ccna tieng viet

Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router

Trang 1/94

HNG DAN CAU HNH CAC TNH NANG C BAN CHO CISCO ROUTER

MUC LUC

1 Khai niem ve Router .................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Nhiem vu va phan loai......................................................................................... 3

1.1.1 Nhiem vu: ..................................................................................................... 3 1.1.2 Phan loai....................................................................................................... 3

1.2 Cac khai niem c ban ve Router va c che routing............................................. 5 1.2.1 Nguyen tac hoat ong cua Router ARP Protocol: ..................................... 5 1.2.2 Mot so khai niem c ban............................................................................... 7

2 Khai niem ve cau hnh Router. ................................................................................. 13 2.1 Cau truc router. ................................................................................................. 14 2.2 Cac mode config ............................................................................................... 16

3 Cau hnh cac tnh nang chung cua router. ............................................................... 19 3.1 Mot so quy tac ve trnh bay cau lenh................................................................. 19 3.2 Cac phm tat can s dung khi cau hnh router ................................................... 20 3.3 Cac khai niem ve console, telnet. Cach xac nh cac ten va password cho router. .......................................................................................................................... 22

3.3.1 Console port ............................................................................................... 22 3.3.2 Telnet sesstion ........................................................................................... 23 3.3.3 Xac nh ten cho router va enable password.............................................. 24

3.4 Lam viec vi file cau hnh va IOS image. .......................................................... 26 3.4.1 Mot so khai niem c ban............................................................................. 26 3.4.2 Lam viec vi file cau hnh va IOS. .............................................................. 27

4 Cau hnh router cho ng leased line..................................................................... 32 4.1 Khai niem ve lien ket leased line....................................................................... 32 4.2 Cac bc cau hnh mot router cho lien ket leased line...................................... 34

4.2.1 Cau hnh cac ethernet port va serial........................................................... 34 4.2.2 Cau hnh protocol cho lien ket leased line .................................................. 35 4.2.3 Cau hnh static routing hay hay dynamic routing. ....................................... 37 4.2.4 Cau hnh mot so thong so can thiet khac. .................................................. 43

4.3 Th du cu the. .................................................................................................... 46 4.3.1 IP only......................................................................................................... 46 4.3.2 IPX only ...................................................................................................... 48


Trang 2/94

4.3.3 IP & IPX...................................................................................................... 50 4.4 Khac phuc s co:............................................................................................... 53

5 Cau hnh router cho cac lien ket dial-up................................................................... 55 5.1 Gii thieu ve Dial-up.......................................................................................... 55

5.1.1 Dial-up la g? .............................................................................................. 55 5.1.2 Cac trng hp s dung Dial-up................................................................. 55

5.2 Cac khai niem can biet trong Dial-up ................................................................ 57 5.2.1 Analog ........................................................................................................ 57 5.2.2 Asynchronous............................................................................................. 57 5.2.3 Line............................................................................................................. 57 5.2.4 Interface...................................................................................................... 59 5.2.5 Quan he gia Line va Interface .................................................................. 61 5.2.6 Khai niem Rotary group.............................................................................. 61

5.3 Modem .............................................................................................................. 63 5.3.1 Modem la g? .............................................................................................. 63 5.3.2 Phan loai modem........................................................................................ 63 5.3.3 Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) ............................. 65 5.3.4 Hoat ong cua modem ............................................................................... 66 5.3.5 Cach ket noi Router Cisco va modem ........................................................ 66 5.3.6 Cau hnh modem ........................................................................................ 68

5.4 Cau hnh tong quan cho ng Dial-up............................................................. 70 5.4.1 Cac thong so c ban cua he thong............................................................. 71 5.4.2 Lenh mo ta username va password............................................................ 71 5.4.3 Cau hnh chat script.................................................................................... 71 5.4.4 Cau hnh cho Interface ............................................................................... 73 5.4.5 Cau hnh line .............................................................................................. 82

5.5 Cau hnh remote user-central dial-up ................................................................ 85 5.5.1 V du 1: ....................................................................................................... 85 5.5.2 V du 2: ....................................................................................................... 85

5.6 Cau hnh router-router dial-up ........................................................................... 88 5.7 Cau hnh Back-up bang ng dial-up .............................................................. 92

5.7.1 Cac lenh dung e tao mot ng dial-up back-up:..................................... 92 5.7.2 V du: .......................................................................................................... 92

6 Tong ket. .................................................................................................................. 94


Trang 3/94

1 Khai niem ve Router

1.1 Nhiem vu va phan loai.

1.1.1 Nhiem vu:

Router la thiet b mang hoat ong tang th 3 cua mo hnh OSI-tang network. Router c che tao vi hai muc ch chnh:

Phan cach cac mang may tnh thanh cac segment rieng biet e giam hien tng ung o, giam broadcast hay thc hien chc nang bao mat.

Ket noi cac mang may tnh hay ket noi cac user vi mang may tnh cac khoang cach xa vi nhau thong qua cac ng truyen thong: ien thoai, ISDN, T1, X.25

Cung vi s phat trien cua switch, chc nang au tien cua router ngay nay a c switch am nhan mot cach hieu qua. Router ch con phai am nhan viec thc hien cac ket noi truy cap t xa (remote access) hay cac ket noi WAN cho he thong mang LAN.

Do hoat ong tang th 3 cua mo hnh OSI, router se hieu c cac protocol quyet nh phng thc truyen d lieu. Cac a ch ma router hieu la cac a ch gia c quy nh bi cac protocol. V du nh a ch IP oi vi protocol TCP/IP, a ch IPX oi vi protocol IPX Do o tuy theo cau hnh, router quyet nh phng thc va ch en cua viec chuyen cac packet t ni nay sang ni khac. Mot cach tong quat router se chuyen packet theo cac bc sau:

oc packet. G bo dang format quy nh bi protocol cua ni gi. Thay the phan g bo o bang dang format cua protocol cua ch en. Cap nhat thong tin ve viec chuyen d lieu: a ch, trang thai cua ni gi, ni nhan. Gi packet en ni nhan qua ng truyen toi u nhat. 1.1.2 Phan loai.

Router co nhieu cach phan loai khac nhau Tuy nhien ngi ta thng co hai cach phan loai chu yeu sau:

Da theo cong dung cua Router: theo cach phan loai nay ngi ta chia router thanh remote access router, ISDN router, Serial router, router/hub

Da theo cau truc cua router: fixed configuration router, modular router. Tuy nhien khong co s phan loai ro rang router: moi mot hang san xuat co the co cac ten goi khac nhau, cach phan loai khac nhau. V du nh cach phan loai cua hang Cisco c trnh bay theo bang sau:

Fix configuration router Remote Access

Low-end router Multi

protocol router

Multiport serial router

Router/hub

Modular router

Cisco 2509

Cisco 2510

Cisco 7xx

Cisco 8xx

Cisco 2501

Cisco2502

Cisco 2520

Cisco 2521

Cisco 2505

Cisco 2506

Cisco 2524

Cisco 2525


Trang 4/94

Cisco 2511

Cisco 2512

AS5xxx

Cisco500-CS

Cisco 100x Cisco2503

Cisco 2504

Cisco 2513

Cisco 2514

Cisco 2515

Cisco 2522

Cisco 2523

Cisco 2507

Cisco2508

Cisco 2516

Cisco 2518

Cisco 160x

Cisco 17xx

Cisco 26xx

Cisco 36xx

Cisco 4xxx

Cisco 7xxx

Bang 1.1 Cac loai Router cua Cisco.


Trang 5/94

1.2 Cac khai niem c ban ve Router va c che routing

1.2.1 Nguyen tac hoat ong cua Router ARP Protocol:

Nh ta a biet tai tang network cua mo hnh OSI, chung ta thng s dung cac loai a ch mang tnh chat quy c nh IP, IPX Cac a ch nay la cac a ch co hng, ngha la chung c phan thanh hai phan rieng biet la phan a ch network va phan a ch host. Cach anh so a ch nh vay nham giup cho viec tm ra cac ng ket noi t he thong mang nay sang he thong mang khac c de dang hn. Cac a ch nay co the c thay oi theo tuy y ngi s dung. Tren thc te, cac card mang ch co the ket noi vi nhau theo a ch MAC, a ch co nh va duy nhat cua phan cng. Do vay ta phai co mot phng phap e chuyen oi cac dang a ch nay qua lai vi nhau. T o ta co giao thc phan giai a ch: Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

ARP la mot protocol da tren nguyen tac: Khi mot thiet b mang muon biet a ch MAC cua mot thiet b mang nao o ma no a biet a ch tang network (IP, IPX) no se gi mot ARP request bao gom a ch MAC address cua no va a ch IP cua thiet b ma no can biet MAC address tren toan bo mot mien broadcast. Moi mot thiet b nhan c request nay se so sanh a ch IP trong request vi a ch tang network cua mnh. Neu trung a ch th thiet b o phai gi ngc lai cho thiet b gi ARP request mot packet (trong o co cha a ch MAC cua mnh).

Trong mot he thong mang n gian nh hnh 1.1, v du nh may A muon gui packet en may B va no ch biet c a ch IP cua may B. Khi o may A se phai gi mot ARP broadcast cho toan mang e hoi xem a ch MAC cua may co a ch IP nay la g Khi may B nhan c broadcast nay, co se so sanh a ch IP trong packet nay vi a ch IP cua no. Nhan thay a ch o la a ch cua mnh, may B se gi lai mot packet cho may B trong o co cha a ch MAC cua B. Sau o may A mi bat au truyen packet cho B.

