autism asperger
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science2
Outline.
Summary Lecture of the module content.
Draw your own conclusions based on evidence.
Most importantly, to have an opinion you can
defend. Recap the lecture content with recommended reading.
Draw out themes.
Try to reach some conclusions about the relations
between ASD and ADHD. More time for questions.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science3
Learning Outcomes Of This
Lecture.
On completion of the lecture and with independent study
you should be able to:
1. Give an overview of the key issues covered in themodule.
2. Express an opinion on the multiple relations
between Autism, Aspergers and ADHD .
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science4
Lectures. Lecture 1 Module Introduction.
Lecture 2 ADHD and Hyperkinetic Disorder.
Lecture 3 Autistic Disorder (Classic Autism).
Lecture 4 Asperger's Disorder.
Lecture 5 Classification, Assessment & Diagnosis.
Lecture 6 Aetiology.
Lecture 7 Comorbidity.
Lecture 8 Treatment For ADHD.
Lecture 9 Treatment For Autism. Lecture 10 Autism, Asperger's and ADHD.
Lecture 11 Revision & Exam Tips.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science5
Lecture 2 ADHD and Hyperkinetic
Disorder.
Content: Symptoms of ADHD.
Inattention.
Hyperactivity/Impulsivity.
Prevalence.
Comorbidity.
Developmental course of ADHD.
Consequences of ADHD.
Lifespan.
Controversy.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science6
Lecture 2 ADHD and Hyperkinetic
Disorder.
Key Points from Lecture:
First described around 100 years ago.
Problems with Attention, Hyperactivity & Impulsivity.
Affects 2-5% of school age children in UK.
Exists on a degree of severity. Boys are six times more likely to be referred for help than girls.
Almost always occurs with other disorders/problems.
Reading
Barkley, R.A. et. al. (2002). International Consensus Statement(January 2002). Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review,
5(2). p.89-111.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 8
Lecture 3 Autistic Disorder
(Classic Autism).
Key Points from Lecture:
First described around 65 years ago.
Exists as a spectrum, a continuum, a syndrome with various
degrees of impairment
Affects communication, social interactions, and strange behaviourthat impair education performance.
Generally evident before age 3.
A life-long pervasive developmental disorder with genetic
susceptibility.
Reading
Frith, U. & Happe, F. (1994) Autism: Beyond Theory of Mind.
Cognition, 50, pp.115-132.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 9
Lecture 4 Asperger's Disorder.
Content:
What is Aspergers Disorder?
Symptoms of Aspergers.
How Aspergers was first recognised.
Characteristics of Aspergers Disorder.
How is Aspergers different from Classic
Autism.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 10
Lecture 4 Asperger's Disorder.
Key Points from Lecture:
A higher-functioning form of Autism characterised byimpairments in the social domain, some impairment in thebehaviour/interests domain.
No significant delays in cognitive or language skills.
Motor clumsiness, especially in younger children.
Aspergers tend to desire to interact with others, but dont knowhow to in an appropriate way.
May live very successful independent lives in appropriate jobsettings.
Not so easy to spot Aspergers Disorder.
Reading Baron-Cohen, S. (1999). The Extreme-Male-Brain Theory ofAutism. In Tager-Flusberg, H, (ed) NeurodevelopmentalDisorders. MIT Press (1999).
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 11
Lecture 5 Classification,
Assessment & Diagnosis.
Content:
What is Classification?
DSM-IV-TR / ICD-10.
How does assessment happen in the UK?
How is a diagnosis of Autism, Aspergers or
ADHD made?
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 12
Lecture 5 Classification,
Assessment & Diagnosis.
Key Points from Lecture:
Diagnosis has to be made on a behavioural basis.
Variations in symptoms and severity of impairments.
DSM-IV (APA, 1994) & ICD-10 (WHO, 1994).
Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavioural
Disorders.
Missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis.
Multiple referral routes.
Pressures on LEA resources.
Multiple assessment protocols and diagnostic tools.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 13
Lecture 6 Aetiology of ADHD &
Autism.
Content: What is ADHD?
Theories of ADHD.
Response Inhibition Theory.
Diet. Scepticism towards ADHD.
What is Autism?
Theories of Autism.
Theory of Mind deficit.
Executive Function (Dysfunction) deficit.
Weak Central Coherence.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 14
Lecture 6 Aetiology of ADHD &
Autism.
Key Points from Lecture: The causes of ADHD are not fully known.
Likely to have multiple causes and complex interactions.
Good evidence for genetic component.
Evidence of structural and functional brain abnormality.
Barkleys Theory of Response Inhibition in ADHD. Theory of Mind deficit. Executive Dysfunction. Weak Central
Coherence.
Reading Barkley, R.A. et. al. (2002). International Consensus Statement (January
2002). Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5(2). p.89-111.
