r^ ^

Ban ve tang tru'dng kinh te cua Viet Nam

TSKH. N G U Y E M N G Q C THACH Dai hoc Ngan hang TP. H 6 Chi MJnh

Quy dgo tang trrfoTng kinh t6' cua Viet Nam giam tif 7%-8% xud'ng con 59c-6% trong thcti ky khung hoang kinh t'thg" gidi. Mot so'chuyan gia nh$n dinh, tac dOng cua khung hoang kinh t' the' gidi hien tai la nguyan nhSn chinh, trong khi sd'khac lai cho rang, do m6 hinh tang trifd^ng khdng con ddng Ii/c. Tac gia bai viet lam ro th#m v^ cac nguyen nhan nay.

Sl/ TIEN HOA CUA LY ThJUVET TANGTRU'CfNG KINHTE

Cude sd'ng ludn van ddng vd mpi ly Ihuye'l ludn dffng trrfdc thdch Ihffc eln dffdc bd sung vd hoan Ihien. Ly Ihuyd't Idng trffdng khong phai ngoai le. Robert Solow Id chuydn gia hang dau the' gidi trong ITnh vffc ldng irffdng kinh td' hien dai, nhffng ban than dng xem Adam Smith mdi Id cha de cua ly ihuyd't tdng trffdng. Ly thuye't tdng trffdng hidn dai tien hda cCing vdi qud trinh phdt iridn nen kinh te' thi trffdng tff ban chu nghTa. thd' hien rod sff Ihay ddi quan diem ve nguon gde cua tdng trffdng.

Trong ly ihuyd't lang trffdng, cdc nha kinh le' Ihffdng chi ra hai md hinh chinh: Tang irffdng theo chieu rdng vd Tang irrfdng Iheo chieu sdu. Nhrfng

HiNH I: CAC MO HIMH TAHG TRt/CirSG KiNH TE

25

- NHAM DIMH - DCr BAG

BANG 1: DAC DIEM CUA CAC THGI KY TANG TRaCirSG

To'e d$ tang trrf&ng kinh te'

I TiTtfng quan giifa clu n$i dia va cSu niTdc ngoai""

Thcfi ky binh 6 kinh t'

Thtfi ky tang trrfdng phuc h6i

Giam manh, dao dong trong khoang 2.%9c-5.S9c

! Phuc h6i vk tang manh trong khoang 8.1%-9.5%

Chu yeu noi dia, ty Ie xuat khau/GDP chi dat 26.3?^ (nam 1991)

' Hiu qua nen I kinh td'**

Thap do si?c i cua he thong ke hoach tap trung vln con 16n

Cau niTdc ngoai bo sung ciu n6i dia, ty le xuat khau/GDP dat den 34.2% (nam 1997)

Thifi ky tdng trrfdng | Thdi ky suy giam hrfdng ve xuS t^ kh^u ___ tang trrfdng

Suy giam trong khoang 5%-6,8%

Tang ben v3ng khoang 4,8%-8.5%

Tang nhd hieu ii'ng cai cich kinh te

Cau nu'dc ni^oai dan chiem Vai Cro cua cau niTiSc ulithCty le \udikh,ui/GDP ngoai khflng giam, tang len 6S,4% (nam 20071 ty le xuS't khau/GDP

^ cao hon 80% nam 2011)

Hieu qua giam dan Hieu qua chu'a dUdc cai thien

I Ti^t ki^m va ,ddu trf

Hau nhif khong cd lich luy trong nUdc, dau tir chife'm 18% GDP (nam 1991) chu yeu nhd nguon von vay quoc te

Bat dau cd tfch luy, dau tu tang manh nhd nguon tie't kiem trong nUdc va nu'dc ngoai, chiem 35% GDP (nam 1997)

Tich luy va diu tiT lang, dau Oi tang tdi 46,5% GDP (nam 2007)

Tich luy va dau nr deu giam, ty le d^ u tif/GDP con khoang 30% (nam 2012)

