Biodiesel An Investigatory ProjectHAFIZ MOHAMMED 1 Biodiesel An Investigatory Project Bonafide Certificate

ThisiscertifiedthattherecordofworkdonebyMasterHafizMohammedofDPS-ModernIndianSchoolduringtheacademicyear2015-16.HehasperformedthisinvestigatoryprojectundertheguidanceofMr.JeyanthRobertson.

Date:SignatureofTeacher-in-chargeEXAMINER(EXTERNAL)Signature:Name:Designation:School:EXAMINER(INTERNAL)Signature:Name:Designation:SubmittedforAllIndiaSeniorSecondarySchoolCertificate.PracticalExaminationheldatDPSModernIndianSchoolon

2 Biodiesel An Investigatory Project Acknowledgement I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my parents, for continuously helping me throughout this project, and assisting me in every step along the way. I would also like to express my deepest thanks to my teacherMr. Jeyanth Robertson, for helping me so much in this project and taking the pain to make corrections, and for being open to all kinds of suggestions and ideas. My school and my friends alike have been very instrumental in completing this project. 3 Biodiesel An Investigatory Project Introduction Biodieselisadomesticallyproducedfuelthatismanufacturedfromvegetableoilsoranimalfatsforuseinvehicles.Biodiesel'sphysicalpropertiesaresimilartothoseofpetroleumdiesel,butitismuchacleanerburningalternative.TheuseofBiodieselasafuelhastakenoffoverthelastcoupleofyears.Initially,Biodieselwasviewedasafoolproofsolutiontotheimpendingenergycrisis.Itisconsideredbymanytobecarbonneutralsincetheplantstheyaremadefromgrowbytakingincarbondioxidefromtheair,whichwhenemittedbyavehiclerunningonitwillbereabsorbedbytheplantsinthenextcrop.Consumersandgovernmentsalikehaveboughtinthebiofuelrevolution.ThisreportprimarilydealswiththenecessityofBiodieselbeingamajorenergysourceandtheadvantages&disadvantagesofBiodieselagainstconventionalfossilfuels.Alongwiththis,anextensiveanalysisofBiodieselsbackground,currentproductiontrendsandindustrialproductionmethodshavealsobeendetailed.Biodiesel OBJECTIVE To learn and understand what Biodiesel is, its merits and demerits and to experiment its making AN INVESTIGATORY PROJ ECT 4 Biodiesel An Investigatory ProjectTable of Contents 1.Biodiesel........................................................................52.Features.........................................................................53.PreparingBiodiesel.......................................................64.Industrialproduction.....................................................85.Applications...................................................................96.Disadvantages...............................................................97.References...................................................................105 Biodiesel An Investigatory ProjectBiodieselBiodieselreferstoanonpetroleumbaseddieselfuelconsistingoflongchainalkyl(Methyl,EthylorPropyl)esters.Typically,Biodieselismanufacturedbychemicallyreacting(transesterification)lipids[e.g.,vegetableoil,soybeanoil,animalfat(tallow)]withanalcohol,producingfattyacidesters.Biodieselhasbeenstandardizedasamonoalkylester,andotherkindsofdieselgradefuelsofbiologicaloriginarenotincluded.Blends of Biodiesel