contribution of GRBs to the

cosmological constraints would not be significant enough,compared to that of SNe Ia at present.

[1] ComparedComparingwe

[2] comparingcompared, the contribution of GRBsthat of SNe Ia at

present

Comparing(comparedstellar mass black holes

) to neutron stars, stellar mass black holes are found to be much heavier.

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(2) base,basingbased

[1] Base(Basing) on these data, we can calculate the mass of the black hole.

we

[2] Base(Based) on these data, the mass of the black hole can be calculated.

the mass of the black holeon

(3) accompaniedaccompanying: the fall-back matter after the accompanied (

accompanying) supernova explosion forms an accretion disk around the black hole.

the fall-back matter accompanied by a supernova explosion forms an accretion disk around the

black hole.

(4) surroundedsurrounding: The accretion disk surrounded (surrounding) the

black hole is made of mostly ionized gas.

The black hole surrounding (surrounded)by an accretion disk is growing very fast.

(5) originatedoriginating, producingproduced

The neutron star originated(originating) from a supernova explosion is about 1000

years old.The neutron star produced by(from, in) a supernova

explosion is about 1000 years old. The supernova explosion producing the neutron

star happened about 1000 years old ago.

The neutron star that originatedfrom a supernova

explosion is about 1000 years old.The neutron star that was produced by(from,

in) a supernova explosion is about 1000 years old. The supernova explosion that

produced the neutron star happened about 1000 years ago.

(6) Dominating dominated

[1] The dominating ( dominant

dominated) process in this system isThe dominated( dominant

dominated) process in this system is

[2] Here we study the quantum effects dominatedsystems. (dominating

systemssystemsquantum effects) Here we study

the dominating quantum effects in these systems.quantum effects

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1.11

(1) imagine

image

(2) photophoton

(3) assess() access()

(4) complement (ary, arity) (),compensate(), compliment(ary)()

(5) applyingappling (yingy)

studying, flying, accompanyingedyi

applied, studied, flied, accompanied.

(6) acceptexcept[5]acceptPlease accept my gift.

except We go to school everyday except Saturday and Sunday.

(7) adviceadvise[5]

adviceShe gives good advice.

advisePlease advise me on what to do.

(8) affecteffect[5]

affectDo not let your personal problems affect the quality of your work.

effectThe loss did not have an effect on me.

effect, She effected policies that benefited the entire

organization.(9) adaptadopt[2]

adaptWe were finally able to adapt to the cold climate of the area.

adoptThe group adopted the strategy and implemented it in the entire unit.

(10) latterlater:

[1] We have studied the accretion disk models for both black hole X-ray binaries and active

galactic nuclei; the latter (later) harbor supermassive black holes with

masses from millions to billions solar masses.

[2] We observed a neutron star first and a black hole later(latter).

(11) itsits

[1] From equation (10), we can calculate its(itssurface temperature accurately.

[1] From these data, we are confident that its (itsit is,

it isitsa black hole.

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1.12

(1) spherically symmetricspherical symmetryspherical symmetric

spherically symmetry

(2) detail descriptionin detailsdetailed descriptionindetail.

(3) Unlike in the case withUnlike the case of the

uniformity of the universe, no apparent violation of this law is known.

(4) take into account

[1] We will take the force into account.

[2] We will take into account the force.

[3] We will take account of the force.

We will take into account ofthe force.(5) These observations have made the studies of the formation processes of stars,planets,

galaxies and quasars possible.

These observations have made possiblethe studies of the formation processes of stars, planets,

galaxies and quasars.(possible)

(6) These black holes have masses between 1051010between 105and 1010solar

masses.

(7) Tremendous observational evidence supporting the existence of black holes inthe universe is

gradually permitting the uncovering(uncovering of) the mysteries of black holes.

uncoveringof

(8) The left panelin (of) Figure 9 shows a theoretical calculation of ...