Rajendran, G. & Mitchell, P. (in press). Cognitive Theories of Autism.Developmental Review.
Frith, U. & Hill, E. (2004) Understanding Autism: Insights From Mind and BrainIn Autism: Mind and Brain, ed. Frith, U. & Hill, E. Oxford, Oxford UniversityPress, pp.1-19.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 15
Lecture 7 Comorbidity in ADHD
and Autism.
Content:
A refresher: DBDs & PDDs.
Why is comorbidity important?
Are ADHD And Autism Really That
Different?
Comorbid conditions.
What might this overlap of symptomssuggest?
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 16
Lecture 7 Comorbidity in ADHD
and Autism.
Key Points from Lecture:
A large number of medical conditions are very oftenassociated with ADHD and/or Autism.
High overlap between ADHD and ASD symptoms.
ADHD and Autism are generally described as separatedisorders with separate genetic aetiologies.
Most genetic studies exclude cases of Autism fromstudies on ADHD and vice versa.
Reading Gillberg, C., & Billstedt, E. (2000). Autism and Asperger syndrome:
Coexistence with other clinical disorders.Acta PsychiatricaScandinavica, 102, 321330.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 17
Lecture 8 Treatment For ADHD.
Content:
Clinical Symptoms.
Intervention Development.
Considerations for interventions in ADHD.
Non-pharmacologic Treatments.
MTA.
Medication
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 18
Lecture 8 Treatment For ADHD.
Key Points from Lecture:
Conduct problems and symptoms of ADHD may hinder treatmentand/or assessment.
All strategies do not fit all children.
Medication is the treatment of choice for ADHD following MTA.
The MTA studies suggest that theres very little benefit from anypsychotherapeutic treatment on core symptoms.
Stimulant treatment is easily available in the community andbehavioural treatment is not. But opinion remains divided.
Reading
The MTA Cooperative Group. (1999). A14 Month Randomized ClinicalTrial of Treatment Strategies for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Archives of General Psychiatry, 56. p.1073-1086.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 19
Lecture 9 Treatment For Autism.
Content:
Autistic Disorder.
Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Medication. Behavioural Interventions.
Other Treatments.
Problems of treatment.
Parent advocacy groups.
Prognosis.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 20
Lecture 9 Treatment For Autism.
Key Points from Lecture:
Many different types of behavioural interventions for ASD.
Early intervention is most beneficial.
Treatment depends on the individual.
Most effective treatment for the disorder is highly structuredand intensive Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA).
Problems treating people with Autism, communication, non-compliance, comorbidity, intellectual/emotional immaturity.
Reading
Lovaas, O. I. (1987) Behavioral treatment and normaleducational and intellectual functioning in young autisticchildren. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55,3-9.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 21
Themes.
Misdiagnosis vs. Missed diagnosis. Behavioural/Cognitive vs. Pharmacological treatment.
Normal vs. Pathological behaviour.
Continuum vs. Categorical classification.
Academia & Parental viewpoints. Aetiological vs. Symptomatological.
Evidence-based vs. Anecdotal-based methods.
Acceptance vs. Rejection of Disorder.
Mild vs. Severe degrees of impairment.
Increasing incidence vs. Better awareness.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 22
Relation between ASD & ADHD.
ADHD
Usually spotted in
school.
Normal IQ. Often pragmatic
language problems.
High comorbidity
with other problems.
Often mistaken forbad behaviour.
Classic Autism
Early onset
IQ tends to be lower
Often fail to developspoken language
Problems with non-
verbal
communication
Tend to be adept atbasic motor skills
Aspergers
Later onset
Higher range of
IQ
No language
deficit
Non-verbal
communication
problems less
severe
Clumsiness in
basic motor skills
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 23
Conclusions.
Autism and ADHD : No single cause; no single cure.Hence: A spectrum, a continuum, a syndrome.(debatable?)
Its easier to spot Autism at the low-functioning end of
the spectrum. ADHD is often diagnosed because of ODD/CD.
Although poor parenting does not cause ADHD (orAutism) it can make things worse.
ADHD is a preferable diagnosis to Autism. Behavioural (ASD) and Pharmacological (ADHD)treatments can be effective but may not address cause.
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Autism, Aspergers & ADHD (6PS048)
ADHD, Autism & Aspergers (6PS052)
Simon Bignell
Psychology, School of Science 24
"We are not born to suffer. We are born to thrive. If
you live in a dry area and your garden receives
little water, you plant plants which like dry soil. But
when you are given a plant that likes wet soil, you
don't kill it, you water it, you spend one of your1440 minutes each day watering that plant.
Because you know, that given the right care, that
little bit of effort can produce spectacular blooms.
And so it should be with children like us."Joshua Muggleton, age 17
Accessed at http://mugsy.org/josh/
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