quotations french civil law from sharia law

QUOTATIONS FRENCH CIVIL LAW FROM

SHARIA LAW

PRESENTED BY:

Dr.AZIEZ SALAH EDDINE

Bessami.doc@gmail.com

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CONTENTENT

- Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. …..3

- Definitions and meanings……………………………………………………..…….4

- The laws known by the name of their founders……………………….…………….5

- Genesis of the law…………………………………………………………………...7

- The Islamic miracle legislative………………………………………………………7

- The assets of the legislation in the French civil law in general and especially in the law of napoleon………………………………………………………………………..7

- The emergence of the Napoleonic code……………………………………………...8

- Brief history about the origins of legislation in some European countries and in America…………………………………………………………………………….….9

- Evidences who proves that the napoleon’s law is based on the doctrine of imam

malik………………………………………………………………………………….10

- proof of the historical relationship between Islamic law and western

society………………………………………………………………………………..10

- Some examples of quotations French civil law (spirit and arguments) from shariah

law……..11

- The more that defended the legislative comparisons from muslims searchers……..14

- Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….15

- References……………………………………………………………………..…..17

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INTRODUCTION

: ذكره جّل ۇئې ې ى ى ٹ ٹ چ قال وئ وئ ەئ ەئ ائ ۈئ ۇئائ ۆئ ۆئېئ : ١٠٥النساء: چۈئ [.105النساء]

ALLAH - the Almighty said (meaning) "surely, we have sent down to you (O

Mohamed SAW) the book(this Qur'an) in truth that you might judge between men by

that which ALLAH has shown you, so bee not a pleader for the treacherous."

Allah honoured this nation (األمة), by a full and total legislation, this was since

its first existence, it and it was the cause of her advancement of abysses defaults to

the highest degree of progress in record time. While the other nations proceed in her

legislation by the precedents and experiences in a series of evolutionary open endless,

the basis of which the whole of the human mind.

The importance of the subject stand in that many of the intellectuals as well as

others do not know that the basis of the law of Napoleon ( their Miracle!) Is derived

in most of its assets and explanation of the doctrine of Imam Malik - may God have

mercy on him –. On that day were southern Europe in Spain and Portugal (Paradise

Lost) under the enlightened Islamic law (and we ask God to his return to the fold of

Islam). That day throughout Europe were in ignorance and darkness, and question

them in the ranking of women: they are of human or otherwise?

David described (the senior professor of comparative law in France in 19661),

in his book (Large systems contemporary law); that Islamic law is one of the great

major systems in the modern world.

.447م,ص1966)( األنظمة الكبرى في القانون الحديث, باريس 1 إلى العطار، تطبيق الشريعة اإلسالمية في العالم اإلسالمي، صينظرو

97 .

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DEFINITIONS AND MEANINGS

*According to el kamus el- muhit (( المحيط of Fairuz Abadi2 ((..The law; a القاموس

measure of all things).

*In the lissan el arab ( العرب :of Ibn Manzur3 ; ((and the law of everything ( لسان

the way and its scale)) .

*According to the book: philosophy of legislation in islam ( في التشريع فلسفة

of Sobhi Mahmassani4 that: ((The word law is a Greek origin, and was (االسQالم

originally used in the sense of the ruler ,and became the rule, which is used today in

European languages in the sense as the Shariah Church. It is ... measure of all things,

and it is used in any general definition and obliged, it’s said: Health law and the laws

of nature ...))

*According to the book (Introduction to the Islamic law) ( الشريعة لدراسة مدخل

of Dr. Yusuf al-Qaradawi5, he said: ((Our ancient scientists have known (االسQالمية

that: the general base that fall underneath provisions partial)).