Srf thay dSi CGT cau san xua't theo nganh

Nong - lim - ngif nghiep chiem ty trong ldn nhal, chie'm 40,5% GDP(nam 1991)

Thay d6i cheo hu'dng tang cong nghiep - xSy difng dat miJc 32% GDP vi dich vu la 40% GDP, giam nong, lam, ngif nghiep xuong con 28% (nam 1997)

Nong - lim - ngif nghidp tifep mc giam nhimg toe do thay doi chim lai. ty trong khoi nganh nay trong GDP con 19%, trong khi cong nghiep - xay dutig va dich vu la 39% va 42% (nam 2007)

Hau nhir khong thay doi

J7 III ytx-t^ III i^tiaiii i.\j\j IJ Qua trinh thay doi cham lai, khu vu'c kinh te tu nhan va nu'dc ngoai chi tang tdi 64% GDP

Srf thay d6i ccf cS'u san xui't theo hinh thrfc sdhrfu

Khu vu'c kmh le nha nu'dc chie'm ty trong ldn nhat mac dii giam tir 40% (nam 1986) xuong 3l%GDP(nam 1991)

Cac khu vifc kmh te US nhan va nu'dc ngoai tang nhanh dac ty Id 60% GDP (nam 1997)

Ty trgng khu vu'c kinh te liT nhan vii nifdc ngoai lang nhe

Tang cao, chi so CPI trong khoang 66,1%-875,67c (so vdi thang 12 nam tru'dc)

Giam manh, chi so CPI trong khoang 3,6%-17,6%

Tang din tif mii'c giSm -0,6 (nam 2000) cho dd'n 12,6% (nam 2007)

Cao hdn so vdi giai doan 1992-2007

irong thrfc le', khdng ion lai mdt md hinh thuan tuy, ma mpt md hinh hdn hdp dffdc quan sat lai nhieu nffdc. Nhffng md hinh hdn hdp khdc nhau d ty le ddng gdp cua eae ye'u to' hffu hinh va vd hinh, Trong xu hffdng hinh Ihdnh nen kinh te' hdu cdng nghiep tai mpt so'nrfdc phat tnen, mol md hinh tdng trffdng mdi dffdc bdn ludn ngay edng nhieu Id mo hinh sdng tao.

HINH 2: Bdc TRAHH TANG TRCf^ NG TRONG THGI KY CAl CACH KINH TE

I ^ -^ I -

Dac diem cua ede md hinh tdng trffdng dffdc rao ta trong Hinh 1.

Mdt trong nhffng hinh thai chinh cua md hinh tdng trffdng theo ehieu rpng IS tang trffdng thieu can ddi va khdng ben vffng, dde trffng cho nen kinh id' trai qua mdt sd' thdi ky tdng trffdng cao, nhffng t6'c dp tang trrfdng binh quan cd xu hffdng giam va dan de'n tinh trang tri tre. Khic vdi tdng tnfdng khong ben vffng, tang irffdng ben vffng la tang trffdng can &S\ vdi srf hd trd eua Nhd nffdc cho phdt trien cdc ITnh vrfc khoa hpc ed ban, gido duc,y te' va bao ve moi trffdng. Tinh thie'u cfiD dd'i va khong ben vffng cua tang trffdng thffdng di lien vdi nhau.

TANG Tfll/dNG KINHTE VIETNAM TRONG THCJI KY CAI CACH

Sau khi chffdng trinh cai cdch kinb Id' (nghTa la Doi mdi) dffdc khdi ddng tif

26

ndm 1986, nffdc ta da trai qua mot thdi ky tdng trffdng trfdng ddi eao keo dai gan 30 ndm (Hinh 2). Tde dp tang trffdng binh quan trong khoang thdi gian tff ndm 1986-2013 dat 6,71%. Toan bp thdi ky nay dffdc chia thdnh nhffng thdi ky nho vdi edc td'c dp tang trffdng va dac diem kinh Id' - xa hdi khdc nhau. Theo quan diem eua tdc gia, cd the phan biet 4 thdi ky: binh dn kinh te (1986-1991), lang irffdng phuc hoi (1991-1997), thdi ky tdng trffdng hffdng ve xua't khau (1998-2007), suy giam tang trffdng (tff 2008 den nay) (Bang 1).