Becauseoftheglobalfuelsbeingpetrolanddiesel,Biodieselcanbeonlyusedinspecificandcompatibleenginesandcannotbeusedinanyengine.BlendsofBiodieselandconventionalhydrocarbonbaseddieselareproductsmostcommonlydistributedforuseintheretailfuelmarketplace.MuchoftheworldusesasystemknownastheBFactortostatetheamountofBiodieselinanyfuelmix:B100100%BiodieselB2020%Biodiesel,80%PetrodieselB55%Biodiesel,95%PetrodieselB22%Biodiesel,98%PetrodieselBlendsof20%Biodieselandlowercanbeusedindieselequipmentwithno,oronlyminormodifications.Biodieselcanalsobeusedinitspureform(B100),butmayrequirecertainenginemodificationstoavoidmaintenanceandperformanceproblems.FeaturesBiodieselhasmanypromisingfeaturesoverconventionaldiesel.Ithasexcellentlubricatingpropertiesandcetaneratingscomparedtodieselfuels.ThecolorofBiodieselrangesfromgoldenanddarkbrown,dependingontheproductionmethod.Itisslightlymisciblewithwater,hasahighboilingpointandlowvaporpressure.Theflashpoint1ofBiodiesel(>130C)isEthyl stearate, an ethyl ester produced from soybean oil and ethanol 6 Biodiesel An Investigatory Projectsignificantlyhigherthanthatofpetroleumdiesel(64C).BiodieselhasahigherdensitythanPetrodiesel.Advantages over Petro-diesel PowerThecalorificvalueofBiodieselis9%lowerthanPetrodiesel.IthasalmostthesameMPGratingasPetrodieselandistheonlyalternativefuelblend(B20)thatcanbeusedinheavyweightvehicleswithnoextramodifications StorageReadilyblendsandstaysblendedwithPetrodieselsoitcanbestored&dispensedwhereverdieselissoldCombustion&SafetyBiodieselundergoesmorecompletecombustion,thusincreasingtheengineenergyoutput.Biodieselhasaveryhighflashpoint(300F)makingitoneofthesafestofallalternativefuelsLubricityBiodieselcontainsvirtuallynosulfur,anditisoftenusedasanadditivetoULSD2fueltoaidwithlubrication,asthesulfurcompoundsinPetrodieselprovidemuchofthelubricity.ItistheonlyalternativefuelthatcanextendenginelifebecauseofitssuperiorcleaningpropertiesEnvironmentalImpact Biodieselistheonlyrenewablealternativedieselfuelthatreducesmajorgreenhousegascomponentsintheatmosphere.TheuseofBiodieselwillalsoreducethefollowing:Carbonmonoxide(50%),OzoneformingHydrocarbons(50%),andhazardousDieselParticulate(93%).NoSulphurproductsareemitted,whichhavethepotentialofcausingacidrainPreparing Biodiesel PrincipleVegetableoiliscomposedoftriglycerides,whicharetriestersofglycerol.Thetriglyceridesarereactedwithanalcohol(methanol/ethanol).Itisthendeprotonatedwithabase(catalyst)tomakeitastrongernucleophile. 1.Flash Point The lowest temperature at which a volatile substance can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air 2.ULSDUltra Low Sulphur Diesel 7 Biodiesel An Investigatory ProjectReactionTriglycerides(1)arereactedwithanalcoholsuchasEthanol(2)togiveEthylestersoffattyacids(3)andGlycerol(4).ThereactionwillbeextremelyslowunlesscatalystslikeSodium/PotassiummethoxidesareusedEquipment RequiredVegetableoil,Antifreeze(Methanol),NaOH,Blender,Scales,Plasticcontainers,Funnels,Plasticbottlewithlid,Ducttape,Thermometer Catalyst Measure200mlofAntifreezeandputitinaplasticcontainerAddinNaOHsothattheantifreezeisabsorbedCoverthecontainerandmixwellbyshakingit.ItwillbemixedwhenitbecomeswarmandfoamyThemixturehasnowbecomeSodiummethoxideTheSodiumhydroxideactsasabase,removingaprotonfromthemethanoltoformSodiummethoxide.Procedure 1.Blend1literofvegetableoilwiththeSodiummethoxideinablenderfor20minutes2.Pourthemixtureintoabottleandwaitfor8hoursuntilthebyproduct,glycerin,separatesfromtheBiodiesel.Theglycerinwillhavesettledatthebottom3.SeparateouttheBiodieselbypouringitintoaglassbottle4.Prepareawashbottlebypokingasmallholeatabottomcornerandcoveringitwithducttape5.WashtheBiodieselbypouringitintothewashbottleandaddinginaliterofwater.Rollthebottlearoundtomixitandthenremovetheducttapeanddrainthewater6.RepeatthisprocessseveraltimesoverthecourseofaweekuntiltheBiodieselisclear.StoretheBiodieselinaglasscontainerBiodiesel (top layer) and Glycerin (bottom layer) produced in the laboratory 8 Biodiesel An Investigatory ProjectIndustrial ProductionBiodieseliscommonlyproducedbytransesterificationofvegetableoil,wastegrease(fromrestaurants)oranimalfatfeedstock.Production Methods Thereareseveralmethodsforcarryingoutthistransesterificationreaction:SupercriticalProcessAnalternative,catalystfreemethodthatusessupercriticalmethanolathightemperaturesandpressuresinacontinuousprocessUltraShearInlineandBatchReactorsAllowproductionofbiodieselcontinuously,semicontinuously,andinbatchmode.ThisdrasticallyreducesproductiontimeandincreasesproductionvolumeUltrasonicReactorMethodInthismethod,theultrasonicwavescausethereactionmixturetoproduceandcollapsebubblesconstantly,simultaneouslycarryingouttransesterification.AllowsfortheindustrialscaleprocessingofseveralthousandbarrelsperdayLipaseCatalyzedMethodResearchershavefoundthatverygoodyieldscouldbeobtainedfromcrudeandusedoilsusingtheenzymelipaseProduction Trends In2007,biodieselproductionwasgrowingrapidly,withanaverageannualgrowthratefrom200206ofover40%.Fortheyear2006,thetotalworldbiodieselproductionwasabout56milliontons,withEuropebeingthelargestproducer.Productionincreased10%in2014despiteadeclineinproductionfromNorthAmerica.Biodieselconsumptionisrisingsteadilyandispoisedtobecomeamajorenergysource.60 gallon Biodiesel Batch Reactor: allow rapid Biodiesel production 9 Biodiesel An Investigatory ProjectApplicationsBiodiesel,beingarenewableandmuchlesspollutingfuelthanPetrodiesel,findsusesinnumerousplaces.Vehicles Biodieselisblendedinmanyformsandisusedinautomobilesandtrains.Comparatively,Biodieselproduceslesssoot,carbonmonoxide,unburnedhydrocarbons,andsulfurdioxide.Theabsenceofsulfurin100%Biodieselshouldextendthelifeofcatalyticconverters Heating Biodieselfuelcanbeusedincombinationwithheatingoiltoheatresidentialandindustrialbuildings.ThiscanreducedependenceonnonrenewableandincreasinglyexpensiveheatingoilOil Spills Biodieselhasdisplayeditscapacitytosignificantlydissolvecrudeoilduetoitsmethylestercomponent.ThisisexploitedforcleaningupoilspillsPower TheuseofB100generatorsinresidentialareasaroundschools,hospitals,andthegeneralpublicresultinsubstantialreductionsinpoisonousgasesandparticulatematterHydrogen Fuel Cell Power Amicroreactorhasbeendevelopedtoconvertbiodieselintohydrogensteamtopowerfuelcells Disadvantages AlthoughBiodieselhasalotofadvantagesoverPetrodiesel,therearesomeveryseriousandunavoidabledemeritsthatlimititspotentialtoreplacepetroleumfuels.Givenbelowareafewofthem:Diesel-hydraulic locomotive, powered by biodiesel (B20) 10 Biodiesel An Investigatory ProjectAtpresent,BiodieselfuelisaboutoneandahalftimesmoreexpensivethanPetrodieselHigherBiodieselblendslikeB100failtoworkincoldweatherBiodieselcanharmrubberhosesinsomeenginesThereisahighchanceofBiodieselbeingcontaminatedbywater,whichwillleadtoaseriesofotherproblemsAsBiodieselcleansthedirtfromtheengine,thedirtcanthengetcollectedinthefuelfilter,thuscloggingitBiodieselfueldistributioninfrastructureneedsmajorimprovementAlargeamountofenergyisneededtoforsowing,fertilizing,harvestingandproducingBiodieselfromsoycropsBiodieselalsohasthepotentialtocontributetorisingfoodprices,becauseofthelandusageinvolvedReferencesAllinformationinthisprojecthasbeengatheredfromtheInternet.en.wikipedia.orgwww.berkeleybiodiesel.orgwww.bp.comwww.instituteforenergyresearch.orgwww.rsc.orgprojects.icbse.comwww.projectsyapa.comwww.fueleconomy.govBiodiesel can contribute to rising food prices