*According to the book (history of legislation) ( التشريع : to Mustafa Rafii6 ( تاريخ

(( the right and the law cannot be separated , The right is not respected only under the

law, and the law exist it ,only to protect the right , and to impose its safeguards))

ه(، القاموس817 الفيروز آبادي، محمد الدين محمد بن يعقوب ) 2 ، بيروت،5المحيط، تحقيق مكتب تحقيق التراث في مؤسسة الرسالة، ط

.1582م، ص 1996ه/1416مؤسسة الرسالة، ه(، لسان العرب، علق عليه ووضع711 -630ابن منظور، ) 3

ه/1408، لبنان، دار إحياء التراث العربي، 1فهارسه علي شيسري، ط(.11/327م،)1988

المحمصاني، صبحي، فلسفة التشريع في اإلسالم، مقدمة في 4 دراسة الشريعة اإلسالمية على ضوء مذاهبها المختلفة وضوء القوانين

. 5م، ص 1947ه/ 1356الحديثة، بيروت، مكتبة الكشاف ومطبعتها، ،1القرضاوي، يوسف، مدخل لدراسة الشريعة اإلسالمية، ط 5

Q23م، ص1991ه/1411القاهرة، مكتبة وهبة . الرافعي، مصطفى، تاريخ التشريع والقواعد القانونية والشرعية، 6

.175م، ص 1993، القاهرة الشركة العالمية للكتاب، 1ط4

Idiomatically:

((the Muslim jurists used less this word kanun (قانون), but used in its place,

the words Sharaa (شرع) and Shariah (الشريعة) , and legal judgment...Today’s, this

word has three meanings:

*First: a set of legal provisions (code), for example it is said: the Ottoman Penal

Code, and the Lebanese law of obligations and contracts ... etc...

*The second: in general is intended to Shara and shariah, for example as we say:

English law.... Unlike Muslims, who attribute the law to the Shari’a to Allah only.

*Third: the word is used in particular, for each Mandatory base (rule), for example it

is said: the House of Representatives in Parliament legalized law antitrust or....

*Much has been use of the law word in the Ottoman era to denote the judgments of

the state to be differentiated from the rulings of Islam religion, which based on the

Qur'an and sunna. For example usury (Riba) is forbidden by sharia, but permitted by

the law))7

THE LAWS KNOWN BY THE NAME OF THEIR FOUNDERS:

We take some example:

A - Code of Hammurabi8 (1792 BC -1750 BC):

Hammurabi was the sixth king of the first dynasty of Babylon, and is best

known for the promulgation of a new code of Babylonian law: the Code of

Hammurabi. One of the first written ordinary laws (unlike shariah) in the world, the

Code of Hammurabi was inscribed on a stele and placed in a public place so that all

could see it. it was discovered there in 1901 at Susa in Iran and is now in the Louvre

Museum in Paris. The code of Hammurabi contained 282 laws. And ((stipulate a

system of the kingdom who heritage is limited to males only))9.

. 14المحمصاني، فلسفة التشريع، ص 78 Wikipedia. ، سورية،1الترمانيني، عبد السالم، محاضرات في تاريخ القانون، ط 9

.53م، ص 1964مديرية الكتب والمطبوعات الجامعية،

5

B- Solon law:

(638 BC – 558 BC) was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is

remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic, and

moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term, yet he is often

credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.

C-Justinian law:

The Corpus Juris Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a

collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of

Justinian I (482 – 565 c), Eastern Roman Emperor. It is also sometimes referred to as

the Code of Justinian.

D-Code Napoleon:

Known as: The French civil law, his fame noun: the Europe's law10: ((is the set

of French laws issued during the reign of Napoleon - Emperor of France - In order to

work her in the Kingdom French))11.

GENESIS OF THE LAW:

((.....the ordinary law resembles at the newborn, Generates weak, then it grows gradually until it reaches its peak, the Law accelerates in its development and growth in proportion to the development of the group that it is governed by her... And

ينظر: مخلوف العدويّ المشهور بمخلوف المنياوي، محّمد حسنين 10 م( المقارنات التشريعية، المقارنات1292ه - 1235بن محمد )

التشريعية، تطبيق القانون المدني والجنائي على مذهب اإلمام مالك، ،1دراسة وتحقيق أ.د محمد أحمد سراج و أ.د علي جمعة محمد، ط