Dac diem eua thdi ky binh dn kinh Id' Id nen kinh td' nffdc ta chuyen iff kd' hoach lap trung sang cd che' thi trffdng. Thrfc trang kinh le' vT md trong giai doan ndy bieu hidn nhffng quy luat dien hmh ctia mpt nen kinh te chuyan doi: lam phat bung no trong nhffng ndm dau trong qud trinh Iff do hda gid ca; nhieu doanh nghiep nha nffdc ngifng boat ddng hoac phd .san; san Iffdng cdng nghidp sut giam keo Iheo tang trffdng kinh Id'giam manh; cupe sd'ng cua ngffdi dan khd khan. Trffdc linh hinh nhff vay, chinh sdch kinh te'cua Viet Nam dffde Ihifc hidn Iheo kich ban "sde on hoa" vdi nhiem vu binh dn nhanh kinh Id', nhffng khong de xay ra cu sde manh dd'i vdi hoat ddng sdn xua'l. Bdi vay, trong gdi gidi phdp eai each Ihi trffdng, cd nhffng bipn phdp triet di nhff giai phdng gid hang hda, md cffa nen kinh te', "edi trdi" ede Iffe Iffdng san xua't va cac bien phap on hda, nhff; thay ddi the chd' (cai cdch doanh nghiep nha nffdc, ddi mdi ea'u trtic thffdng ling, xay dffng cac Ihi Irffdng, ddc biet Id edi td hd thd'ng lai chinh).

Trong Ihdl ky ndy, do cd cau kinh te va nen lang the che' cua he thd'ng kinh te cu chffa thay ddi ddng kd', nong nghidp va khu \ rfc kinh te' nhd nffdc chie'm ly trpng Idn nhd't, hidu qua kinh Id' thap. xd hdi hau nhff chffa ed Iich luy.

Thdi ky ldng trffdng phuc hoi cd dac die'm Id quan hd kinh td' ddi ngoai gdp khd khdn do khiing hoang kinh Id' xdy ra tai hau hd't cdc nffdc xd hdi chu nghTa cii vdn Id nhffng ddi tac kinh te chinh cua nffdc ta. My vd nhidu nffdc khac tid'p tuc cam van kinh le Viet Nam. Nhd nffdc nhanh chdng chuye'n hffdng chinh sdeh kinh Id' dd'i ngoai sang cdc nffdc Irf ban vd dong thdi day manh hoat dong kinh te trf nhan v;i nffdc ngodi, tdng tinh Iff chu cua doanh nghipp nhd nffdc. Tiem ndng .'.an xua'l vdn dd bj kim ham trong Ihdi ky

nen kinh Id' ke' hoach lap trung. nhd do dffdc khai thdc manh me, gdp phan lam gia ldng tdng san Iffdng \a hdi> vd hieu qua kinh Id'. Do trong giai doan nay, nen j^h i le vffa drfdc md cffa, thi tnfdng ndi dia vln ddng vaHro quye't dinh. Nhff vay, hidu ffng tich crfc tff chinh sach cai cdch kinh te' ciJng vdi sff gia tang nhu cau trong nffdc la nhffng nhdn td' chinh thuc da'y tang trrfdng kinh td' cua giai doan nay. Nen kinh id'dat mffe san Irfdng tiem nang vdo ndm 1995 vd sau dd, tang trffdng cd da'u hieu chffng lai. Trong thdi ky nay, nen kinh Id' bdt dau cd tieh luy. Cd ea'u kinh te co srf chuyen bie'n lich cffc: ly trong cdng nghiep - xdy dffng vd dich vu cung nhrf cac khu vrfc kinh te tff nhan vd nrfdc ngoai tang. Tang trrfdng kinh le cao, nhrfng lam phat lai ed xu hffdng giam.