(9) However this possibility, if true, may have fundamental impacts toregardingthe

evolution and fate of the universe, as I will discuss inatthe end of this chapter.

(10) compare tocompare with

[1] Compared tosource B, source A shows a similarly hard spectrum.

[2] Compared with source B, source A shows a much harder spectrum.

(11) Over thanMore thanOver20 experts at ESA side will share us with

share with ustheir experiences regarding to how to build the ground segment and how to

carry out the calibration.

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(12)consist inconsist of

[1] A proton and an electron consist ina hydrogen atom.

[2] A hydrogen atom consists ofa proton and an electron.

[3] A hydrogen atom is consisted ofa proton and an electron.

(13) These results are well agree withZhang et al. (1999)

[1] These results are in good agreement withZhang et al. (1999).

[2] These results agree well withZhang et al. (1999).

(14) Our result is in general consistent with observations. Our result is generally

consistent with observations.

6 [2]

agree on terms look over an account

agree to a proposal proceed to do something ()

agree with a person proceed with doing something(

)

begin by doing something prohibit from doing something

begin from a point provide against something

begin with an act provide for something

capable of doingsomething

provide ones self with something

capacity to do something prefer one to the other

conform to/adapt ones self

to

prefer to do one thing rather than another

conform with/in harmony

with

preference for

consistent with prevent from doing something

content ones self with pursuant to/in pursuance of

correspond to/resemble range from X to Y

correspond

with/communicate with

reference to

differ with somebody relief to suffering

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differ from something relieve one from a duty

evidence for a theory accept responsibility for an action

evidence of something responsibilityto someone

indifferent to result from something

join in a project result in failure

look for a missing article result of an investigation

1.13

(1) cannotApJcan not

MNRAS

(2) We also referred(referred to) Figure 3 and Figure 4 in the text.

(3) However, in science direct evidence is not always what leads(leads to) the

discovery of something. The appearance of X-rays leadsthe optical burst.X

The appearance of X-rays leads tothe optical burst.X

Prof. Zhang leads a very active research group.lead

(4) may, maybe, may be.

[1] This maybethe reason.:This may bethe reason.Maybethis is the

reason.

[2] (a) He agreed that this burst may totally fromthe external shock.

[2] (b) He agreed that this burst may come totally fromthe external shock.

[2] (c) He agreed that this burst may originate totally fromthe external shock.

[2] (d) He agreed that this burst may be totally fromthe external shock.[2] (b) maymaybe

1.14 orand
http://www.iciba.com/responsibility/http://www.iciba.com/to/http://www.iciba.com/to/http://www.iciba.com/responsibility/

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Black holes, according to their masses, can divideinto stellar mass, intermediate massand

supermassive black holes.

Black holes, according to their masses, can be divided4.1into stellar

mass, intermediate mass orsupermassive black holes.

orandorand

andor

1.15

7 [2]

research work research

knowledge memory memory

simulation results simulation

knowledge information information

calculation results calculation

application results applicationtwo and a half decades 25 years500 students in college 500 college students

(1) The two scenarios are almost equally well torepresent the high-z LGRB rate excess.

The two scenarios almost equally wellrepresent the high-z LGRB rate excess.

(2) It is found that although this case can well reproduce the observed logNlogP distribution,

but much over produces(significantly over-produces) the observed GRBs atz ~2 and

lack to produce(under-produces) GRBs atz > 3.

(3) Despite of(Despite1.12) tremendous progress in black hole

research, many fundamental questions concerning(characteristics of) astrophysical

black holes in the physical universe remain not fully understood or clarified.

(4) In this paperstudy, IDEAS was used to .

(5)

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12NSd

3sin

2.2;

(1)

[1] I teach a graduate course on frontiers of astrophysics between 7:20 pm to 9:45 pm every

Thursday; I deliberately arranged to have my classes in the evenings because ...

[2] In this work, a simple method is provided to combine GRB data into the joint observational

data analysis to constrain cosmological models;in this method those SNe Ia data points used for

calibrating the GRB data are not used to avoid any correlation between them.