(.1/9م، )1999ه - 1420القاهرة، دار السالم، للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع، علي حسين، سيد عبد الله، المقارنات التشريعية بين القوانين 11

الوضعية المدنية والتشريع اإلسالمي مقارنة بين فقه القانون الفرنسي دارسة وتحقيق أ.د محمد أحمدومذهب اإلمام مالك بن أنس

سراج , أ. د علي جمعة محمد وأحمد جابر بدران، القاهرة، دار(. 1/62السالم، للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع، د. ت، )

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vice versa. In fact, it is the group that created its own law who interested it, and this law it still follows the group. Unlike Shariah is reveal by ALLAH and it is she who still leads the nation. ALLAH said:

) دينا) االسالم لكم ورضيت نعمتي عليكم وأتممت دينكم لكم أكملت اليوم

(Meaning): "This day have I perfected your religion for you and completed My favor unto you, and have chosen for you as religion AL- ISLAM". Shariah did not come to one group without another, or one people without other , or one state without other , but it came to all people ...))12

THE ISLAMIC MIRACLE LEGISLATIVE:

This is the miracle in its perfection, with the short duration of its inception, which did not exceed the quarter of a century (23 years old). Unlike ordinary law, which has not been completed and never ends in its development in the management of the human interests.

Note:

No disagreement between Shariah and Law in the literary perspective. But the absolute disagreement is in source, the first is from Allah and the second is from human.

THE ASSETS OF THE LEGISLATION IN THE FRENCH CIVIL LAW IN GENERAL AND ESPECIALLY IN THE LAW OF NAPOLEON:

Abdullah saiid13 in his book (legislative approaches) ( التش يعةرالمقارنات ) said: "French civil law had taken from several legislative origins:

First: the Roman law in the south of France than a year (50 BC) to 1785.

Second: Germanic law: In the north of France, who gave the habits law (custom and habit), who was also in the administrative departments of the North.

Third: Churches law: was a Catholic Church law, which been the first legislation group in the marriage...

Fourth: the law of absolute monarchy: that was found on the orders of (Louis XIV) ]was ruler French between 1634 - 1715[ and (Louis XV) ]grandson of Louis XIV was ruler between 1715-1774[ and (Louis XVI) ]was ruler between 1774 - 1792 [."14

.26 - 24القرضاوي، مدخل لدراسة الشريعة اإلسالمية، ص 1213 )egyptian scholar ( . 64-63سيد عبد الله، المقارنات التشريعية، 14

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Fifth: Napoleonic Code (Revolution code): called :The French civil law, his fame name : the Europe's law15.

THE EMERGENCE OF THE NAPOLEONIC CODE:

Subhi mahmassani said : that "... France in the late Middle Ages ]was[ prey of the chaos, same case in all Europe at the time. and the French regions were fragmented of the legislative point of view in two big parts:

-The northern part: known as: common law countries

-The southern part: known As: country of written law: who it was influenced by Romanian laws....and after the revolution and the completion of the unity of the state, Napoleon felt the need to unify the different laws and customs. It was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws.

He has ordered to being drafted rapidly by a commission of four eminent jurists, established under Napoleon in 1804. And entered into force on 21 March 1804. Known as: The Napoleonic Code, the official name is the French civil code.

this law is still in effect today in France, with some modifications It contains (2281) articles. "16

It was, however, the first modern legal code to be adopted with a pan-European scope, followed by the most European countries , and it spread in many countries that were under British and French occupation, such as Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, egypte, in the Middle East... and a lot of African countries17.

BRIEF HISTORY ABOUT THE ORIGINS OF LEGISLATION IN SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND IN AMERICA18 :

- The assets of the legislation in the Belgian civil law: Predominantly taken from the Napoleonic Code with some changes necessary caused by the special issues.

- the legislation in Switzerland and Germany: relied largely on the Napoleonic Code

while retaining its national character and its theoretical scientific way .This is due to

the geniuses masters in codifying , and it is of the finest laws.

