ap biology ch. 19 descent with modification
TRANSCRIPT
Ch. 19 terms Evolution Paleontology Catastrophism Gradualism Uniformitarianism Endemic species Natural selection
Artificial selection Population Homologous
structures Vestigial organs Molecular
homologies Biogeography
Essential Questions
Please answer Essential Question #1 in this box now.
Essential Questions My initial answer My best answer
What is biological evolution?
What is natural selection?
What are some observations from nature that can be explained by natural selection?
How do evolution and natural selection lead to biodiversity?
Descent with Modification
Ch. 19
Evolution
Change - over time - in the genetic makeup of a population
Over time, enough changes may accumulate in a population for it to be considered a separate distinct species
A Little History Lesson
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)pioneered the field
of paleontology – the study of ancient lifeObserved that older
fossils in the strata were more different from today’s species that younger fossils
Proponent of the idea of catastrophism - a local catastrophe like a flood wiped out species, and neighboring species moved in to take their place
A Little History Lesson
James Hutton (1726 - 1797)Advocated gradualism - big changes in the
environment can be the result of lots of little changes over a long period of time
The forces shaping the earth today are still at work Rivers carving valleys, for example
A Little History Lesson
Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875)Advocated uniformitarianism -
the idea that geologic processes have not changed over time – i.e. they are still at work
A Little History Lesson
Jean-Baptiste de Lamark (1744-1829) The only one before
Darwin to propose an idea for HOW species change
2 ideas: Use & disuse - used
parts get stronger, disused parts weaker
Acquired characteristics passed on to offspring stronger traits passed
on
Hutton - 1726-1797 Lamark - 1744-1829 Cuvier - 1769-1832 Lyell - 1797-1875
Darwin (1809 - 1882)Liked to collect birds and
bugsDad sent him to med
school at 16He hated it - He had to
watch surgeries done without anestheticLeft after watching a
horrible surgery done on a small child without anesthesia
Enrolled at Cambridge to become a clergyman Graduated 10th in his class
Heard about evolution there Heard lectures by James
Audubon about bird adaptations
It was clear to scientists that living things were related & adapted to their environments
The Beagle
Darwin invited to work aboard the SS Beagle in 1831 (he was 22)
The crew surveyed the unmapped coast of South America
Darwin studied the plants & animals Noticed the fossils in SA more similar to current SA species
than to fossils in Europe Noticed geologic differences
Major earthquake hit Chile and he observed the coast rise several feet
These observations challenged the idea of a young, unchanging Earth
The Galapagos Islands
Geologically youngLots of unusual animals thereMany species found only on 1 island
(endemic - found no where else in the world)
Each species uniquely adapted to the conditions (food sources) of its island
Some of the species Darwin observed
Darwin focused on the organisms adaptations
Saw that environmental conditions and adaptations related
The environment
changes
Living things are well
adapted to their
environments
Quick Think
Describe some of the ideas and experiences that
influenced Charles Darwin
The Origin of Species By the 1840s Darwin’s book ready for
publication, but he didn’t publish In 1858 Alfred Russell Wallace (1823-1913)
sent his manuscript to Darwin for review It contained nearly the same ideas as Darwin’s
Darwin published first and was given credit for the theory of evolution by natural selection
Within 10 years, most biologists accepted the ideas The book was well written and very logical and had
tons of evidenceSuper awesome book about Wallace
The Origin of Species
2 main ideas:All species are descendents of earlier, now extinct
speciesNatural selection is the mechanism for evolution
Essential Questions My initial answer My best answer
What is biological evolution?
What is natural selection?
What are some observations from nature that can be explained by natural selection?
How do evolution and natural selection lead to biodiversity?
Essential Questions
Please refine your answer to number 1 and answer Essential Questions 2 here now
Natural Selection
Individuals with favorable traits leave more offspring than those without
Eventually results in evolutionary adaptation - an accumulation of traits that increase the chances of survival – this is Darwin’s idea of descent with modification
Darwin’s Logic
Observation 1 - populations will increase exponentially if all offspring survive and reproduce
Observation 2 - populations tend to remain stable in size
Observation 3 - resources are limited
Conclusion
The struggle for resources and the natural overproduction of offspring means that some offspring do not survive to reproduce, thus not passing on their traits to the next generation
Darwin’s Logic
Observation 4 - there is variation among members of a population
Observation 5 - these variations are often inherited from the parents
Conclusion
Individuals that have inherited favorable traits for their environment are more likely to survive and have offspring
The differential survival and reproduction of members of a population leads to gradual changes in the genetic makeup of a population accumulated over many generations
Artificial Selection also influenced Darwin’s thinkingThe selection & breeding of individuals
that have desired traits Crop plants Livestock Pets
Do not resemble their wild ancestors anymore
The Main Points of Natural Selection1. Natural selection is the differential success
in survival & reproduction of individuals in a population
2. Over time, natural selection increases the adaptations found in a population
3. When the environment changes, natural selection may result in new adaptations that may lead to new species
Essential Questions My initial answer My best answer
What is biological evolution?
What is natural selection?
What are some observations from nature that can be explained by natural selection?
How do evolution and natural selection lead to biodiversity?
Essential Questions
Please refine your answer to Essential Questions 2 & try question 3 now
3 important points
1. Individuals are selected, POPULATIONS evolve
2. Natural selection acts only on heritable traits
3. Favorable adaptations in one environment may not be favorable in another - natural selection is always at work
Population – a group of interbreeding individuals who live in a particular place at a particular time
Misconceptions
1. Survival of the fittest = survival of the strongest
2. Evolution is not a “grand plan” that will lead to perfectly adapted species
Darwin’s Theory Explains many ObservationsHelps explain why
different species have related parts with different functions
Homology - similar characters resulting from common ancestry
Homologous structures
Darwin’s Theory Explains many ObservationsEmbryos - all vert. embryos have tail and
throat pouches - they develop into different structures in different species
Darwin’s Theory Explains many ObservationsVestigial Organs - structures of little to
no importance to the organism; the remnants of the organism’s ancestors
Darwin’s Theory Explains many Observations
Genetic similarity among organisms – molecular homologies
Biogeography The geographic distribution of species
Closely related species tend to be found in the same geographic region
Similar niches in different places will be occupied by very different speciesThese species may be
similar looking though
Quick Think
Please refine question 3 and answer Essential Question number 4 here nowEssential Questions My initial answer My best answer
What is biological evolution?
What is natural selection?
What are some observations from nature that can be explained by natural selection?
How do evolution and natural selection lead to biodiversity?
The Importance of the Theory of Evolution
In science, there is no such thing as “just a theory”
The theory of evolution is a good theory because: It explains tons of direct
observations and data The process of natural selection
can be tested It is broad and allows scientists to
make new predictions It is constantly being tested and
refined
Quick Think
Please refine Essential Question number 4 here now
Essential Questions My initial answer My best answer
What is biological evolution?
What is natural selection?
What are some observations from nature that can be explained by natural selection?
How do evolution and natural selection lead to biodiversity?