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Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne20021.1Operating System Concepts

F2032F2032 : FUNDAMENTAL: FUNDAMENTAL

OF OPERATINGOF OPERATING

SYSTEMSYSTEM

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CHAPTER 1:CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION TOINTRODUCTION TO

OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM

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CONTENTS

What is an Operating System?

Abstract View of System Component

Operating System Definition

History of Operating System

Various type of Operating System

Evolution ofWindow Operating System

Installation of Operating System

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What is an Operating System?

Definition :

A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a

computer and the computer hardware.

Purpose:

to provide an environment in which user can execute program

in a convenient & efficient manner.

Operating system goals:

Execute user programs and make solving user problemseasier.

Make the computer system convenient to use.

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Hardware provides basic computing resources (CPU,

memory, I/O devices).

Operating system controls and coordinates the use of thehardware among the various application programs for the

various users.

Applications programs define the ways in which the system

resources are used to solve the computing problems of the

users (compilers, database systems, video games, business

programs)

Users (people, machines, other computers).

Computer System Component

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COMPUTER

SYSTEM

COMPONENTS

HARDWARE OPERATING

SYSTEMAPPLICATION

PROGRAM USER

Computer System Components

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Abstract view of system component

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Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne20021.8

History of Operating System

1st Generation (1945 -55) Vacuum Tube and Plug board

used vacuum tubes for circuitry, magnetic drums for memory and taking up

entire rooms.

very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity,

generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

First generation computers relied on machine language to performoperations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.

Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was

displayed on printouts.

Operating System Concepts

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1st Generation (1945 -55) Vacuum Tube and Plug board

Computers had no operating systems but operated manually by their users

Machine were operated by programmers/operator from main console/control

panel.

Machine of the time were so primitive -> program were often entered one bitat time on row of mechanical switch (plug boards).

No programming language (even assembly language)


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Cont..

2nd Generation (1955-65) Transistor and Batch System

allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-

efficient and more reliable

moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic (assemblylanguages), which allowed programmers to specify instructions in

words


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Cont..

2nd Generation (1955-65) Transistor and Batch System

Introduction of punch card

General Motor Research Laboratories implemented the 1st OS

for IBM 701.

Generally ran one job at a time.

Called single stream batch processing system program

and data were submitted in group or batches.


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Cont..

3rd Generation (1965 -80) ICs and Multiprogramming

Concept Loading many program at one time to share attention of a

single CPU ( Can process several job at one time)

Operating system designer developed the concept of

multiprogramming in which several job in main memory at once a

processor switched from job to job as needed to keep several job

advancing while peripheral device in use Eg: If the system no multiprogramming, when the current job

paused to wait for the I/O operation to complete, the CPU simply

idle until the I/O finished.

Sol : By partition memory into several pieces, with a different job in

each partition.While one job waiting for I/O to complete, another job

will using the CPU. Introduced time sharing technique and spooling concept.


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4th Generation (1980-Present) Personal Computer

Microprocessor technology evolved become possible to build

desktop computer as powerful as the mainframe

operating system dominated personal computer scene :

MS DOS written by Microsoft for IBM PC

Running network operating system

Distributed operating system


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Various Type of Operating System

Batch System

Multiprogramming System

Distributed System


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Batch System

How it works?

User not interact directly with the computer system

User will prepare the job which consisted of the program, data

and some control information about a job.

This information will be stored in control card

Control card will be submitted to computer operator.

Job usually in form of punch card.

After process, (maybe a minute, hour or days) the output is

appeared.

Output is consisted of result of the program.Which is dump into

final memory and register content for debugging.


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To speed up processing, operators batch together job with

similar needs and run them through the computer as group Operator will sort program into batch with similar requirement .

When computer become available , would run each batch.

The output for each job will send back to programmer.

Input device : line printer, tape drives, punch card

Output device : result of the program me

Weakness : cpu often idle because the speed of mechanical I/O

device are slower than electronic device


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OS in these early computer was simple

OS always resident in memory

Memory layout for simple batch system


compilers, program, data

(User program area)

system software/ OS

(monitor)

Responsible for interpreting

and carrying out the instructions

in the batch jobs.

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Multiprogramming System

Important aspect of job scheduling is the ability tomultiprogramming.

Job Scheduling is process perform by operating system that

allow direct access to several job.

Multiprogramming increase CPU utilization by organizing jobs

so that the CPU always has job to execute.


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How it works?

The OS keeps several job in memory simultaneously

The OS picks and begin to execute on of the jobs in the memory.

Job may have to wait for some task, such as an I/O operation to

complete.

In multiprogramming system, the operating system simply switchto and execute another job.

When that job need to wait, the CPU is switched to the another

job and so on.

At least one job needs to execute, the CPU is never idle.


OS

Job 1

Job 2

Job 3

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Distributed System

Communication path between two or more system.

Distributed system depend on networking for their functionality.

For being able to communicate , distributed system are able to share

computational task and provide a rich of features to users.

OS system support all type of protocol.


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THE EVOLUTION OF WINDOWS

` 1985:Windows 1.0

` 1987:Windows 2.0

` 1990:Windows 3.0

` 1993:Windows NT 3.1

` 1993:Windows forWorkgroups 3.11

` 1994:Windows NTWorkstation 3.5

` 1995:Windows 95

` 1996:Windows NTWorkstation 4.0

` 1998:Windows 98


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Cont..

` 1999:Windows 98 Second Edition

` 2000:Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me)

` 2000:Windows 2000 Professional

`2001:

Windows XP

` 2001:Windows XP Professional

` 2001:Windows XP Home Edition

` 2001:Windows XP 64-bit Edition

` 2007 :Windows Vista

` 2009 :Windows 7

For more detail, go to this website:http://www.microsoft.com/windows/winhistorydesktop.mspx


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Installation ofWindows Operating System


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