Hnh 1.1

Trong mot moi trng phc tap hn: hai he thong mang gan vi nhau thong qua mot router C. May A thuoc mang A muon gi packet en may B thuoc mangB. Do cac broadcast khong the truyen qua router nen khi o may A se xem router C nh mot cau noi e truyen d lieu. Trc o, may A se biet c a ch IP cua router C (port X) va biet c rang e truyen packet ti B phai i qua C. Tat ca cac thong tin nh vay se c cha trong mot bang goi la bang routing (routing table). Bang routing table theo c che nay c lu gi trong moi may. Routing table cha thong tin ve cac gateway e truy cap vao mot he thong mang nao o. V du trong trng hp tren trong bang se ch ra rang e i ti LAN B phai qua port X cua router C. Routing table se co cha a ch IP cua port X. Qua trnh truyen d lieu theo tng bc sau:

May A gi mot ARP request (broadcast) e tm a ch MAC cua port X. Router C tra li, cung cap cho may A a ch MAC cua port X. May A truyen packet en port X cua router.


Trang 6/94

Router nhan c packet t may A, chuyen packet ra port Y cua router. Trong packet co cha a ch IP cua may B.

Router se gi ARP request e tm a ch MAC cua may B. May B se tra li cho router biet a ch MAC cua mnh. Sau khi nhan c a ch MAC cua may B, router C gi packet cua A en B.

Hnh 1.2

Tren thc te ngoai dang routing table nay ngi ta con dung phng phap proxy ARP, trong o co mot thiet b am nhan nhiem vu phan giai a ch cho tat ca cac thiet b khac. Qua trnh nay c trnh bay trong hnh 1.3.

Hnh 1.3: Phan giai a ch dung proxy ARP.

Theo o cac may tram khong can gi bang routing table na router C se co nhiem vu thc hien, tra li tat ca cac ARP request cua tat ca cac may trong cac mang ket noi vi no. Router se co mot bang routing table rieng biet cha tat ca cac thong tin can thiet e chuyen d lieu. V du ve bang routing table (bang 1.2):

Destination Network Subnet mask Gateway Flags Interface

10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.2.1 U eth0 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.1.1 U To0 10.8.4.0 255.255.255.0 10.8.4.1 U S0


Trang 7/94

Bang 1.2: v du ve routing table.

Trong bang 1.2 dong au tien co ngha la tat ca cac packet gi cho mot may bat ky thuoc mang 10.1.2.0 subnet mask 255.255.255.0 se thong qua port ethenet 0 (eth0) co a ch IP la 10.1.2.1. Flag = U co ngha la port trong trang thai hoat ong (up).

1.2.2 Mot so khai niem c ban.

Path determination: Nh a c e cap phan tren, router co nhiem vu chuyen d lieu theo mot ng lien ket toi u. oi vi mot he thong gom nhieu router ket noi vi nhau, trong o cac router co nhieu hn hai ng lien ket vi nhau, van e xac nh ng truyen d lieu (path determination) toi u ong vai tro rat quan trong. Router phai co kha nang la chon ng lien ket toi u nhat trong tat ca cac ng co the, ma d lieu co the truyen en ch nhanh nhat. Viec xac nh ng da tren cac thuat toan routing, cac routing protocol, t o rut ra c mot so o goi la metric e so sanh gia cac ng vi nhau. Sau khi thc hien viec kiem tra trang thai cua cac ng lien ket bang cac thuat toan da tren routing protocol, router se rut ra c cac metric tng ng cho moi ng, cap nhat vao routing table. Router se chon ng nao co metric nho nhat e truyen d lieu.

Cac thuat toan, routing protocol, metric se c trnh bay chi tiet trong phan sau.

Switching Qua trnh chuyen d lieu (switching) la qua trnh c ban cua router, c da tren ARP protocol. Khi mot may muon gi packet qua router cho mot may thuoc mang khac, no gi packet o en router theo a ch MAC cua router, kem theo a ch protocol (network address) cua may nhan. Router se xem xet network address cua may nhan e biet xem no thuoc mang nao. Neu router khong biet c phai chuyen packet i au, no se loai bo (drop) packet. Neu router nhan thay co the chuyen packet en ch, no se bo sung MAC address cua may nhan vao packet va gi packet i.

Viec chuyen d lieu co the phai i qua nhieu router, khi o moi router phai biet c thong tin ve tat ca cac mang ma no co the truyen d lieu ti. V vay, cac thong tin cua moi router ve cac mang noi trc tiep vi no se phai c gi en cho tat ca cac router trong cung mot he thong. Trong qua trnh truyen a ch MAC cua packet luon thay oi


Trang 8/94

nhng a ch network khong thay oi. Hnh 4 trnh bay qua trnh chuyen packet qua mot he thong bao gom nhieu router.

Hnh 1.4: qua trnh truyen d lieu qua router.

Thuat toan routing: Muc ch va yeu cau:

o Tnh toi u: La kha nang chon ng truyen tot nhat cua thuat toan. Moi mot thuat toan co the co cach phan tch ng truyen rieng, khac biet vi cac thuat toan khac, tuy nhien muc ch chnh van la e xac nh ng truyen nao la ng truyen tot nhat.

o Tnh n gian: Mot thuat toan oi hoi phai n gian, de thc hien, t chiem dung bang thong ng truyen.

o On nh, nhanh chong, chnh xac: Thuat toan phai on nh va chnh xac e bao am hoat ong tot khi xay ra cac trng hp h hong phan cng, qua tai ng truyen Mat khac thuat toan phai bao am s nhanh chong e tranh tnh trang lap tren ng truyen nh hnh 5 do khong cap nhat kp trang thai ng truyen.

o S linh hoat: Tnh nang nay bao am s thay oi kp thi va linh hoat trong bat c moi trng hp xay ra trong he thong.

Hnh 1.5: Hien tng lap tren ng truyen


Trang 9/94

Phan loai: Thuat toan routing co the thuoc mot hay nhieu loai sau ay:

o Static hay dynamic. Static routing la c che trong o ngi quan tr quyet nh, gan san protocol cung nh a ch ch cho router: en mang nao th phai truyen qua port nao, a ch la g Cac thong tin nay cha trong routing table va ch c cap nhat hay thay oi bi ngi quan tr.

Static routing thch hp cho cac he thong n gian, co ket noi n gia hai router, trong o ng truyen d lieu a c xac nh trc.

Dynamic routing dung cac routing protocol e t ong cap nhat cac thong tin ve cac router xung quanh. Tuy theo dang thuat toan ma c che cap nhat thong tin cua cac router se khac nhau.

Dynamic routing thng dung trong cac he thong phc tap hn, trong o cac router c lien ket vi nhau thanh mot mang li, v du nh cac he thong router cung cap dch vu internet, he thong cua cac cong ty a quoc gia.

o Single-Path hay Multipath. Thuat toan multipath cho phep viec a hp d lieu tren nhieu lien ket khac nhau con thuat toan single path th khong. Multi path cung cap mot lu lung d lieu va o tin cay cao hn single path.

o Flat hay Hierarchical. Thuat toan flat routing dung trong cac he thong co cau truc ngang hang vi nhau, c trai rong vi chc nang va nhiem vu nh nhau. Trong khi o thuat toan hierachical la thuat toan phan cap, co cau truc cay nh mo hnh phan cap cua mot domain hay cua mot cong ty. Tuy theo dang he thong ma ta co the la chon thuat toan thch hp.

o Link State or Distance Vector. Thuat toan link state (con c goi la thuat toan shortest path first) cap nhat tat ca cac thong tin ve c che routing cho tat ca cac node tren he thong mang. Moi router se gi mot phan cua routing table, trong o mo ta trang thai cua cac lien ket rieng cua mnh len tren mang. Ch co cac thay oi mi c gi i.

Hnh 1.6: Thuat toan Distance Vector.


Trang 10/94

Thuat toan distance vector (con goi la thuat toan Bellman-Ford) bat buoc moi router phai gi toan bo hay mot phan routing table cua mnh cho router ket noi trc tiep vi no theo mot chu ky nhat nh (Hnh 1.6)

Ve mat ban chat, thuat toan link state gi cac bang cap nhat co kch thc nho en khap ni trong mang, trong khi thuat toan distance vector gi cac bang cap nhat co kch thc ln hn ch cho router ket noi vi no.

Thuat toan distance vector co u iem la de thc hien, de kiem tra, tuy nhien no co mot so han che la thi gian cap nhat lau, chiem dung bang thong ln tren mang. Ngoai ra no cung lam lang ph bang thong do tnh chat cap nhat theo chu ky cua mnh.

Thuat toan distance vector thng dung trong cac routing protocol: RIP(IP/IPX), IGRP (IP), RTMP(AppleTalk) va thng ap dung cho he thong nho.

Thuat toan link state co u iem la co toc o cao, khong chiem dung bang thong nhieu nh thuat toan distance vector. Tuy nhien thuat toan nay oi hoi cao hn ve bo nh, CPU cung nh viec thc hien kha phc tap.

Thuat toan link state c s dung trong routing protocol: OSPF, NLSP va thch hp cho cac he thong c trung va ln.

Ngoai ra con co s ket hp hai thuat toan nay trong mot so routing protocol nh: IS-IS, EIGRP.