(2) ; [2]

[1] We thank Gang Li, Tsinghua University, for timing data; Hong Zhao, Peking University, for

helpful discussions;and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, for financial support.

[2] Follow this procedure: first, get your application forms;next, fill them out;

last, pay the charge.

(3) latex `testpsPDF

test. test. : ``test"test.

2.3

en dash

latex -- -$-$word

N

2 9 am5 pm19211949

chapters 89Figure 14550 kgcompounds AI.

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tothrough

2 to +12 km1 to 3 mag10 to >90 mL

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2.5

2.5.1

[1] The final step (washing)also was performed under a hood.

[2] The results (Table 1) were consistently positive.

2.5.2

(1), (2), (3), (a), (b), (c)

2.5.3

(k1)/(g2)K4Fe(CN)6

3

3.1

(1) SI

eV (ev)keV (KeV), MeV (meV)GeVTeV

8 SI [7]

10 [] yotta Y

10 [] zetta Z

10 [] exa E

10 [] peta P

10 [] tera T

10 [] giga G

10 mega M

10 kilo k10 hecto h

101 deka da

10-1 deci d

10-

centi c

10- milli m

10- micro

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31

10- [] nano n

10-

[] pico p

10- [] Femto f

10- [] Atto a

10-

[] Zepto z

10- [] yocto y

9

cm 1 cm

pc 1 pc=3.086 1810 cm

g 1 g

s 1 s

dyn 1 dyne = 1 gcm/s

erg 1 erg = 1 gcm/s

eV 1 eV = 1.60 1210 erg

/

erg/s 1 erg/s = 1 gcm/s

(2)

the Stone Age; the Paleozoic Era; Glacial Epoch; Albert Einstein; the Milky Way; Venus Aries;

Air force One; Titanic; Shenzhou spacecraft

(3)

(4)

[1] It requires that a clock still show proper time after being read: The quantum uncertainty in its
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8Fhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8Fhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8Bhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8Bhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%92http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%92http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9Bhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9Bhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E5%9B%A0http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E5%9B%A0http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8Fhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8Fhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BChttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BChttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BChttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8Fhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E5%9B%A0http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9Bhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%92http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8Bhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8Fhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6

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position must not introduce significant inaccuracies in its measurement of time over the total

running time. (showrequire)

[2] I classify black holes into three categories: mathematical black holes, physical black holes or

astrophysical black holes. (or1.14)

(5) Some of the discussions, especially

on the question will (Will) all matter in the universe eventually fall intoblack holes?,(

) are quite speculative.

3.2

(1)

[1] Up to now, about 20 (twenty) black holes with masses around ten (10) solar

masses, called stellar mass black holes, have been identified observationally.

[2] All 3(three) studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30C.

(2)

[1] Twelve 12parameters were selected for the experiment.

[2] Five hundred 500 asteroids were detected using radar observations.

(3)

Group of eight(8), 52, and 256 particles...;

Nine out of 752samples.... (752seven hundred and fifty-two

)

(4) 21

twenty 2 keV particles202 keV

(5)

the mid-sixties; the seventies

(6) SI

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33

aan one-half inch; the major axis is 0.25 (1/4) cm; two third of the sample was

lost

(7) toen dash

1 to 2 m140150 m5% to 15%5%15%

(8) the first of July, 2006July first, 2006the second of July, 2006the third of

Julythe 4th of Julythe 28th of JulyJuly 28th, 20062006-07-2807-28-2006

(USA), 28-07-2006 (Europe and the rest of world)

(9) 2030 1930s1930s

3.3

(1) ProfessorProf.Pro.Dear Pro.ZhangProf.

Zhang.DoctorDr.Doc.

