bornsteinhowtochangetheworld

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1 دهﻴﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ را دﻧﻴﺎ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ اﻳﺪﻩ ﻗﺪرت و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﮐﺎرﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺎن ﻧﻮ هﺎﯼ ﺑﻮر دﻳﻮﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﺎن: ﺁر و ﻣﺤﻤﺪﯼ ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﮐﺎر داﻧﻪ ﻤﻴﺰ

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BornsteinHowToChangeTheWorld

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