Cac so o c ban trong thuat toan routing: Metric la so o cua thuat toan routing e t o quyet nh ng i toi u nhat cho d lieu. Mot thuat toan routing co the s dung nhieu metric khac nhau. Cac metric c ket hp vi nhau e thanh mot metric tong quat, ac trng cho lien ket. Moi thuat toan co the s dung kieu s dung metric khac nhau. Cac metric thng c dung la.

o Path Length: La metric c ban, thng dung nhat. Path length trong router con c xac dnh bang so hop gia nguon va ch. Mot hop c hieu la mot lien ket gia hai router.

o Reliability: La khai niem ch o tin cay cua mot lien ket. V du nh o tin cay c the hien thong qua bit error rate Khai niem nay nham ch kha nang hoat ong o nh cua lien ket.

o Delay: Khai niem delay dung e ch khoang thi gian can e chuyen packet t nguon en ch trong he thong. Delay phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to: khoang cach vat ly, bang thong cua lien ket, ung o, tranh chap ng truyen. Chnh v the yeu to nay la mot metric ong vai tro rat quan trong trong thuat toan routing.

o Bandwidth La mot metric quan trong e anh gia ng truyen. Bandwidth ch lu lng d lieu toi a co the truyen tren lien ket.

o Load


Trang 11/94

Load nham ch phan tram network resource ang trong trang thai ban {busy). Load co the la lu lng d lieu tren lien ket, la o chiem dung bo nh, CPU

Routed protocol va Routing Protocol Phan biet gia hai khai niem:

Routed protocol quy nh dang format va cach s dung cua cac trng trong packet nham chuyen cac packet t ni nay sang ni khac (en tan ngi s dung) V du: IP, IPX

Routing protocol: cho phep cac router ket noi vi nhau va cap nhat cac thong tin cua nhau nh cac bang routing. Routing protocol co the s dung cac routed protocol e truyen thong tin gia cac router. V du: RIP (Router Information Protocol), IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

Routing protocol quyet nh:

o Router nao can biet thong tin ve cac router khac. o Viec cap nhat thong tin nh the nao.

Cac routing protocol tieu bieu: Cac routing protocol c trnh bay trong bang 1.3.

Ten Ten ay u Routed Protocol ho tr

RIP Routing Information Protocol TCP/IP, IPX

IGRP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

TCP/IP

OSPF Open Shortest Path First TCP/IP

EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol TCP/IP

BGP Border Gateway Protocol TCP/IP

IS-IS Intermediate System to Intermediate System

TCP/IP

EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

TCP/IP

NLSP NetWare Link Services Protocol IPX/SPX

RTMP Routing Table Maintenance Protocol

AppleTalk

Bang 1.3: Cac routing protocol tieu bieu

Di ay chung toi xin trnh bay mot so routing protocol tieu bieu.

o RIP: RIP la ch viet tat cua Routing Information Protocol, la 1 trong nhng routing protocol au tien c s dung. RIP da tren thuat toan distance vector, c s dung rat rong rai tuy nhien ch thch hp cho cac he thong nho va t phc tap. RIP t ong cap nhat thong tin ve cac router bang cach gi cac


Trang 12/94

broadcast len mang moi 30 giay. RIP xac nh ng bang hop count (path length). So lng hop toi a la 15.

o IGRP: La loai routing protocol hien nay ang thng dung nhat, c phat trien bi Cisco, co cac ac iem sau:

Dung c che advanced distance vector. Ch cap nhat thong tin khi co s thay oi cau truc.

Viec xac nh ng c thc hien linh hoat thong qua nhieu yeu to: so hop, bang thong, o tr hoan, o tin cay

Co kha nang vt gii han 15 hop. Co kha nang ho tr cho nhieu ng lien ket vi kha nang can bang tai

cao.

Linh hoat, thch hp cho cac he thong ln, do da tren c che link state ket hp vi distance vector.

o OSPF. La loai routing protocol tien tien, da tren c che link-state co kha nang cap nhat s thay oi mot cach nhanh nhat. S dung IP multicast lam phng phap truyen nhan thong tin. Thch hp vi cac he thong ln, gom nhieu router lien ket vi nhau.


Trang 13/94

2 Khai niem ve cau hnh Router.

Cau hnh router la s dung cac phng phap khac nhau e nh cau hnh cho router thc hien cac chc nang cu the: lien ket leased line, lien ket dial-up, firewall, Voice Over IP trong tng trng hp cu the.

oi vi Cisco Router thng co 03 phng phap e nh cau hnh cho router:

S dung CLI: CLI la ch viet tat cua Command Line Interface, la cach cau hnh c ban ap dung cho hau het cac thiet b cua Cisco. Ngi s dung co the dung cac dong lenh nhap t cac Terminal (thong qua port Console hay qua cac phien Telnet) e nh cau hnh cho Router.

S dung Chng trnh ConfigMaker: ConfigMaker la chng trnh ho tr cau hnh cho cac Router t 36xx tr xuong cua Cisco. Chng trnh nay cung cap mot giao dien o hoa va cac Wizard than thien, c trnh bay di dang Question Answer, giup cho viec cau hnh router tr nen rat n gian. Ngi s dung co the khong can nam vng cac cau lenh cua Cisco ma ch can mot kien thc c ban ve he thong la co the cau hnh c router. Tuy nhien ngoai han che ve so san pham router ho tr nh tren, chng trnh nay cung khong cung cap ay u tat ca cac tnh nang cua router va khong co kha nang tuy bien theo cac yeu cau cu the ac thu. Hien nay version mi nhat cua ConfigMaker la ConfigMaker 2.4.

S dung chng trnh FastStep: Khac vi chng trnh ConfigMaker, FastStep c cung cap da tren tng loai san pham cu the cua Cisco. V du nh vi Cisco router 2509 th co FastStep for Cisco Router 2509 Chng trnh nay cung cap cac bc e cau hnh cac tnh nang c ban cho tng loai san pham. Cac bc cau hnh cung c trnh bay di dang giao dien o hoa, Question Answer nen rat de s dung. Tuy vay cung nh chng trnh ConfigMaker, FastStep ch mi ho tr cho mot so san pham cap thap cua Cisco va ch giup cau hnh cho mot so chc nang c ban cua router.

Tom lai, viec s dung CLI e cau hnh Cisco Router tuy phc tap nhng van la cach cau hnh router thng gap nhat. Hieu biet viec cau hnh bang CLI se giup ngi s dung linh hoat trong viec cau hnh va de dang khac phuc s co. Hien nay viec s dung CLI co the ket hp vi mot trong 02 cach cau hnh con lai e ay nhanh toc o cau hnh router. Khi o, cac chng trnh cau hnh se s dung e tao cac file cau hnh tho, phng phap CLI se c s dung sau cung e tuy bien hay thc hien cac tac vu ma chng trnh khong thc hien c.

Trong tai lieu nay cac hng dan cau hnh eu la phng phap CLI phng phap dung dong lenh.


Trang 14/94

2.1 Cau truc router.

Cau truc router la mot trong cac van e c ban can biet trc khi cau hnh router. Cau truc cua router c trnh bay trong hnh 2.1.

Cac thanh phan chnh cua router bao gom:

NVRAM: NVRAM (Nonvolatile random-access memory) la loai RAM co the lu lai thong tin ngay ca khi khong con nguon nuoi. Trong Cisco Router NVRAM thng co nhiem vu sau:

Cha file cau hnh startup cho hau het cac loai router ngoai tr router co Flash file system dang Class A. (7xxx)

Cha Software configuration register, s dung e xac nh IOS image dung trong qua trnh boot cua router.

Flash memory: Flash memory cha Cisco IOS software image. oi vi mot so loai, Flash memory co the cha cac file cau hnh hay boot image..

Tuy theo loai ma Flash memory co the la EPROMs, single in-line memory (SIMM) module hay Flash memory card:

Internal Flash memory: o Internal Flash memory thng cha system image. o Mot so loai router co t 2 Flash memory tr len di dang single in-line

memory modules (SIMM). Neu nh SIMM co 2 bank th c goi la dual-bank Flash memory. Cac bank nay co the c phan thanh nhieu phan logic nho

Bootflash o Bootflash thng cha boot image. o Bootflash oi khi cha ROM Monitor.

Flash memory PC card hay PCMCIA card. Flash memory card dung e gan vao Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) slot. Card nay dung e cha system image, boot image va file cau hnh.

Cac loai router sau co PCMCIA slot:

o Cisco 1600 series router: 01 PCMCIA slot. o Cisco 3600 series router: 02 PCMCIA slots. o Cisco 7200 series Network Processing Engine (NPE): 02 PCMCIA slots o Cisco 7000 RSP700 card va 7500 series Route Switch Processor (RSP)

card cha 02 PCMCIA slots.

DRAM: Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) bao gom 02 loai:

Primary, main, hay processor memory, danh cho CPU dung e thc hien Cisco IOS software va lu gi running configuration va cac bang routing table.

Shared, packet, or I/O memory, which buffers data transmitted or received by the router's network interfaces.


Trang 15/94

Tuy vao IOS va phan cng ma co the phai nang cap Flash RAM va DRAM.

ROM Read only memory (ROM) thng c s dung e cha cac thong tin sau:

ROM monitor, cung cap giao dien cho ngi s dung khi router khong tm thay cac file image khong phu hp.

Boot image, giup router boot khi khong tm thay IOS image hp le tren flash memoty.

Hnh 2.1

INTERFACE

OPERATINGSYSTEM

BACKUPCONFIGURATI

ON FILE

INTERNETWORK OS

TABLEAND

BUFFER

PROG-RAMS

DYNAMICCONFIG-URATIONINFORM-

ATION

Router#show interfaceRouter#show version

Router#show flash

Router#show startup configRouter#show mem

Router#show ip route

Router#show processes CPU

Router#show protocols

Router#show running-config


Trang 16/94

2.2 Cac mode config

Cisco router co nhieu che o (mode) khi config, moi che o co ac iem rieng, cung cap mot so cac tnh nang xac dnh e cau hnh router. Cac mode cua Cisco router c trnh bay trong hnh 2.2.

User Mode hay User EXEC Mode: ay la mode au tien khi ban bat au mot phien lam viec vi router (qua Console hay Telnet). mode nay ban ch co the thc hien c mot so lenh thong thng cua router. Cac lenh nay ch co tac dung mot lan nh lenh show hay lenh clear mot so cac counter cua router hay interface. Cac lenh nay se khong c ghi vao file cau hnh cua router va do o khong gay anh hng en cac lan khi ong sau cua router.