(2) Figure Table Fig. Tbl. Figure/Table

Figure.6, Figure6, Fig.6, Tbl10Figure 6, Fig. 6, Tbl. 10

3.4

(x, y, z, A, B, C

) (kg, km, eV)sin, cos,

log, ln latex\sin, \cos, \log, \ln{\rm log}

() (latex \rm

)MBH MBHMBHMBH

BHMBH

MMk MkMkMk

Mk

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3.5

(1) 10 eV, 20 kg, 40 km$m=10\

{\rm kg}$$m={\rm10\ kg}$$m=10\mbox{ } {\rm kg}$\ \mbox{ }

$m=10{\rm kg}$$m={\rm 10 kg}$

210530C

(2) ( )

)

, .

[1]7This problem has been

solved(Einstein 1915 )and consequently applied to many astrophysical settings( Freedman

1932;Lieu 1945) .

This problem has been solved(Einstein 1915) and consequently applied to many

astrophysical settings(Freedman 1932; Lieu 1945).

[2] From Figure3, we find that Dr. Lius calculations

From Figure3,we find that Dr.Lius calculationsFrom Fig.3,we

find that Dr.Lius calculations

Fig.3,we

Fig. 3, we

.

,Dr.LiuDr. Liu

(3) 0.1(0".1)0.1(0.1)0.1(0.1)1.1

(1".1)1.1(1.1)1.1(1.1)

(4) /The anonymous referee is thanked for his / her

his/hercomments and suggestions.

3.6

(1)

[1] Zhang et al. (1999) have shown that black holes can eat matter...

[2] It has been shown by Zhang et al. (1999) that black holes eat matter.

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(2)

[3] It has been known that black holes can eat matter (Zhang et al. 1999).

[1] Zhang et al. 1999 have shown...

[2] It has been shown by Zhang et al. 1999 that black holes eat matter.

[3] It has been known that black holes can eat matter (Zhang et al. (1999)).

3.7

3.7.1

3.7.2

figure

caption

3.7.3

(1) figure panelsub-figuretop panel, middle panel, bottom panel, upper panel, upper-left panel, lower-right panel,

(2) solid line, dotted line (dot line), dashed line (dash line),

dot-dashed line

4

4.1

(1) People have done... It has beencalculated...by

xxx( byxxx

)

(2)

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[1] Several issues about black hole growth have clarified.Severalissues about

black hole growth have been clarified.

[2] The configuration is consists of three parts.

(a) The configuration is consisted of three parts.

(b) The configuration consists of three parts.

[3] Models divideinto three classesModels are

dividedinto three classes

[4] Black hole locatesin center of galaxy.A

black hole is locatedin the center of a galaxy.

A black hole is foundin the center of every galaxy.

Every galaxy harborsa black hole at its center.

5Each of the five galaxies observed harborsa black hole

at its center.A black holeisfound(located) in the center of each of the five galaxies

observed.

[5] the gravitational potential energy transforms to the radiation on NS surface.the

gravitational potential energyis convertedto the radiation on NS surface.[7] The observed spectral variation may attribute to the variation of the electron energy

distribution.()The

observed spectral variation may be attributed to the variation of the electron energy

distribution.The observed spectral variation may be due to the variation of the electron

energy distribution. The variation of the electron energy distribution may attribute tothe

observed spectral variation.

[8] The bubble nebula result from the radiatively driven outflow during the different X-ray

active phases. 1nebula nebulae

2bubble nebula

The bubble nebula is resulted from the radiatively driven

outflow during the different X-ray active phases. The outflow

results inthe bubble nebula. is resulted fromresults in

[9] The gas pressurerelates to associates with its temperature.The

gas pressure is related toits temperature.

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(3)

[1] After the correction, the peak in the spectrum is disappeared. ( has disappeared

is absent).

[2] All models are includedan interstellar absorption component with the hydrogen column

All models includean interstellar absorption component with the hydrogen column

4.2

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5) summary

The black hole we studiedin this work ... ,In this paper we have calculated... ,It has

been shownthat ... ,We studythis problem ... ,We analyze these data... ,We start

from ... ,We found that ... ,We conclude that,Itis shown,Inthis paper we calculate...