Trong thdi ky tang trffdng kinh le hffdng ve xua't khau sau eupe khiing hoang kinh te' Ddng Nam A (1997-1998), tang irffdng kinh id'phuc hoi nhanh va tff nam 2002, td'c dd tang deu qua cdc ndm. Dang chii y la Irong giai doan nay, hidu ffng lich cffc Iff nhffng bien phdp cai cdeh kinh te' dffdc thffc hien trong thdp nien 1990 da can kiet. Nhffng thay vao dd, trong dieu kien nen kinh id' the' gidi lang irrfdng ndng, xua'l kha'u va chinh sdch kinh id' (chinh sdch lien te va chinh sach tai khda) md rdng, ddc bidt ddu trf edng trd thanh hai ddng life ehinh eua tdng Irrfdng. Nhd dd, ndn kinh td' tang trffdng khd eao vd dat mffe san Iffdng tiem nang vdo nam 2005 (Uy ban Kinh id'Qudc hdi, 2013).

Td'c dd tang irrfdng kinh le' sul giam trong thdi ky khung hoang kinh Id' the' gidi xay ra iff nam 2008 dd'n nay. Nd'u trong nhffng giai doan trrfdc dd, nen kinh Id' tang trffdng cao (8,8% giai doan 1992-1997 va 7,1% giai doan 1998-2007), thi Irong giai doan hien lai, td'c dp tang trrfdng binh quan chl cdn khoang 67f/ndm. Ne'u bo qua nhffng nam khdi phuc kinh Id sau cudc khung hoang kinh td'Ddng Nam A, eu the 1998-2001, Ihi ldc dp lang trffdng dat mffe binh quan 7,9% tff ndm 2002-2007.

Do ehiu sff Ide ddng lieu crfc cua cude khung hoang kinh le' the' gidi nam 2008, md hinh tang trffdng kinh Id' Viet Nam dd bdc Id mdt sd' han che' ldn ton tai Irong sudl thdi gian ddi:

- Md hinh tang trffdng cd ban theo chieu rdng vdi sff ddng gdp chu ye'u ciia nhffng ye'u id vdt chd't cd chat Iffdng thd'p tff phia eung \ a phia cau.

Han chd' tff phia cung la srf ddng gdp khong dang ke' cua nang sua'l ye'u id' tdng hdp (TFP) ma cdc minh chffng die'n hinh la nang sud't lao ddng tha'p. dau Irf kem hieu qua, mffe dp tieu hao nang Iffdng vd nguydn vat heu cao. Sd' lieu eiia To ehffc Nang sua'l ehdu A (APO) cho tha'y, ddng gop ciia TFP vdo lang trffdng kinh id' cua nffdc ta cd xu hffdng giam manh, cu the iff mffe 2.1% giai doan 1985-2000 xudng chi eon 1,3% giai doan 2000-2010 (APO. 2012).

Cung theo sd lieu eua APO ve sdn Iffdng binh qudn trdn mdt lao ddng quy ddi theo PPP cho thdi k\ 1990-2010, trong 22 nffdc ehau A khdng thupc nhdm nffdc xua'l kha'u dau md. Viet Nam ehi thdng hang iff vi tri 19 len 17 trong thdp nidn 1990, nhffng vi tri nay giff nguyen cho dd'n ndm 2010. Trong khd'i ASEAN, chung

27

HAN TiCH - MHAN DjMH - D(i B A O

ta chi dffng tren Lao, Campuchia \a Myanmar vd ndng sua't lao dpng. Nang sua't lao ddng cua cong nhdn Viet Nam ehi bdng 5,9% Singapore - nffdc dffng dau nhdm. Nguydn nhdn trffc tid'p khie'n xe'p hang ndng suat lao ddng cua nffdc ta eham cai thien la td'c dp lang ndng sua't lao ddng co xu hffdng giam. Chi so'nay tang 5,2% giai doan 1990-1995, nhiftig giam xud'ng con 4,7% giai doan 1995-2000, 4,8% giai doan 2000-2005 vd 4.2% giai doan 2005-2010 (APO, 2012). Trong khi do. Tmng Qud'c va An Do la hai nrfdc dal dffde bffdc nhay vol ve ndng sua't lao ddng.