Privileged EXEC Mode: e vao Privileged EXEC Mode, t User EXEC mode go lenh enable va password (neu can). Privileged EXEC Mode cung cap cac lenh quan trong e theo doi hoat ong cua router, truy cap vao cac file cau hnh, IOS, at cac password Privileged EXEC Mode la cha khoa e vao Configuration Mode, cho phep cau hnh tat ca cac chc nang hoat ong cua router.

Configuration Mode: Nh tren a noi, configuration mode cho phep cau hnh tat ca cac chc nang cua Cisco router bao gom cac interface, cac routing protocol, cac line console, vty (telnet), tty (async connection). Cac lenh trong configuration mode se anh hng trc tiep en cau hnh hien hanh cua router cha trong RAM (running-configuration). Neu cau hnh nay c ghi lai vao NVRAM, cac lenh nay se co tac dung trong nhng lan khi ong sau cua router.

Configurarion mode co nhieu mode nho, ngoai cung la global configuration mode, sau o la cac interface configration mode, line configuration mode, routing configuration mode.

ROM Mode ROM mode dung cho cac tac vu chuyen biet, can thiep trc tiep vao phan cng cua router nh Recovery password, maintenance. Thong thng ngoai cac dong lenh do ngi s dung bat buoc router vao ROM mode, router se t ong chuyen vao ROM mode neu khong tm thay file IOS hay file IOS b hong trong qua trnh khi ong.


Trang 17/94

Hnh 2.2: Mot so mode config cua Cisco Router.


Trang 18/94

Bang 2.1 trnh bay cac mode c ban cua Cisco router va mot so ac iem cua chung:

Mode Cach thc truy cap Dau nhac Cach thc thoat

User EXEC Log in. Router> logout command.

Privileged EXEC

T user EXEC mode, s dung lenh enable.

Router# e tr ve user EXEC mode, dung lenh disable..

e vao global configuration mode, dung lenh configure terminal.

Global configuration

T privileged EXEC mode, dung lenh configure terminal

Router(config)# e ra privileged EXEC mode, dung lenh exit hay end hay go Ctrl-Z.

e vao interface configuration mode, go lenh interface.

Interface configuration

T global configuration mode, go lenh interface.

Router(config-if)#

e ra global configuration mode, dung lenh exit

e ra privileged EXEC mode, dung lenh exit hay go Ctrl-Z.

e vao subinterface configuration mode, xac nh subinterface bang lenh interface

Subinterface configuration

T interface configuration mode, xac nh subinterface bang lenh interface.

Router(config-subif)#

To exit to global configuration mode, use the exit command.

To enter privileged EXEC mode, use the end command or press Ctrl-Z.

ROM monitor T privileged EXEC mode, dung lenh reload nhan phm Break trong 60s khi router khi ong

Dung lenh boot system rom.

> e ra user EXEC mode, go lenh continue

Bang 2.1

YZ


Trang 19/94

3 Cau hnh cac tnh nang chung cua router.

3.1 Mot so quy tac ve trnh bay cau lenh.

Cac quy tac trnh bay tai bang sau c s dung trong tai lieu nay cung nh trong tat ca cac tai lieu khac cua Cisco

Cach trnh bay Y ngha

^ hay Ctrl Phm Ctrl.

Screen Hiem th cac thong tin se c trnh bay tren man hnh.

Boldface Hien th cac thong tin (dong lenh) ma ban phai nhap vao t ban phm.

< > Bieu hien cac ky t khong hien thi tren man hnh, v du nh password.

! Bieu hien cac cau chu thch.

( ) Bieu hien dau nhac hien tai

[ ] Bieu hien cac tham so tuy chon (khong bat buoc) cho cau lenh.

Italics Bieu hien cac tham so cua dong lenh. Cac tham so nay la bat buoc phai co va ban phai chon gia tr phu hp cho tham so o e a vao cau lenh.

{ x | y | z } Bieu hien ban phai chon mot trong cac gia tr x, y, z trong cau lenh.

Bang 3.1


Trang 20/94

3.2 Cac phm tat can s dung khi cau hnh router

Cisco router c cau hnh bang chuoi cac lenh, e thuan tien va nhanh chong hn trong viec nhap lenh mot so cac phm tat thng c s dung c trnh bay bang 3.2:

Phm Cong dung

Delete Xoa ky t ben phai con tro

Backspace Xoa ky t ben trai con tro

Left Arrow hay Ctrl-B

Di chuyen con tro ve ben trai mot ky t

Right Arrow hay Ctrl-F

Di chuyen con tro ve ben phai mot ky t

Esc-B Di chuyen con tro ve ben trai mot t

Esc-F Di chuyen con tro ve ben phai mot t

TAB Hien th toan bo lenh (ch co tac dung khi phan a go cua lenh tng ng u e giup Cisco IOS xac nh lenh o la duy nhat)

Ctrl-A Di chuyen con tro len au hang lenh.

Ctrl-E Di chuyen con tro ve cuoi hang lenh.

Ctrl-R Hien th lai dong lenh.

Ctrl-U Xoa dong lenh.

Ctrl-W Xoa mot t

Ctrl-Z Ket thuc Configuration Mode, tr ve EXEC mode.

Up Arrow hay Ctrl-P

Hien th dong lenh trc.

Down Arrow hay Ctr-N

Hien th dong lenh tiep theo.

Bang 3.2

Ngoai ra khi cau hnh router, dau ? thng c s dung tat ca cac mode e liet ke danh sach cac cau lenh co the s dung c tai mode o.

V du: Router> ? Exec commands: Session number to resume connect Open a terminal connection disconnect Disconnect an existing telnet session enable Turn on privileged commands exit Exit from the EXEC help Description of the interactive help system lat Open a lat connection lock Lock the terminal login Log in as a particular user logout Exit from the EXEC


Trang 21/94

menuStart a menu-based user interface mbranchTrace multicast route for branch of tree mrbranchTrace reverse multicast route to branch of tree mtrace Trace multicast route to group name-connection Name an existing telnet connection pad Open a X.29 PAD connection ping Send echo messages resume Resume an active telnet connection show Show running system information systat Display information about terminal lines telnet Open a telnet connection terminal Set terminal line parameters tn3270 Open a tn3270 connection trace Trace route to destination where List active telnet connections x3 Set X.3 parameters on PAD xremote Enter XRemote mode


Trang 22/94

3.3 Cac khai niem ve console, telnet. Cach xac nh cac ten va password cho router.

3.3.1 Console port

Console port co tren tat ca cac loai router dung e cho cac terminal co the truy cap vao router e nh cau hnh cung nh thc hien cac thao tac khac tren router. Console port thng co dang lo cam cho RJ-45 connector. e ket noi vao console port ta can cac thiet b sau:

01 terminal, co the la terminal chuyen dung cua UNIX hay may PC Windows chay chng trnh HyperTerminal.

01 Roll-over cable: si cap nay i kem vi moi router (hnh 3.1), la cap UTP co 4 cap day va c bam RJ-45 ao th t 2 au.

Hnh 3.1

01 au DB-25 hay DB-9 dung e ket noi vao Terminal. Cac au noi nay co port noi RJ-45 pha sau. Cac au noi nay thng c goi la RJ-45 to DB-9 hay RJ-45 to DB-25 adapter.

Ket noi vao console port c thc hien nh hnh 3.2

Khi ket noi a c thc hien, chay chng trnh (v du nh HyperTerminal) cua Windows e truy cap vao router. Mot so iem lu y khi s dung chng trnh la:

Chon ung COM port ket noi (direct to COM1 hay COM2). Cac thong so cua console port la: 9600 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, 2 stop bits.

Console port khong ho tr cho flow control va modem control.

Neu khong c at password cho console port, khi khi ong chng trnh HyperTerminal, xac lap ung cac thong so nh tren va go vai lan Enter, ban se vao ngay user EXEC mode vi dau nhac router>. Password vi console port la khong bat buoc, tuy nhien e bao am an toan cho he thong, ta co the dung cac buc sau ay e xac nh password cho console port cua router.


Trang 23/94

Hnh 3.2 Ket noi console port vao terminal.

Cau lenh Dau nhac ban au

Dau nhac sau khi go

Giai thch

enable Router> Router# Vao che o Privileged mode, go password neu can

config terminal

Router# Router#(config) Vao global configuration mode

line con0 Router#(config) Router#(config-line)

Vao line configuration mode.

login Router#(config-line)

Router#(config-line)

Cho phep login vao router va hien th cau hoi password khi truy cap.

password password



at password cho console port.

^ Z Router#(config-line)

Router# Tr ve Privileged mode.

Bang 3.3

3.3.2 Telnet sesstion

Trong he thong mang s dung TCP/IP, Telnet la mot dch vu rat hu ch giup cho ngi s dung co the truy cap va cau hnh thiet b t bat c ni nao trong he thong hay thong qua cac dch vu remote access. e s dung c Telnet cho viec truy cap va cau hnh cisco router can phai co cac ieu kien sau:

He thong mang s dung giao thc TCP/IP Gan a ch IP cho t nhat 01 trong cac ethernet port cua router va ket noi cong o

vao he thong mang.

01 PC ket noi vao mang thong qua TCP/IP.


Trang 24/94

Sau khi thoa man cac ieu kien tren, tai PC ta co the go lenh telnet ip address cua ethernet port tren router e co the truy cap vao router.

Do mc o de dang va thuan tien cua telnet trong viec truy cap vao router, viec at password cho telnet la rat can thiet va quan trong. Bang sau se trnh bay cac bc e xac lap password cho cac ng telnet.


Dau nhac sau khi go

Giai thch


config terminal

Router# Router#(config) Vao global configuration mode

line vty 0 4 Router#(config) Router#(config-line)

Vao line configuration mode.

login Router#(config-line)


Cho phep login vao router va hien th cau hoi password khi truy cap.

password password



at password cho console port.