م( المقارنات1292ه - 1235ينظر: مخلوف العدويّ المشهور بمخلوف المنياوي، محّمد حسنين بن محمد ) 15 التشريعية، المقارنات التشريعية، تطبيق القانون المدني والجنائي على مذهب اإلمام مالك، دراسة وتحقيق أ.د محمد أحمد سراج

(. 1/9م، )1999ه - 1420، القاهرة، دار السالم، للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع، 1و أ.د علي جمعة محمد، ط. 100ينظر,المحمصاني، فلسفة التشريع، ص 16 . 65ينظر إلى المقارنات، سيد عبد الله، ص 17 . 105 - 100ينظر إلى المحمصاني، فلسفة التشريع/ 18

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-The assets of the legislation in England and America: based on habit (general

custom) and precedents, known as (common law) ,without any writing of this law.

Many people may think that the American and British judge ruled in its own way,In

other words, without any restrictions.

Subhi Mahmassani, answers19 : ((... This is a mistake, because on their judges must

abide on the habits (general custom) and the precedents in the courts.

but here we point out that the many men in England, demanded notation

(codification) general and official, as stated in the proposal and Westbury (wesbury` s

digest) in 1870, but their quest was not crowned with success, for several reasons:

-The spirit of maintaining the traditions that made her famous .

-the different sects and races that make up the British Empire which give a

multiplicity of laws and different habits)).

EVIDENCES WHO PROVES THAT THE NAPOLEON’S LAW IS BASED ON

THE DOCTRINE OF IMAM MALIK :

• The first : the inevitability of development in the ordinary laws: This is a result of

this limited legislation on the situation and on the time , which it is based on its three

factors (the legislature, the time and place(.

• Second: The legislative miracle : which was completed in a period not exceeding

twenty-three years. Unlike ordinary law, which has not been completed and never

ends in its development, and still scalable as needed.

On this subject said abdelkader uda: ((- ... but I compare when I compare

between the law in the present era and the Shariah, I compare between the law who is

in continually developing, And the Sharia since the thirteen century who has not

changed .....))20.

.105المحمصاني، فلسفة التشريع، ص 19عودة، عبد القادر، التشريع اإلسالمي مقارناً بالقانون الوضعي، ط 20

(.Q24 1/4م، )1985ه/1405، بيروت، دار إحياء التراث العربي، 4

9

*The third: Silent consensus non-equitable among lawmakers: Abdullah saiid said in

his comparisons legislative ( التشريعية ":(المقارنات Lawmakers have a silent

consensus for not mentioned the shariah which filled the earth with justice,in date that

they had been living in ignorance . The day that they do not marry women unless if

she stayed in the house of Señor, and whenever she stayed with him for a long time,

this give more honor in her husband!!..."21

PROOF OF THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ISLAMIC LAW AND WESTERN SOCIETY22:

That was by several factors:

*the Entry of Islamic law in Andalusia since the year 93 AH / 711 AD., And since

that Muslims conquered the Goths country ( القوط through (Spain and Portugal) (بالد

the heroes such as Musa Bin Naseer and Tariq ibn Ziyad, and Tarif ibn Malik ....... -

Allah have mercy for them - and Islam radiating his light in these areas dark.

*Increasing incursion of Islam to South Europe until arrived in the south of France in

the provinces of (Lyon), and (Laloire), and (Avignon), and (Poitier), which is the

field of Battle of Tours (bilatoshohada's battle (oct 732/ ه114Qرمضان )) and

martyrdom of commander Abd al-Rahmaan al-ghafiki and others - may Allah have

mercy –.

*The survival of Islam rule in southern Europe nearly eight centuries until the fall of

Granada year 977 AH / 1492.

The prevailing doctrine was Imam Malik – R A - introduced by Chaptone

( Abu Abdullah Ziad bin Abdul Rahman, scholar and the Mufti of Al-Andalus,

died :193AH) , companion for imam malik in the era of Hisham bin Abdul Rahman

bin Muawiya king of Andalusia.