(6)

[1] Thanks for the referee's suggestion. Actually we calculatedthe mass accretion of three

sources, but neglected to include the result in the paper.

[2] We includedFigure 2 and Table 3 in the revised manuscript.

[3] We thankthe referee for these insightful comments and suggestions.

[4] We have improvedthe manuscript substantially.

[5] The manuscript has been improvedsignificantly by including...

[6] We have further improvedthe manuscript

following the suggestions in the second referee report...

(7)

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(general truth)

[1] Homan et al. (2006a, 2006b, 2007a) suggestedthat XTE J1701-462 wasa Z source, because

it exhibitedtypical CDs of Z sources and its timing properties werealso consistent with those of

Z sources.

[1] Homan et al. (2006a, 2006b, 2007a) suggested(

) that XTE J1701-462 is() a Z source, because it exhibited() typical

CDs of Z sources and its timing properties are() also consistent with those of Z

sources. XTE J1701-462 is a Z sourceits timingproperties are

also consistent with those of Z sources

[2] In yesterday's battle, three soldiers were killedand one was injured.[3] Now a total of 15 soldiers are deadand nine soldiers are injured.

5

5.1

(1) This has enabled people (people) to

do

(2) get(got) obtain,derive,deduce,acquire(

This resultis got.)

(4) importantly important

[1] Veryimportantly, SNe eject a lot of matter... importantly

eject

[2] Very importantly, SNe are powerful fountains of high energy particles...

are: Veryimportant, SNe are

(5) As one of our valued authors Ibelieve youmay interested tohear about IOP Asia-Pacific, a

new website from IOP Publishing dedicated to showcasing research from the Asia-Pacific

region.

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Ibelieve you, as one of our valued

authors, may be interested to...

5.2

respectively[2]

(1) Equations 26 can be respectively

linearized as:(equations given)

Equations 26 can be linearized as:(equations given), respectively.

(2) The weights of the two experts are respectively 0.600 and 0.400.

The weights of the two experts are 0.600 and 0.400, respectively.

5.3

(1) SoTherefore, Hence, Consequently, Thus,

As a resultSo

(2) And, ButAnd, But

HoweverNevertheless

(3) How to

How to (Determining how to)find the optimal parameter is the main objective.

(4) We

We

(5) Now

Now()

(6) We feel ... We think ... We thinkthe accretion

rate dominates the .We consider thatthe accretion rate dominates the .(7) it's, can't,

couldn't,doesn't it is, cannotcan not,

could not,does not

a little

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[1] Its surface temperature is a littlelow.

[2] Its surface temperature is slightly toolow.

[3] Its surface temperature is somewhatlow.

(8)

)

[1] The black hole binary is a very exciting source of high frequency QPOs, we therefore decided

to study it. the black hole binarywe

[1] Wedecided to study the black hole binary, because it is a very exciting source of high

frequency QPOs.

[1] The black hole binaryis a very exciting source of high frequency QPOs; wetherefore

decided to study it.

[2] The black hole binaries containa primary black hole and a companion star, the mass

exchange between them through an accretion disk inthe well-known thin accretion disk model.

[2] A black hole binary containsa primary black hole and a companion star, in which the mass

exchange between them isthrough an accretion disk described bythe well-known thin accretiondisk model.

5.4

(1) It is come(coming) from ... It comesfromIt isfrom

It is originatedfrom It originatesfrom .

(2) This radio-quiet quasar is also have(having) a relativistic jet.This radio-quietquasar also hasa relativistic jet.

(3) Therewill havean ESAC-HXMT workshop in March 78 at Villanueva de la Canada,

Spain. There will bean ESAC-HXMT workshop in March 78 at Villanueva de la

Canada, Spain.