^ Z Router#(config-line)

Router# Tr ve Privileged mode.

Bang 3.4

ng telnet trong Cicso router c ky hieu la vty. Cisco router ho tr 05 phien telnet ong thi (ky hieu t 0 en 4). Ta co the xac nh password cho tng ng telnet. Tuy nhien ca 05 ng thng c cau hnh chung 01 password duy nhat e tang kha nang bao mat va de quan ly.

3.3.3 Xac nh ten cho router va enable password.

Khi cha xac nh ten cho router, dau nhac mac nh cua router se la router>. Viec xac nh ten cho router nham muc ch quan ly va lam thay oi dau nhac nay. Ngoai ra viec xac nh enable password cho phep ngan chan them mot lan na (ngoai password vao console hay telnet) viec truy cap va thay oi cau hnh router. Bang sau trnh bay cac buc e at (hay thay oi) ten va enable password cho router.


Dau nhac sau khi go lenh

Giai thch


config terminal Router# Router#(config) Vao global configuration mode

hostname name Router#(config) (name)#(config-line)

Xac nh ten cho router, dau nhac se thay oi ung theo ten a nhap.

enable assword password

(name)#(config-line)


Xac nh enable password


Trang 25/94

enable secret password



Xac nh enable password ong thi ma hoa password trong file cau hnh. Phai i chung vi lenh service password-encryption.

^ Z (name)#(config-line)

(name)# Tr ve Privileged mode.

Bang 3.5


Trang 26/94

3.4 Lam viec vi file cau hnh va IOS image.

3.4.1 Mot so khai niem c ban.

File cau hnh (configuration file): La mot file dang text co cau truc, trong o cha tat ca cac lenh quan trong cua router, quyet nh hoat ong cua router. Sau khi cau hnh ban au, file cau hnh nay c ghi vao NVRAM cua router va se c s dung trong suot thi gian hoat ong cua router. (trong mot so loai router, file nay co the cha bootflash RAM, slot 0 hay slot 1cua PCMCIA card). Khi router khi ong file cau hnh nay c nap t NVRAM vao RAM va thi hanh mot cach t ong. Viec mat hay h hong file cau hnh nay se khien router ri vao ROM mode hay setup mode. File cau hnh nam trong NVRAM c goi la startup-config con nam trong RAM c goi la running-config. Ngoai tr trong qua trnh cau hnh router, hai file nay thng giong nhau.

V du ve mot file cau hnh cua router: Current configuration: ! version 11.2 ! Version of IOS on router, automatic command ! no service udp-small-servers no service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Critter prompt Emma ! Prompt overrides the use of the hostname as the prompt ! enable password lu ! This sets the priviledge exec mode password ! no ip domain-lookup ! Ignores all names resolutions unless locally defined on the router. ! ipx routing 0000.3089.b170 ! Enables IPX rip routing ! interface Serial0 ip address 137.11.12.2 255.255.255.0 ipx network 12 ! interface Serial1 description this is the link to Albuquerque ip address 137.11.23.2 255.255.255.0 ipx network 23 ! interface TokenRing0 ip address 137.11.2.2 255.255.255.0 ipx network CAFE ring-speed 16 ! router rip network 137.11.0.0 ! no ip classless


Trang 27/94

! banner motd ^C This Heres the Rootin-est Tootin-est Router in these here Parts! ^C ! Any text between the Ctl-C keystroke is considered part of the banner, including !the return key.! line con 0 password cisco login ! login tells the router to supply a prompt; password defines what the user must type! ! line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password cisco login ! end

IOS image: IOS la ch viet tat cua Internetworking Operating System. IOS thc s la trai tim cua Cisco router. No quyet nh tat ca cac chc nang cua thiet b va bao gom tat ca cac dong lenh dung e cau hnh thiet b o. IOS image la thuat ng dung e ch file cha IOS, nh o ma ta co the backup hay upgrade IOS mot cach de dang va thuan tien. Trong Cisco router IOS thng c cha trong Flash RAM.

TFTP server. TFTP la ch viet tat cua Trial File Transfer Protocol, mot protocol chuan cua giao thc TCP/IP. TFTP la mot connectionless, reliable protocol. TFTP Server co the la mot workstation UNIX hay mot PC thng chay chng trnh gia lap TFTP server tren mot he thong mang TCP/IP. TFTP Server thng c dung lam ni backup cac file cau hnh, IOS image hay ngc lai la ni cha cac file cau hnh mi, cac IOS image mi e update cho router.

3.4.2 Lam viec vi file cau hnh va IOS.

Vi file cau hnh: Cac qua trnh lam viec vi file cau hnh c mo ta trong hnh 3.3

Hnh 3.3

Nh hnh 3.3 cho thay, ta co the chuyen oi qua lai file cau hnh t RAM, NVRAM va TFTP Server. Cac chuyen oi en NVRAM va TFTP thng co ngha la thay the (replace) trong khi cac chuyen oi ti RAM co ngha la bo sung (add).

e chuyen oi file cau hnh trong Cisco router dung lenh sau privileged mode: copy {tftp | running-config | startup-config} {tftp | running-config | startup-config}


Trang 28/94

V du:

e copy file cau hnh t RAM vao NVRAM ta dung lenh sau: copy running-config startup-config

e xem mot file cau hnh ta dung lenh sau: show {running-config | startup-config}

e xoa mot file cau hnh ta dung lenh sau: erase nvram

Ngoai ra ta con co the s dung cac cau lenh khac co tac dung tng t. Cac lenh nay la cac lenh cu thng c s dung trong cac IOS version 11.0 tr ve trc.

Cau lenh Cau lenh tng ng (lenh cu)

show running-config write terminal

show startup-config show config

copy running-config startup config write mem

copy running-config tftp write network

erase nvram write erase hay erase startup-config.

Bang 3.6

Lam viec vi IOS image. Nh tren a noi IOS image ong vai tro rat quan trong oi vi router. Lam viec vi IOS image ngha la thc hien viec lu gi cac IOS image, cap nhat cac IOS image t Cisco, quan ly cac IOS image trong router va co kha nang xac nh cac IOS image dung e khi ong router.

Lu gi IOS image. IOS image thng c lu gi TFTP server bang cau lenh sau:

copy flash tftp

Cap nhat IOS image t Cisco. Thiet ke dung IOS image cua Cisco giup cho thiet b co kha nang nang cap nhanh chong va linh hoat. Cac IOS image cua Cisco thng xuyen c cap nhat e khac phuc cac loi cua version trc va bo sung cac tnh nang mi cho router. Viec cap nhat nay co the c mo ta bang hnh 3.4.

Lenh e cap nhat IOS image la:

copy tftp flash

Sau khi go lenh nay router se hien ra ten cac IOS image hien co trong flash RAM, hoi ban a ch IP cua TFTP va ch ban xac nhan trc khi copy. V du sau se trnh bay chi tiet ve ieu nay.


Trang 29/94

Hnh 3.4: Quy trnh cap nhat IOS image.

V du: R1#copy tftp flash System flash directory: File Length Name/status 1 7530760 c2500-ainr-l_112-31.bin [7530824 bytes used, 857784 available, 8388608 total] Address or name of remote host [255.255.255.255]? 134.141.3.33 Source file name? c2500-ainr-l_112-11.bin Destination file name [c2500-ainr-l_112-11.bin]? Accessing file c2500-ainr-l_112-11.bin on 134.141.3.33... Loading c2500-ainr-l_112-11.bin from 134.141.3.33 (via TokenRing0): ! [OK] Erase flash device before writing? [confirm] Flash contains files. Are you sure you want to erase? [confirm] Copy c2500-ainr-l_112-11.bin from server as c2500-ainr-l_112-11.bin into Flash WITH erase? [yes/no]y Erasing device... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ...erased Loading c2500-ainr-l_112-11.bin from 134.141.3.33 (via TokenRing0): !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! [OK - 7530760/8388608 bytes] Verifying checksum... OK (0xA93E)


Trang 30/94

Flash copy took 0:04:26 [hh:mm:ss] R1#

Xem noi dung cua flash RAM Dung lenh show flash e xem thong tin ve IOS image cha trong flash RAM

V du:

fred#show flash System flash directory: File Length Name/status 1 4181132 c2500-i-l.112-7a [4181196 bytes used, 4207412 available, 8388608 total] 8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)

Chon IOS image e khi ong router. Trong moi router co 01 thanh ghi goi la configuration register. ay la mot thanh ghi 16-bit (Hnh 3.5) trong o 4 bit cuoi cung c goi la boot field quyet nh qua trnh khi ong cua router. Gia tr cua boot field cho biet router se khi ong t ROM hay t RAM. Can thiep vao qua trnh khi ong cua router thong qua configuration register thng dung trong qua trnh password recovery.

Hnh 3.5: configuration register.

Mot cach khac n gian va thng c s dung la dung lenh boot system cua IOS. Lenh nay thng c at va trong startup-config cua router.

Bang sau se tong ket lai ca hai phng phap tren

Gia tr cua boot field Cau lenh boot system Ket qua

0x0 Khong anh hng ROM monitor mode.

0x1 Khong anh hng ROM mode.

0x2 en 0xF Boot system rom ROM mode

0x2 en 0xF Boot system flash IOS au tien trong flash se c dung e khi ong.

0x2 en 0xF Boot system flash filename IOS image trong flash c ch nh se c dung e khi ong.

0x2 en 0xF Boot system tftp ip address filename

IOS image co ten la filename trong TFTP server co a ch ip address se c dung e khi ong.

0x2 en 0xF Nhieu lenh boot system Router se s dung cac lenh t tren xuong di cho en khi co mot lenh c thc


Trang 31/94

hien hoan tat. Neu tat ca cac lenh eu khong thi hanh c, router se khi ong ve ROM mode.