*The spread of the Islamic conquest of Eastern Europe by the Ottomans, who arrived

in the Carpathian Mountains in Hungary and ruled by shariah nearly one hundred and

. 74-61سيد عبد الله، المقارنات، ص 21. 73 - 50ينظر سيد عبد الله، المقارنات، 22

10

fifty (150) years, and ruled (ottoman empire) for more than three centuries in East of

Europe.

*The Crusades ( الصليبية ,(الحروب which established the friction of Europe with

Islamic legislation.

*Trade: these transactions have created the influential relation in these countries.

SOME EXAMPLES OF QUOTATIONS FRENCH CIVIL LAW )SPIRIT AND

ARGUMENTS( FROM SHARIA LAW.

Sayed Abdullah Says: "We do not respond by one example, but nine-tenths of

the French civil law ".in this research we will mention some examples only , and

who wanted to survey more , he see the references that I will mention some of them

later.

The bill of exchange and transfer:

Al-Mahmassani Said: "..the bill of exchange and transfer were been not known

in Europe before the twelfth (12) century AD, although it was known in all the books

of Islamic jurisprudence , especially in the Hanafi books which dates back to the

eighth(8) century AD, and are also were taken to the West after four centuries said

Grasshov , by Italy at the time of the Crusades , and by Andalusia when it was still an

Arab country .

This effect kept the character in the word transfer itself. Has been suggested

that the word (Aval) French used the sense of showing the bill of exchange signed by

a for the third bail is derived from the Arabic word hawala (حوالة) and also like the

word (Avaries) used in the French law of maritime trade in the sense marine

casualties are taken from the Arabic word Al awar (العوار) "23.

When laws are be applied24 ?

French law: Clause 2, and see also clause 691, item 2281 from the Criminal Law:

. 230 - 229المحمصاني، فلسفة التشريع، ص 23. 50مخلوف المنياوي، المقارنات، ص 24

11

May not apply the provisions of the laws on the facts and incidents except for the

future time, after the date of its declaration, the provisions do not apply to the incident

earlier..

Islamic law: the judge cannot base his decision on what was done before this

incident , but the judgment will focus on new incidents only.

When is the deprivation of civil rights25?

*French law: Item 17 : French identity be lost its owner for cause one of three

things:

-The first: Identity taken in foreign countries.

-The second: entry in the service in foreign government without permission from the

king of France.

-The Third: to settle in foreign countries with no intention of the return to the

Motherland.

Note: and it is known that the establishment of trade in the foreign country, with using

commercial premises , Do not enter in this case.

* Islamic law:

In the Aljori manual :( األجهوري شرح for anyone which has swear on the :(المختصر

particular sect, is not authorized for him to marry women from this sect.

The marriage (26):

French law: Item 165: the marriage contract must be Declared publicly in the presence of the officer of civil status in the town of the husband or wife.

Islamic law: It is desirable to announce the marriage be celebrated with a feast, our prophet said: "Proclaim the wedding .“ بالدف عليه واضربوا النكاح ".أفشوا Must testify Two men of good character, Otherwise the marrige Becomes null and void.(see: (( الدسوقي و الدردير .(شرح

. 55-54مخلوف المنياوي، المقارنات، ص 25. 74مخلوف الميناوي، المقانات، ص 26

12

About reporting loss27:

French law: Item 115: If a man disappeared from his home or place of residence... of a time for four years, it permits any person close to the missing, to bring the case to court to settle in what is called: The significant absence or ghaiba mutabara (الغيبة .(المعتبرة

Islamic law: the wife of the disappeared, must request the court or the governor to manage his case.Proclaiming a period of four years, and after that it will automatically divorce.

Note: watch this similarity in period: 4 years.

Life of couple28:

*French law: Item 213: the husband must protect his wife, the woman must obey her husband.

*Islamic law : the husband must be protect his wife enough, it should be avoided any damage, and the wife must obey her husband where she is legitimately obliged.

How invalidate the marriages29?