Han che'tff phia clu Id chd't Iffdng td'ng cau tha'p the hien d thu nhap thifc linh iheo dau ngrfdi cua Viet Nam thd'p vd tdng trffdng chdm, chenh leeh vat chd't giffa cac dia phffdng vd cac ting ldp dan eff ngdy cang dan rong, mffe sdng va cha'l Iffdng cupe sdng cua bd phan ldn dan cff eon tha'p, hang hda xud't khau ed gid tri gia tdng khdng cao, san pha'm cdng nghd cao chid'm ty trpng ra'l nho trong xud't khau, tinh sinh thdi, linh xa hpi va linh sang tao cua hoat dpng kinh te' edn rat tha'p.

Trong nhffng bao cdo thong ke cua cdc to chffc qudc Id' hidn nay, ed nhieu chi lieu khae nhau ma ed the dffdc sff dung de danh gid chal Iffdng tdng Irffdng kinh te'. Chdng han, de' danh gid tinh sinh thdi, co the sff dung chi tieu thai CO^ nhff chi tidu mang tinh dai dien, con linh sdng tao cd the' drfdc danh gid bdng chi tieu xua'l khau san pha'm edng nghd eao. Theo Bdo cao thd'ng ke nam 2013 cua Ngan hang The'gidi, ty Id thai CO, trong cdng nghidp chd'bie'n vd xay dffng tai nffdc ta cao hdn nhieu so vdi mffe binh quan the'gidi, cu thd' 33,69% so vdi 21,22%, cdn ly trong cdng nghe cao trong gid tri xua'l kha'u hang cdng nghiep chd'bid'n chrfa bang mdt nffa mffe binh quan the' gidi. 8.6% so vdi 17,7% (WDI, 2013).

- Tdng Irffdng kinh te'cua nffdc ta khong ben vffng, mpt so'nam lang trffdng cao nhff 1992-1997, hoac 2005-2007, nhffng lai dan xen nhffng nam tang trffdng tha'p nhff 1998-2001, hoac 2008-2012. Xu hffdng chung cua tdng Irffdng Id td'c dp to'i da va td'c dp binh quan cua cdc Ihdl ky giam dan. Tinh khdng ben vffng ciia tang irffdng cd nguyen nhan nam trong sff thie'u can do'i ciia cd'u tnic nen kinh te'. Khu vffc kmh le' nha nffdc van chie'm ty

HINH 3: Sd LCAri PHIEN CAC CHG KY CONG NGHE TRONG QGA TRINH PHAT TRIEN KINH TE

^^u6n; GlazcU'.

trpng cao, lao dpng va von ddng gdp chu ye'u vdo tang trffdng. san xud't trong nifdc ngay cang phu thuoc vdo thi trffdng the gidi. Dieu nay cho thd'y, tang trffdng kinh te'cua nffdc ta dang drfa tren nen tang bao gom nhffng nhan td'cd chat Irfdng tha'p va van hanh ihie'u dn dinh.

- Cha't Iffdng the' chd' tha'p dang kim hdm td'c do tdng trffdng kinh le'. Giffa he thdng the chd' vd tdng trffdng kinh te Ion tai mdt md'i quan he hffu ed. He thdng the ehe' hieu qua lac dpng tich cffc ldi tang trffdng vi giam thieu drfdc riii ro tff srf ba'i dinh va tinh trang bat ddi xffng ihdng tin. ddng thdi tang effdng dn dinh kinh te'vi md. Ngffdc Iai, tdng trffdng thd'p lam phai sinh tham nhijng vd nhffng hanh vi cd hdl khac. Theo ddnh gid eua Gradstein (2003), he so' Iffdng quan giffa thu nhap binh quan dau ngrfdi va cha't trfdng the che' nam trong khoang 0,7-0,9. Trong Bdo cdo Ndng Irfe Canh tranh Todn cau 2013-2014, ve chi tieu cha't Iffdng cua the che', Viel Nam chi xe'p thff 98/144 quoc gia. Ro rdng. Id hdng the che' eiia chung la ia mol trong nhffng can trd chinh cua ldng trffdng kinh le'ben vffng.