Bang 3.7

YZ


Trang 32/94

4 Cau hnh router cho ng leased line.

4.1 Khai niem ve lien ket leased line.

ng lien ket leased line la ng lien ket ky thuat so do Bu ien cung cap, , thng la mot ng cap ong 1 pair, ket noi iem-iem vi hai au can ket noi. Mo hnh c ban cua mot ket noi leased line nh hnh 4.1:

Router

S D

Cisco 4000

DAT A

OK

3

POWER

OK1

DA TA

OK

DATA

OK

2

SE RIE SC IS CO YS TEMSS

Router

S D

Cisco 4000

DAT A

OK

3

POWER

OK1

DA TA

OK

DATA

OK

2

SE RIE SCIS CO YS TEMSS

NTUNTU

PostOffice

V.35, RS232 32Kbps - 2.048Mbps

Hnh 4.1

Lien ket tren ng leased line la lien ket tn hieu so, co toc o len ti 2.048Mbps (vi cap ong). Thiet b au cuoi la NTU (Network Terminal Unit) con goi la DSU/CSU (Channel Service Unit/ Data Service Unit) tac dung nh mot DCE (Data Circuit Equipment). Cac NTU co the co nhieu loai vi nhieu toc o khac nhau. Router trong trng hp nay ong vai tro nh mot DTE (Data Terminal Equipment). Cac NTU thng cung cap giao tiep V.35 hay RS232 e ket noi vi Router. Tuy theo NTU ma phai chon loai cap ket noi cho cong Serial cua router cho thch hp (xem hnh 4.2)

Hnh 4.2: Cac loai cap ket noi gia router va NTU (CSU/DSU)

Tuy theo nhu cau s dung ma khach hang co the chon toc o cho ng leased line, thng la t 64Kbps tr len, t o chon NTU va router thch hp.

V du cho thiet b NTU thng dung hien nay la: ACD-3 cua hang Timeplex, ASM-31, ASM-40 cua RAD.


Trang 33/94

Hau het cac loai Cisco Router eu co the ho tr cho lien ket leased line thong qua cac serial port cua mnh. Ngoai tr Cisco router 7xx ch ho tr cho ISDN. Tat ca cac loai router t series 8xx tr len eu co the ho tr t 01 en hang chuc cong serial.

Cac cap serial cua router dung cho cac ket noi leased line thng la V.35 DTE va RS232 DTE oi vi cac serial port 60 chan va V35 SS DTE, RS232 SS DTE oi vi cong Smart Serial (WIC-2T, WIC-2A/S)..

YZ


Trang 34/94

4.2 Cac bc cau hnh mot router cho lien ket leased line.

e cau hnh mot router phuc vu cho lien ket leased line can thc hien theo cac bc sau:

Cau hnh cac ethernet port va serial. Cau hnh WAN protocol cho lien ket leased line. Cau hnh static routing hay hay dynamic routing. Cau hnh mot so thong so can thiet khac. Sau ay chung ta se trnh bay chi tiet tng van e cu the:

4.2.1 Cau hnh cac ethernet port va serial.

Trc tien ta can phai nh a ch va xac lap mot so thong so cho cac ethernet port va serial.

Ethernet port Bang sau trnh bay mot so lenh can thiet e cau hnh ethernet port cua router. Gia s ten router la R1

Cau lenh Giai thch V du

R1#(config)interface eslot/port Vao interface mode cua ethernet port

R1#(config)interface e0/0

R1#(config-if)

R1#(config-if)ip address ip-address subnet mask

Gan ip address va subnet mask cho ethernet port tng ng

R1#(config-if)ip address 192.1.1.1 255.255.255.0

R1#(config-if)

R1#(config-if)duplex {full | half} Gan che o half hay full duplex cho ethernet port

R1#(config-if)duplex full

R1#(config-if)

R1#(config-if)speed {10 |100 | auto}

Gan toc o cho ethernet port la 10Mbps, 100Mbps hay auto.

R1#(config-if)speed 100

R1#(config-if)

R1#(config-if)description string at mo ta cho ethernet port

R1#(config-if)description Connected to LAN

R1#(config-if)

R1#(config-if)no shutdown Bat ethernet port (neu can).

R1#(config-if)no shutdown.

Ethernet 0/0 is up, line protocol is up.

R1#(config-if)

R1#show interface e slot/port Xem trang thai ethernet port.

Bang 4.1

Serial port


Trang 35/94

Khac vi ethernet port, serial port co nhieu thong so can cau hnh hn nh trong bang sau:

Cau lenh Giai thch V du

R1#(config)interface serial slot/port

Vao interface mode cua serial port

R1#(config)interface serial1/0

R1#(config-if)

R1#(config-if)ip address ip-address subnet mask

Gan ip address va subnet mask cho serial port tng ng

R1#(config-if)ip address 192.1.2.1 255.255.255.0

R1#(config-if)

R1#(config-if)ip unnumbered ethernet slot/port

Khong gan ip trc tiep cho serial port ma mun tam ip cua ethernet port.

R1#(config-if)ip unnumbered ethernet0/0

R1#(config-if)

R1#(config-if)bandwidth bandwidth

Gan bandwidth (toc o) cho serial port. Bandwidth ay c tnh bang kbps.

R1#(config-if)bandwidth 64

R1#(config-if)

R1#(config-if)clock rate clock-rate

Gan toc o xung clock cho serial port. Lenh nay ch thch hp cho trng hp trong phong LAB khi hai router noi back-to-back vi nhau, 01 router la DCE (cap clock rate) router con lai la DTE. Clock-rate nhan gia tr bps.

R1#(config-if)clock rate 64000

R1#(config-if)

R1#(config-if)description string

at mo ta cho serial port

R1#(config-if)description Connected to leased line

R1#(config-if)

R1#(config-if)no shutdown Bat serial port (neu can).

R1#(config-if)no shutdown.

Serial 1/0 is up, line protocol is up.

R1#(config-if)

R1#show interface s slot/port

Xem trang thai serial port.

Bang 4.2

4.2.2 Cau hnh protocol cho lien ket leased line


Trang 36/94

Cau hnh protocol cho lien ket leased line la chon protocol c s dung e truyen d lieu (IP, IPX), chon WAN protocol cho viec ong goi (encapsulation) d lieu tren ng truyen (PPP, HDLC, LAPB)

Cac protocol IP hay IPX a rat quen thuoc vi chung ta, v the ay chung toi ch trnh bay cac khai niem ve cac WAN protocol PPP, HDLC, LAPB.

Khong giong nh IP hay IPX, PPP, HDLC va LAPB la nhng WAN protocol. Chung cung cap cac chc nang c ban e truyen d lieu tren mot lien ket. Cac lien ket nay la cac lien ket point-to-point, serial va la lien ket synchronous (ngoai tr PPP con co the ho tr cho lien ket asynchronous).

Lien ket synchronous la nhng lien ket ma trong o co s lien lac thng xuyen gia cac thiet b hai au lien ket e ong bo (synchronous) toc o cua chung. Nh vay lien ket synchronous thng co o on nh cao ong thi toi u c bang thong cua lien ket.

Hai WAN protocol thng dung trong lien ket leased line oi vi Cisco router la HDLC va PPP (LAPB c s dung chu yeu cho cac lien ket X25). Trong o HDLC la protocol do Cisco phat trien (khong phai la HDLC chuan cua ITU), ch thch hp oi vi router cua Cisco, con PPP la protocol chuan, co the s dung linh ong cho nhieu loai san pham khac nhau.

PPP va HDLC con co s khac nhau chu yeu ve cac ac iem c ban cua mot WAN protocol, o la s khac nhau ac iem co cau truc hay khong cua protocol.

PPP la mot protocol co cau truc, co ngha la ac iem ban au cua protocol a co mot trng e xac nh loai cua packet c ong goi bi protocol o. Trng o goi la trng protocol type co the xac nh c packet la IP hay IPX. HDLC khong c goi la mot WAN protocol co cau truc bi v Cisco phai bo sung them cac thong tin khac e tao nen trng protocol type.

PPP dung cac LCP (PPP Link Control Protocol) va IPCP (IP Control Protocol) e ieu khien va ong bo ng truyen. LCP cung cap cac tnh nang c ban cho viec ong bo ma khong phu thuoc vao cac layer 3 protocol truyen tren lien ket o. Trong khi IPCP th da vao cac layer 3 protocol e thc hien cac chc nang cu the nh: gan a ch IP, ho tr ARP.

Cac chc nang cua PPP LCP co the ke ra nh Link Quality Monitoring (LQM) e cung cap kha nang error detection; Magic Number e do tm hien tng lap tren ng truyen; PAP va CHAP e thc hien qua trnh Authentication; Multilink PPP e ho tr cho cac multilink.

PPP con ho tr nhieu thuat toan nen hn HDLC, PPP co the ho tr cac thuat toan nen nh Predictor, STAC, hay MPPC (Microsoft Point-to-point compression) trong khi HDLC ch ho tr cho thuat toan STAC.

e xac nh WAN protocol tren ng truyen va cac thong so lien quan chung ta s dung cac lenh sau:

Lenh Mo ta

Router(config-if)#encapsulation {hdlc | ppp } Chon loai encapsulation la ppp hay hdlc

Router(config-if)#compress [predictor | stac | mppc}

Chon loai thuat toan nen tren ng truyen (tuy chon)


Trang 37/94

Router# show interface Xac nh lai trang thai va cau hnh cua interface

Router# show compress Xac nh trang thai nen.

Router# show process Xac nh trang thai CPU.

Cac lenh show compress hay show process thng s dung e xem trang thai nen va trang thai CPU sau khi a ap dung lenh compress.