French law item 227: the marriage can be cancelled for three things: first: the death

of one of couple. Second: Divorce convicted in a court of law. Third: Judgment

implicitly requires civil death.

Islamic law: It is known that the death makes the marriage non-existent, and divorce

also annuls the marriage, and put it in dead's list by missing ; judged as dead.

Where has Napoleon took these similarities and sometimes these approvals in his

legislation? Where he did not receive any revelations from ALLAH( S W)!

.64، 63مخلوف الميناوي، المقانات ، ص 27.90مخلوف الميناوي، المقانات ، ص 28. 95مخلوف الميناوي، المقارنات، ص 29

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THE MORE THAT DEFENDED THE LEGISLATIVE COMPARISONS

FROM MUSLIMS SEARCHERS:

1)Sheikh Mohammed Hassanein bin Mohammed Makhlouf (makhlov Minawi 1235

AH --1292): in his book the legislative comparisons application of civil and criminal

law on the doctrine of Imam Malik.

( مالك االمام مذهب على والجنائي المدني القانون تطبيق اتشريعية (المقارنات

2)Sheikh Sayed Ali Abdullah Hussein Scholars of Al-Azhar in his book: comparisons

between the legislative civil and Islamic law, a comparison between the jurisprudence

of French law an the doctrine of Imam Malik ibn Anas.

( فقه بين مقارنة اإلسالمي، والتشريع المدنية الوضعية القوانين بين التشريعية المقارناتأنس بن مالك اإلمام ومذهب الفرنسي ( القانون

3) Subhi Mahmassani in his books :

" In the paths of justice " And " legislative conditions in the Arab state past and

present “ And " jurisprudence in Islam Introduction to the study of the law in the light

of doctrines different light modern laws "

" " " " و وحاضرها ماضيها العربية الدولة في التشريعية األوضاع و العدالة دروب في

المختلفة" مذاهبها ضوء على الشريعة دراسة في مقدمة اإلسالم في التشريع فلسفة

الحديثة القوانين ."وضوء

CONCLUSION

I conclude this study by the correspondence witch was made on 13.02.1946;

by Sayed Ali Abd Allah, and sent to the royal majesty Farouk I, King of Egypt at

that time:

".... Legislators of Islam have left us a considerable pride in governance rules

and the assets of the legislation, pirated by Western's lawyers, and they pirate also

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(these legislative principles) to each legal vacuum, after injects their legislation in

Islamic nations as if it were their fruit.

And Allah knows that it is the rules of Islam and the research of Muslim legal

schools. And after that they have agreed a silent consensus, to not declare the spiritual

origins of this legislation..... I do not say that instinctively.... but I do that after

studying Islamic law, and have been one of the scholars of al-Azhar El Sharif, and

after studying ordinary legislation at the European universities (French) …. Thus I

found myself indebted to my religion by obligation to demonstrate to everyone and

especially to Muslims that ordinary legislation has been inspired from the Islamic law.

Therefore, I wrote " التشريعية after a long search (Legislative comparisons)"المقارنات

that lasted seven years, during which I translated the French jurisprudence.... then I

compared with the legislative texts specifically under the light of Imam Malik Ibn El