DE CHUYEN SANG MO HJNH HON HOP THIEN VE TANG TRU'DNG THEO CHIEU SAU

Nen kinh le nrfdc la duy Iri drfdc tang trrfdng kha cao trong thdi ky gan 30 nam Dd'i mdi. Do vdy, trong dieu kien tang Irrfdng lidn tuc, cac nguon life vat chat, nhrf' vd'n, tai nguyen thien nhien va lap dpng dffdc khai thdc gan nhff tridl de'. 0 dieu kien tang trrfdng theo ehieu rong, nang sud't cdc yeu to' san xua'l giam dan khi viec md rdng chiing ve Irfdng vap phai nhffng gidi han - sff khan hie'm cua cac nguon lffc vat chd't va ndng sud't bien cua chung cham cai Ihien Irong dieu kien suy thoai gido due va khoa hpc, ky thuat hien nay. Dau trf khong the' vffdl qui nang sua't bien eiia vdn va viec sff dung lao ddng, eung nhff khai thdc ldi nguyen thien nhidn khdng tranh dffdc quy lual lal yd'u nay. Nang sud't bien eua edc yeu to san xua'l chf tang Irong dieu kien tie'n bo ky thual. Nhrf vdy, muc tieu chuye'n sang, mo hinh tdng tnfdng theo chidu sau la " nhanh lie'n bd ky lhuat trong nen kinh Dd la nhiem vii vd ciing khd khan.' gdp phan thrfc hidn nhiem vu nay, Iheo tdi, can thrfc thi mdt so' giai phdp dinh hrfdng dffdi day;

1

28 . D

Thd nhdt. nhiem vu trffdc mdt can nang cao hieu qua sff dung nhffng nguon lffc san xuat hien co bdng cac each: dam bao todn dung, tang ndng sua't vd tdi phan phdi chung.

Dd'i vdi ngudn lao dpng, can nhffng bien phdp giam ty le tha't nghiep va ty le thie'u vide lam, tdng nang sua't lao dpng, dam bao sif tffdng quan giffa tien Iffdng va nang sua't lao ddng, nang cao mffe sd'ng va chat Iffdng sdng cua ngffdi lao ddng, han che sff phan hoa vat chal, hinh Ihanh vffng chdc ting ldp trung lffu. Ddc bidt, de tang ndng sua't lao dpng, can phdt trien vdn nhdn lffc thdng qua he thd'ng ddo tao dai hpc va day nghe hidu qua, cung ffng cho xa hdi ngudn nhan lffc ddp ffng drfdc cae ydu elu edng viec cua doanh nghiep.

De' tdng nang sud't vd'n, eln nang eao hd so'ddi mdi va lam chdm qud trinh hao mdn thrfc may mde va ihie't bi. Ddi vdi ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien, dac bidt Id cdc nguon Irfc khdng tai sinh, khdng drfdc khai thdc bffa bai, ma phai dam bao linh can ddi trong sff dung. Dong thdi, can ffng dung nhffng cdng nghd tham do vd khai thdc tidn tid'n, thffe thi eac bidn phdp manh me nham gidm mffe do tieu hao nguyen vat lieu trong sdn xua't.

Bdn canh dd, eln tdi phan phoi cdc ngudn lffc. Day la nhidm vu cho ca ngan vd ddi han. Trong ngan va trung han. kidn quye'l ihrfc hidn ldi cau true dau trf edng va ldi cd'u true doanh nghiep nhd nffdc theo hffdng thu hep tdi da nhdm doanh nghiep hoat ddng vi ldi nhuan, con dau iff edng chi ndn hffdng vdo nhffng ngdnh xa hpi tao dieu kien chung cho tang trffdng kinh te'.