4.2.3 Cau hnh static routing hay hay dynamic routing.

Nh phan trnh bay au tien ve khai niem router phan au cua tai lieu nay, ta co the chon mot trong hai c che routing khi cau hnh Cisco router: static hay dynamic:

Static routing la c che trong o ngi quan tr quyet nh, gan san protocol cung nh a ch ch cho router: en network nao th phai truyen qua port nao, a ch la g Cac thong tin nay cha trong routing table va ch c cap nhat hay thay oi bi ngi quan tr.

Static routing thch hp cho cac he thong n gian, co ket noi n gia hai router, trong o ng truyen d lieu a c xac nh trc.

Dynamic routing dung cac routing protocol e t ong cap nhat cac thong tin ve cac router xung quanh. Tuy theo dang thuat toan ma c che cap nhat thong tin cua cac router se khac nhau.

Dynamic routing thng dung trong cac he thong phc tap hn, trong o cac router c lien ket vi nhau thanh mot mang li, v du nh cac he thong router cung cap dch vu internet, he thong cua cac cong ty a quoc gia.

Trong phan nay, chung toi se trnh bay chi tiet cach cau hnh static va dynamic routing.

Cau hnh static routing: Static routing hay static route c thiet lap bang tay thong qua lenh ip route nh sau:

Router(config)#ip route network [mask] {address|interface} [distance] [permanent]

Trong o

networkDestination network hay subnet maskSubnet mask addressIP address cua next-hop router interfaceTen interface (cua router ang cau hnh) e i ti destination network distanceGia tr cung cap bi ngi quan tr, nham ch o u tien (cost) cua

ng nh tuyen (tuy chon)

permanent Ch nh rang ng nh tuyen nay khong b d bo ngay ca khi interface b shutdown.

V du (hnh 4.3)


Trang 38/94

Hnh 4.3: V du ve static route

Lenh ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1 at tai Router CiscoA xac nh: e en c network 172.16.1.0 co subnet mask la 255.255.255.0 se phai qua a ch 172.16.2.1. a ch 172.16.20.1 chnh la a ch cua next-hop router (router CiscoB). Dong lenh nay co the thay bang dong lenh khac tng ng nh sau:

Ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0.

Vi serial 0 la ten interface phai i qua cua router CicsoA e en c network 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0.

Gia tr distance mac nh cua static route la 1. Noi chung cac gia tr distance cua static route nho hn rat nhieu so vi cac gia tr cua dynamic route. V du nh RIP co distance la 120, IGRP: 100, OSPF: 110. ieu o co ngha la ket noi thong qua static route co o hoi tu va toc o nhanh hn so vi dynamic route. Nguyen nhan cua viec nay la do static route khong can phai mat thi gian cap nhat bang routing table va la chon ng nh tuyen trong routing table trc khi a ra quyet nh chuyen d lieu. o cung la ly do tai sao ma static route thng c chon khi he thong co ket noi n gian.

Neu co nhieu static route co the at en ch, distance c s dung e xac nh cac o u tien khac nhau cho tng ng. Router se chon ng nao co distance nho nhat co the e truyen d lieu.

Cau lenh show ip route thng c s dung e xac nh cac route a c cau hnh va cach cau hnh cac route o bang static hay dynamic routing, noi cach khac lenh nay hien th thong tin ve bang routing table.

V du: CiscoA#show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR Gateway of last resort is not set


Trang 39/94

172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 3 masks C 172.16.3.0 /24 is directly connected, ethernet0 C 172.16.2.0 /24 is directly connected, Serial0 S 172.16.1.0 /24 via 172.16.2.1.

Cau hnh dynamic routing: e cau hnh dynamic routing trc tien phai bat che o cho phep routing va la chon routing protocol: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP hay OSPF. Trong noi dung tai lieu nay chung toi khong trnh bay en routing protocol OSPF v tnh phc tap cua no.

e cho phep che o routing dung lenh sau global configuration mode:

Router(config)#Ip routing

hay

Router(config)#Ipx routing

e la chon routing protocol ta s dung lenh router . Cac cau hnh cac routing protocol se c trnh bay tuan t trong phan sau:

Cau hnh RIP: RIP la mot distance vector routing protool c nh ngha au tien bi RFC 1058. Routing information trong RIP c router chuyen sang cac route ben canh thong qua IP broadcast s dung UDP protocol va port 520.

RIP co hai verion: RIP version 1 la classful routing protocol, no khong ho tr cho viec quan ba thong tin ve network mask. RIP version 2 la classless protocol ho tr cho CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), VLSM (Variable-length subnet mask), route summarization va security thong qua qua trnh authentication bang plain text hay ham bam MD5.

Cau hnh RIP routing protocol gom 3 bc c ban: 1) cho phep router s dung RIP protocol; 2) quyet nh RIP version va 3) xac nh network va cac interface chu anh hng cua RIP va thuoc qua trnh cap nhat routing information..

1. e cho phep router s dung RIP protocol, dung lenh router rip

2. e quyet nh version nao c s dung, dung cau lenh version number vi number la 1 hay 2. Neu khong xac nh version, IOS software se mac nh la gi RIP version 1 va nhan s cap nhat ca version 1 lan version 2.

3. e xac nh network va cac interface chu anh hng cua RIP, lenh network network c s dung. Network ch cac network c ket noi trc tiep vi cac interface cua router ang c cau hnh. V du nh neu router co hai interface vi a ch tng ng la 131.108.4.5 and 131.108.6.9, interface th 3 co a ch 172.16.3.6. Khi o neu s dung lenh network 131.108.0.0 se bao gom c 2 interface au va network 131.108.0.0 vao trong qua trnh routing update cua RIP. Tuy nhien e bao gom ca interface th 3 ta phai s dung them lenh: network 172.16.0.0.

V du: RIProuter#configure Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. RIProuter(config)#router rip RIProuter(config-router)#version 2


Trang 40/94

RIProuter(config-router)#network 131.108.0.0 RIProuter(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0 RIProuter(config-router)#^Z

Ngoai ra hnh 4.4 cung trnh bay mot v du ve cau hnh RIP cho trng hp trong hnh.

Hnh 4.4: v du ve cau hnh RIP.

Cau hnh IGRP: IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) la routing protocol c phat trien t gia thap nien 1980 cua Cisco da tren thuat toan enhanced distance vector. IGRP ra i nham giai quyet mot so han che cua RIP khi he thong tr nen phc tap hn

IGRP s dung internetwork delay, bandwidth, reliability, va load e xac nh ra metric nh o ma a ra c cac thong tin chnh xac hn ve tnh trang cua cac ket noi trc khi a ra quyet nh. Ngoai ra IGRP co the ho tr en toi a 255 hop (so vi 15 chua RIP), va co o hoi tu nhanh nh c che flash update. C che flash update gi cac thay oi cua network ngay khi no xuat hien ma khong phai ch thi gian nh ky nh RIP.

IGRP con co cac chc nang quan trong nh split horizon, holdown timer hay poison reverse e ngan nga hien tng lap tren ng truyen. (hnh 4.5)


Trang 41/94

Hnh 4.5

Cung nh RIP, IGRP s dung IP broadcast e lu chuyen thong tin ve routing gia cac router. Tuy nhien IGRP khong da tren UDP hay TCP ma da tren cac transport protocol cua chnh no e lien ket cac thong tin ve routing. giong nh UDP, IGRP khong co c che phan hoi.

Do khong co nhieu version nh RIP, cau hnh IGRP ch co 2 bc:

1. Cho phep router s dung IGRP: dung lenh router igrp process-id, process-id la mot so nguyen co the nhan gia tr bat ky t 1 en 65535 co nhiem vu phan biet cac tien trnh khac nhau cua IGRP tren cung mot router.

2. Xac nh network va cac interface chu anh hng cua IGRP: tng t nh RIP, IGRP dung lenh network network vi phng phap tng t.

Hnh 4.6: V du ve IGRP.

V du:

IGRProuter#configure Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.


Trang 42/94

IGRProuter(config)#router igrp 109 IGRProuter(config-router)#network 1.0.0.0 IGRProuter(config-router)#network 2.0.0.0 IGRProuter(config-router)#^Z

Xac nhan va kiem tra cau hnh routing protocol. Cac lenh sau dung e kiem tra cau hnh routing protocol tren router:

o Show ip route (a trnh bay phan tren) o Show ip protocoi: trnh bay tat ca cac gia tr ve thi gian cap nhat routing

table, thong tin ve network co lien quan tren router

Hnh 4.7: lenh show ip protocol.

o Debug ip rip: hien th cac thong tin cap nhat bi RIP, rat hu ch e xac nh nguyen nhan cua cac s co lien quan. (hnh 4.8)

Hnh 4.8: Lenh debug ip rip.


Trang 43/94

o debug ip igrp transaction [ip-address] o debug ip igrp events [ip-address] Hai lenh tren hien th cac thong tin cap nhat ve IGRP, tng t nh lenh debug ip rip a trnh bay tren.

Cau hnh default route. Trong mot so trng hp ta phai s dung cau hnh default route. Khi he thong co nhieu ket noi qua lai gia cac router, moi router phai la chon mot network goi la network mac nh (default network). Cac destination network cua packet en neu khong tm thay trong routing table se t ong c chuyen oi qua default network.

Cau lenh: Router(config)#ip default-network network-number

Hnh 4.9: V du ve default network.