Aness osbohi. "30

يوم في الملكية السرايا إلى علي الله عبد سيد من المراسلة بهذه المبحث هذا �ْختم أ

الحادي 13/2/1946 مصر ملك األول فاروق الملك الوقت ذلك في مصر ملك وكان ،

. علي محمد أسرة من عشر

وأصول"... الحكم قواعد من الدهر، مدى ً فخرا يعد ما اإلسالم مشرعوا لنا ترك

تشعبت. كلّما منه ينهلون زالوا وال الوضعية، القوانين علماء عنهم فأخذه التشريع

بتشريع المبتالة أمرها، على المغلوبة األمم إلى يردونه ثم الحياة مشاكل أمامهم

ومذاهب اإلسالم قواعد أنها يعلم والله وتفكيرهم، عملهم من أنه على أجنبي

لست ... السماوي التشريع هذا ذكر عدم على ً سكوتيا ً إجماعا أجمعوا ثم المجتهدين،

الشريف األزهر علماء من وكنُت اإلسالمي التشريع درست فقد جزافا القول ألقي

أبيّن أن لديني عنقي في ً دينا فوجدت أوربا بجامعات الوضعية القوانين درست ثم

اإلسالمي، التشريع من الوضعي التشريع م�أخذ خاصة وللمسلمين كافة للناس

, ] [ ] [ سنين سبع دامت شاقة بحوث بعد التشريعية المقارنات هذا مؤلِّفي فوضعت

ص 30 المقارنات، الله، عبد . 33سيد

15

.... على ً خصوصا الشرعية بالنصوص قابلته ثم الفرنسي القانون فقه فيها ترجمت

(( األصبحي أنس بن مالك اإلمام . )31(مذهب

  .

REFERENCES

، علق عليه ووضع فهارسه علي شيسري،لسان العرب ه(، 711 -630ابن منظور، )*(.11/327م،)1988ه/1408، لبنان، دار إحياء التراث العربي، 1ط

. 447م,ص1966, باريس األنظمة الكبرى في القانون الحديث* ، سQQورية، مديريQQة الكتب1، طمحاضرات في ت,,اريخ الق,,انونالترمانيني، عبد السالم، *

.53م، ص 1964والمطبوعات الجامعية،

ص 31 المقارنات، الله، عبد . 33سيد

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،1، طت,,اريخ التش,,ريع والقواع,,د القانوني,,ة والش,,رعيةالQQرافعي، مصQQطفى، *. 175م، ص 1993القاهرة الشركة العالمية للكتاب،

. 97، ص الشريعة اإلسالمية في العالم اإلسالميالعطار، تطبيق * ، تحقيQQقالقاموس المحيطه(،QQ 817الفيروز آبادي، محمد الدين محمد بن يعقوب )*

ه/1416، بيروت، مؤسسQQة الرسQQالة، 5مكتب تحقيق التراث في مؤسسة الرسالة، ط. 1582م، ص 1996

، القQQاهرة، مكتبQQة1، طمدخل لدراس,,ة الش,,ريعة اإلس,,الميةالقرضاوي، يوسف، * Q23م، ص1991ه/1411وهبة .

، مقدمة في دراسQQة الشQQريعةفلسفة التشريع في اإلسالمالمحمصاني، صبحي، * اإلسالمية على ضوء مذاهبها المختلفة وضوء القوانين الحديثة، بيروت، مكتبة الكشQQاف

. 5م، ص 1947ه/ 1356ومطبعتها، المقارنات التش,,ريعية بين الق,,وانين الوض,,عيةعلي حسQQين، سQQيد عبQQد اللQQه، *

مقارنQQة بين فقQQه القQQانون الفرنسQQي ومQQذهب اإلمQQامالمدنية والتشريع اإلسالمي دارسة وتحقيق أ.د محمد أحمد سراج , أ. د علي جمعة محمQQد وأحمQQدمالك بن أنس

(. 1/62جابر بدران، القاهرة، دار السالم، للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع، د. ت، ) ، بQQيروت،4، طالتشريع اإلسالمي مقارناً بالقانون الوضعيعودة، عبد القادر، *

1دار إحياء التراث العربي، -1235مخلوف العQدويّ المشQهور بمخلQوف المنيQاوي، محمQّد حسQنين بن محمQد )* Qه

، تطQQبيق القQQانون المQQدني والجنQQائي على مQQذهبالمقارن,,ات التش,,ريعيةم( 1292 ،1اإلمام مالQQك، دراسQQة وتحقيQQق أ.د محمQQد أحمQQد سQQراج و أ.د علي جمعQQة محمQQد، ط

(. 1/9م، )1999ه - 1420القاهرة، دار السالم، للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع،

APPENDIX

17

Code of Hammurabi stele. Louvre Museum, Paris

Solon law

18

Justinian I

The cover of the Napoleonic Code, issued in 1804

19

The Napoleonic Code

20