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(4) There are existthree black holes in this galaxyThere arethree black holesexistin

this galaxy There are three black holes in this galaxyThere exist

three black holes in this galaxy Three black holes existin this galaxy Three black

holes arein this galaxy(5)The TeV dataof this SED in Figure 1 have considered the correction of the EBL absorption.

data The TeV dataof this SED in Figure 1 have includedthe

correction of the EBL absorption. The correction of the EBL absorption for the TeV data of

this SED in Figure 1 has been considered.

(6) The gas pressure grows with the growth of its temperature grow.The gas pressure

increaseswith theincreaseof its temperature grow.increasegrowth

declinedecrease

(7) This result consistentswith our model. consistent This

resultis consistentwith our model.

(8) equal

Ais equal toB;AequalsB.Aequals toB.

5.5

(1) whichthat

that

which

thatwhichthat

which

whichthat

[1] Thus the temperature is determined by the heating of the central source's luminosity, which is

(is) given byequation (2).

[2] This is the sample thatwhichJack collected.

[3] The sample, whichthatjack collected, was lost in transit.

[4] I am returning the reports, whichI have read.)

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[5] I am returning the reports thatI have read.)

(2) that

We find(find that) the CDM model is consistent with the joint data in 1confidence

region.(3) whichthat

[1] It is actually the expansion of the event horizon which(that) swallows the infalling

shell.

[2] Almost all gravitational potential energy is converted into the kinetic energy of the accreted

matter which(that) free-falls into the black hole and thus is(is) lost into

the event horizon of the black hole.

[3] I am thinking about the environment distributionto (that may) cause this missingemission.

[4] There aretwo XRT observations deviated( that deviate) from the constant radius.

(4)

[1] It was not clear who did it and why was it(it was) necessary to make the universe

suitable for our existence.

[2] We know who isthe author. We know whothe author is.

[3] We know what isthe answer.

We know whatthe answer is.[4] We know why isthe universe expanding. We know whythe universe isexpanding.

[5] We know how doesit work. We knowhow itworks.

(5)

[1] There isno previous work canrule out this model.

There is no previous work thatcan rule out this model. No previous work canrule out

this model.

[2]There is still no mature theory canexplain all X-ray properties of super-critical accreting

sources.There is still no mature theory that canexplain ...

[3]There is a subclass of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are candidates for super-Eddington

accretion.There is a subclass of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) thatare candidates

for super-Eddington accretion.

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[6] Because this source is very luminous and shows extremely strong variability, we thusconclude it must contain a black hole.

We thus conclude this source must contain a black hole, because it is very luminous and

shows extremely strong variability.

5.7

(1) A B Aincreases with increasing B.A increases

with B.

[1] However, when the source moves on the upper track, the inner disk radius increases with

increasing of(with) the disk accretion rate.

[2] Panel B in Figure 11 shows the inferred NS surface magnetic field strength during the

episodes in which the inner disk radius increases with theincreasing of the (increasing)

disk accretion rate.

[1] A increases by increasing B.

[2] A increases with B increases.

[3] A increases with increases B.

(2) A B Adecreases with increasingB.

The inner disk radius decreases withincreasing of the(increasing) disk accretion rate.

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1. . . 201031177

192

2.

. . 200492166

3. AIP Publication Board. AIP Style Manual. 5th ed. New York: American Institute of Physics,

1997: 1219

4. English language document review and editing specialists. 100 Common English Usage

Problems.www.kgsupport.com.2011.

5. Felicia Brittman. The Most Common Habits from more than 200 English Papers written by

Graduate Chinese Engineering Students.http://www.ysxbcn.com/mgjsjy.pdf,2011

6.

http://mdm53.blog.sohu.com/140293393.html2011

7. . . 200794041
http://www.kgsupport.com/http://www.ysxbcn.com/mgjsjy.pdfhttp://mdm53.blog.sohu.com/140293393.htmlhttp://mdm53.blog.sohu.com/140293393.htmlhttp://www.ysxbcn.com/mgjsjy.pdfhttp://www.kgsupport.com/

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