Thd hai, cin hoach dinh mdt chinh sdch cdng nghidp hieu qua va gdn bd chat ehe, dong bp vdi ehinh sdch dau tff trong qud trinh thffc hien. Chinh sdch cdng nghidp Id tao cdc did'm tdng trffdng nham

tdng nang lffc canh tranh qudc te' eua khu vffc doanh nghiep va dam bao tang trffdng kinh td'ben vifng. Theo> kinh nghiem qudc td', nhieu nrfdc phdt trien da dal ^Q^ sff phdt trien than ky va nang cao nang Iffe canh trtmh ' qud'c te cua minh do bie't khai thdc tiem nang kinh te' lo ldn cua nhffng lan song cdng nghe thay dd'i luan phidn theo chu ky 50 ndm.

De hoaeh dinh hieu qua cac diem tang trffdng, can dff bao td't nhffng xu hffdng khoa hpc. cdng nghe Idn. The' gidi da trai qua 5 lan sdng cdng nghe vd dang bat dau lan sdng thff 6 (Hinh 3). Dff bdo nhffng xu hrfdng khoa hpc, edng nghd ldn Id nham phdt hidn kip thdi eac xu hffdng phdt trien nha'l. Theo thd'ng ke qudc te', trong thap nien 1980, 50% bang sdng che thudc vidn thong. thdng tin; 20% thudc vi sinh; 10% thupc vdl lieu mdi va hda hpc.

Mdt cdng vide quan trpng nffa la can drf bao va danh gia drfdc nhu cau xa hdi dd'i vdi nhflng cdng nghd dpi phd trong viec giai quyd't nhflng va'n de do thrfc tidn ddt ra. Cud'i ciing, phan tich kha ndng phdt trie'n nhffng nganh kinh td' drfa tren cdc edng nghe dang hmh thanh nay bang tiem Irfc vd'n thrfc. vd'n nhan Irfc vd vdn tri thffc cua chung ta va hoach djnh chinh sdch dau trf.

Thd ba, trien khai xdy drfng he ihd'ng ddi mdi qude gia (national innovation system). He thd'ng ddi mdi qud'c gia Id loan bp nhffng td chffe hoat ddng san xua'l va tieu thu thffdng mai kie'n thffc khoa hpc, cong nghe trong pham vi qud'c gia. Nhffng nguyen tdc van hanh eua hd thd'ng ddi mdi qud'c gia la Nha nffdc phai ganh vdc phin ldn kinh phi cho hoal dpng nghien effu cd ban, vi day la ITnh vffc co rui ro cao va mffe sinh lpi tha'p ddi vdi tff ban tff nhan; doanh nghidp la dpng lffc chinh phdt men he thdng ddi mdi qudc gia trong ITnh vffc nghien effu ffng dung theo sau nghidn crfu cd ban.

Thd tu, can lffa ehpn phrfdng dn phd'i hdp ehinh sdeh li^n le va ehinh sdch ldi khda phii hdp irong mo hinh tdng trrfdng hieu qua. Chinh sdch lien Id muc tieu lam phdt Id mdt md hinh phd'i hdp chinh sach tdt, nhrfng de ffng dung thanh cong phffdng dn phdi hdp nay, can hoan thien nhflng dieu kidn can thie't. Mdt trong cac dieu kien bdt budc la on dinh kmh te vT md, trrfdc hdl phai giam ty le lam phat xud'ng tha'p hdn 3% trfdng tff nhieu nrfdc da thffe hien. Ty le lam phdi tha'p se giup doanh nghidp lie'p can nguon lai chinh gid re de' tang ndng life canh tranh cua minh.Q

TA I L i p u THAM KHAO

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HdNpi 3. APO (2012). APO Produciivily Daiabook 2012 4. Glazeff S. (2009). Nano nhdn id cliinh cua chu ky cong nghe mdi trong nen kinh le. M

Travani(LB Nga) 5. Gradstein M. (2003). Governance and Economic Growth, World Bank Policy Research

Working Paper 3098, p.8-9 6. WEF (2013). The Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014

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