ch 1.0 (lecture1)
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Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne20021.1Operating System Concepts
F2032F2032 : FUNDAMENTAL: FUNDAMENTAL
OF OPERATINGOF OPERATING
SYSTEMSYSTEM
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CHAPTER 1:CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TOINTRODUCTION TO
OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM
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CONTENTS
What is an Operating System?
Abstract View of System Component
Operating System Definition
History of Operating System
Various type of Operating System
Evolution ofWindow Operating System
Installation of Operating System
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What is an Operating System?
Definition :
A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a
computer and the computer hardware.
Purpose:
to provide an environment in which user can execute program
in a convenient & efficient manner.
Operating system goals:
Execute user programs and make solving user problemseasier.
Make the computer system convenient to use.
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Hardware provides basic computing resources (CPU,
memory, I/O devices).
Operating system controls and coordinates the use of thehardware among the various application programs for the
various users.
Applications programs define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users (compilers, database systems, video games, business
programs)
Users (people, machines, other computers).
Computer System Component
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COMPUTER
SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
HARDWARE OPERATING
SYSTEMAPPLICATION
PROGRAM USER
Computer System Components
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Abstract view of system component
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History of Operating System
1st Generation (1945 -55) Vacuum Tube and Plug board
used vacuum tubes for circuitry, magnetic drums for memory and taking up
entire rooms.
very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity,
generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language to performoperations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.
Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was
displayed on printouts.
Operating System Concepts
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1st Generation (1945 -55) Vacuum Tube and Plug board
Computers had no operating systems but operated manually by their users
Machine were operated by programmers/operator from main console/control
panel.
Machine of the time were so primitive -> program were often entered one bitat time on row of mechanical switch (plug boards).
No programming language (even assembly language)
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Cont..
2nd Generation (1955-65) Transistor and Batch System
allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-
efficient and more reliable
moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic (assemblylanguages), which allowed programmers to specify instructions in
words
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Cont..
2nd Generation (1955-65) Transistor and Batch System
Introduction of punch card
General Motor Research Laboratories implemented the 1st OS
for IBM 701.
Generally ran one job at a time.
Called single stream batch processing system program
and data were submitted in group or batches.
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Cont..
3rd Generation (1965 -80) ICs and Multiprogramming
Concept Loading many program at one time to share attention of a
single CPU ( Can process several job at one time)
Operating system designer developed the concept of
multiprogramming in which several job in main memory at once a
processor switched from job to job as needed to keep several job
advancing while peripheral device in use Eg: If the system no multiprogramming, when the current job
paused to wait for the I/O operation to complete, the CPU simply
idle until the I/O finished.
Sol : By partition memory into several pieces, with a different job in
each partition.While one job waiting for I/O to complete, another job
will using the CPU. Introduced time sharing technique and spooling concept.
Operating System Concepts
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4th Generation (1980-Present) Personal Computer
Microprocessor technology evolved become possible to build
desktop computer as powerful as the mainframe
operating system dominated personal computer scene :
MS DOS written by Microsoft for IBM PC
Running network operating system
Distributed operating system
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Various Type of Operating System
Batch System
Multiprogramming System
Distributed System
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Batch System
How it works?
User not interact directly with the computer system
User will prepare the job which consisted of the program, data
and some control information about a job.
This information will be stored in control card
Control card will be submitted to computer operator.
Job usually in form of punch card.
After process, (maybe a minute, hour or days) the output is
appeared.
Output is consisted of result of the program.Which is dump into
final memory and register content for debugging.
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To speed up processing, operators batch together job with
similar needs and run them through the computer as group Operator will sort program into batch with similar requirement .
When computer become available , would run each batch.
The output for each job will send back to programmer.
Input device : line printer, tape drives, punch card
Output device : result of the program me
Weakness : cpu often idle because the speed of mechanical I/O
device are slower than electronic device
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OS in these early computer was simple
OS always resident in memory
Memory layout for simple batch system
Operating System Concepts
compilers, program, data
(User program area)
system software/ OS
(monitor)
Responsible for interpreting
and carrying out the instructions
in the batch jobs.
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Multiprogramming System
Important aspect of job scheduling is the ability tomultiprogramming.
Job Scheduling is process perform by operating system that
allow direct access to several job.
Multiprogramming increase CPU utilization by organizing jobs
so that the CPU always has job to execute.
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How it works?
The OS keeps several job in memory simultaneously
The OS picks and begin to execute on of the jobs in the memory.
Job may have to wait for some task, such as an I/O operation to
complete.
In multiprogramming system, the operating system simply switchto and execute another job.
When that job need to wait, the CPU is switched to the another
job and so on.
At least one job needs to execute, the CPU is never idle.
Operating System Concepts
OS
Job 1
Job 2
Job 3
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Distributed System
Communication path between two or more system.
Distributed system depend on networking for their functionality.
For being able to communicate , distributed system are able to share
computational task and provide a rich of features to users.
OS system support all type of protocol.
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THE EVOLUTION OF WINDOWS
` 1985:Windows 1.0
` 1987:Windows 2.0
` 1990:Windows 3.0
` 1993:Windows NT 3.1
` 1993:Windows forWorkgroups 3.11
` 1994:Windows NTWorkstation 3.5
` 1995:Windows 95
` 1996:Windows NTWorkstation 4.0
` 1998:Windows 98
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Cont..
` 1999:Windows 98 Second Edition
` 2000:Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me)
` 2000:Windows 2000 Professional
`2001:
Windows XP
` 2001:Windows XP Professional
` 2001:Windows XP Home Edition
` 2001:Windows XP 64-bit Edition
` 2007 :Windows Vista
` 2009 :Windows 7
For more detail, go to this website:http://www.microsoft.com/windows/winhistorydesktop.mspx
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Installation ofWindows Operating System
Operating System Concepts
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