4.2.4 Cau hnh mot so thong so can thiet khac.

Cac lenh can thiet co the c s dung e cau hnh router c trnh bay trong bang sau. e cac ban tham khao chung toi cung trnh bay mot so cac lenh can cau hnh cho he thong mang s dung IPX:

Lenh Mo ta

description descriptive-string Mo ta chu thch cho interface

ip classless Cho phep router chuyen cac packet c hng ti mot subnet khong co trong cac network ket noi trc tiep (cung class) ti tuyen ng tot nhat. Lay v du network 10.0.0.0 vi subnet mask 255.255.255.0. Gia s rang subnet 10.1.1.0 la subnet cua interface ethernet0 (ip address


Trang 44/94

10.1.1.1/24). Gia s tiep rang neu router nhan c mot packet hng ti network 10.2.2.0 va router khong nhan ra c network o; neu khong co lenh ip classless packet se b loai bo, neu co ip classless packet se c chuyen en tuyen ng tot nhat (thng la default route)

ip subnet-zero

Cho phep router nhan cac day zero subnet la hp le.

ipx network network [encapsulation encapsulation-type [secondary]]

Lenh nay cho phep binds IPX network number va frame type cho interface. Neu khong xac nh frame type th 802.3 se la default, cac type co the gan la

novell-ether Novell Ethernet 802.3

arpa Novell Ethernet II

sap IEEE 802.2

snap IEEE 802.2 SNAP

secondary dung trong trng hp co nhieu hn 1 network IPX. Trong v du Atlanta co 02 network IPX 100 s dung frame 902.2 va IPX network 101 s dung frame 802.3.

ipx route network network.node

Lenh nay xac nh che o static IPX route. Trng au tien xac nh IPX network nuber cua ch. Trng th hai xac nh IPX address cua netx hop. Thong thng vi che o dynamic, routing information se c t ong cap nhat thong qua ip protocol (IPX RIP/SAP), tuy nhien trong trng hp nay do routing protocol a b disable ta phai xac nh cu the bang tay thong qua internal va external network number.

ipx router rip Khi ong IPX RIP/SAP routing engine.

ipx routing [node-address] Khi ong IPX RIP/SAP routing engine, node-address xac nh a ch IPX cua cong serial cua router

Neu khong co node-address router se t dongtm kiem cho qua trnh routing.

ipx sap service-type name network.node IPX-socket hop-count

Dung trong static route nham xac nh loai dch vu, (4=file service, name la ten Server cua mang ch, network.node la IPX address cua Server, IPX-socket la IPX-socket number, hop-count la so hop en serverce. 2000 ay la internal IPX network number cua file server,


Trang 45/94

0000.0000.0001 la internal node number cua file server.

ipx sap-interval interval interval xac nh chu trnh router gi IPX SAP en cac interface. Default la 1 phut, interval=0 ngha la disable.

no auto-summary Tat che o auto-summarization cua router.

no ip domain-lookup Tat che o tm kiem trong domain (phan giai ten)

no ip routing Tat che o IP routing.

no network network Loai bo mot IPX network number trong qua trnhIPX RIP routing broadcast.

YZ


Trang 46/94

4.3 Th du cu the.

Cac th du cu the sau se minh hoa cho phan ly thuyet c trnh bay phan tren. Vi muc ch cung cap nhieu v du minh hoa va giup cac ban co the tham khao chung toi trnh bay them mot so v du ve cach cau hnh cac lien ket leased line cho cac he thong mang co s dung protocol IPX. Cac cau lenh ve IPX co the tham khao t phan tren.

4.3.1 IP only

Static Atlanta Router Configuration version 11.2 service udp-small-servers service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Atlanta ! enable secret cisco ! ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.0.0.0 ! interface Serial0 description Leased Line to Boston ip unnumbered Ethernet0 ** encapsulation hdlc la gia tr mac nh, neu s dung cac router khac Cicso bo sung lenh encapsulation ppp ** ! ip http server ip classless ip route 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Serial0 ! line con 0 password console login line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password telnet login !

end

Boston Router Configuration version 11.2 service udp-small-servers service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Boston ! enable secret cisco ! ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 20.1.1.1 255.0.0.0 ! interface Serial0 description Leased Line to Atlanta ip unnumbered Ethernet0 ! ip http server ip classless ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Serial0 ! line con 0 password console login line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password telnet login ! end

Dynamic


Trang 47/94

Atlanta Router Configuration version 11.2 service udp-small-servers service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Atlanta ! enable secret cisco ! ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.0.0.0 ! interface Serial0 description Leased Line to Boston ip unnumbered Ethernet0 ** encapsulation hdlc la gia tr mac nh, neu s dung cac router khac Cicso bo sung lenh encapsulation ppp ** ! router rip version 2 network 10.0.0.0 no auto-summary ! ip http server ip classless ! line con 0 password console login line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password telnet login ! end

Boston Router Configuration version 11.2 service udp-small-servers service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Boston ! enable secret cisco ! ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 20.1.1.1 255.0.0.0 ! interface Serial0 description Leased Line to Atlanta ip unnumbered Ethernet0 ! router rip version 2 network 20.0.0.0 no auto-summary ! ip http server ip classless ! line con 0 password console login line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password telnet login ! end


Trang 48/94

4.3.2 IPX only

Static

Atlanta Router Configuration version 11.2 service udp-small-servers service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Atlanta ! enable secret cisco ! ipx routing 0000.0caa.1111 ! interface Ethernet0 no ip address ipx network 100 encapsulation SAP ipx network 101 encapsulation NOVELL-ETHER secondary ! interface Serial0 description Leased Line to Boston no ip address ** encapsulation hdlc la gia tr mac nh, neu s dung cac router khac Cicso bo sung lenh encapsulation ppp ** ipx network AAAA ipx sap-interval 0 ! ipx route 200 AAAA.0000.0cbb.2222 ipx route 2000 AAAA.0000.0cbb.2222 ! ipx router rip no network AAAA ! ipx sap 4 BostonFS 2000.0000.0000.0001 451 2 ! line con 0 password console login line aux 0 line vty 0 4 login !

Boston Router Configuration version 11.2 service udp-small-servers service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Boston ! enable secret cisco ! ipx routing 0000.0cbb.2222 ! interface Ethernet0 no ip address ipx network 200 ! interface Serial0 description Leased Line to Atlanta no ip address ipx network AAAA ipx sap-interval 0 ! ipx route 100 AAAA.0000.0caa.1111 ipx route 1000 AAAA.0000.0caa.1111 ! ipx router rip no network AAAA ! ipx sap 4 AtlantaFS 1000.0000.0000.0001 451 2 ! line con 0 password console login line aux 0 line vty 0 4 login ! end


Trang 49/94

end

Dynamic

Atlanta Router Configuration version 11.2 service udp-small-servers service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Atlanta ! enable secret cisco ! ipx routing 0000.0caa.1111 ! interface Ethernet0 no ip address ipx network 100 encapsulation SAP ipx network 101 encapsulation NOVELL-ETHER secondary ! interface Serial0 description Leased Line to Boston no ip address ** encapsulation hdlc la gia tr mac nh, neu s dung cac router khac Cicso bo sung lenh encapsulation ppp ** ipx network AAAA ! line con 0 password console login line aux 0 line vty 0 4 login end

Boston Router Configuration version 11.2 service udp-small-servers service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Boston ! enable secret cisco ! ipx routing 0000.0cbb.2222 ! interface Ethernet0 no ip address ipx network 200 ! interface Serial0 description Leased Line to Atlanta no ip address ipx network AAAA ! line con 0 password console login line aux 0 line vty 0 4 login ! end


Trang 50/94

4.3.3 IP & IPX

Static Atlanta Router Configuration version 11.2 service udp-small-servers service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Atlanta ! enable secret cisco ! ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ipx routing 0000.0caa.1111 ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.0.0.0 ipx network 100 encapsulation SAP ipx network 101 encapsulation NOVELL-ETHER secondary ! interface Serial0 description Leased Line to Boston ip unnumbered Ethernet0 ** encapsulation hdlc la gia tr mac nh, neu s dung cac router khac Cicso bo sung lenh encapsulation ppp ** ipx network AAAA ipx sap-interval 0 ! ip http server ip classless ip route 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Serial0 ! ipx route 200 AAAA.0000.0cbb.2222 ipx route 2000 AAAA.0000.0cbb.2222 ! ipx router rip no network AAAA ! ipx sap 4 BostonFS 2000.0000.0000.0001 451 2 ! line con 0

Boston Router Configuration version 11.2 service udp-small-servers service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Boston ! enable secret cisco ! ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ipx routing 0000.0cbb.2222 ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 20.1.1.1 255.0.0.0 ipx network 200 ! interface Serial0 description Leased Line to Atlanta ip unnumbered Ethernet0 ipx network AAAA ipx sap-interval 0 ! ip http server ip classless ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Serial0 ! ipx route 100 AAAA.0000.0caa.1111 ipx route 1000 AAAA.0000.0caa.1111 ! ipx router rip no network AAAA ! ipx sap 4 AtlantaFS 1000.0000.0000.0001 451 2 ! line con 0 password console login line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password telnet


Trang 51/94

password console login line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password telnet login end

login ! end

Dynamic

Atlanta Router Configuration version 11.2 service udp-small-servers service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Atlanta ! enable secret cisco ! ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ipx routing 0000.0caa.1111 ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.0.0.0 ipx network 100 encapsulation SAP ipx network 101 encapsulation NOVELL-ETHER secondary ! interface Serial0 description Leased Line to Boston ip unnumbered Ethernet0 ** encapsulation hdlc la gia tr mac nh, neu s dung cac router khac Cicso bo sung lenh encapsulation ppp ** ipx network AAAA ! router rip version 2 network 10.0.0.0 no auto-summary ! ip http server ip classless ! line con 0 password console

Boston Router Configuration version 11.2 service udp-small-servers service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Boston ! enable secret cisco ! ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ipx routing 0000.0cbb.2222 ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 20.1.1.1 255.0.0.0 ipx network 200 ! interface Serial0 description Leased Line to Atlanta ip unnumbered Ethernet0 ipx network AAAA ! router rip version 2 network 20.0.0.0 no auto-summary ! ip http server ip classless ! line con 0 password console login line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password telnet login


Trang 52/94

login line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password telnet login ! end

! end

YZ


Trang 53/94

4.4 Khac phuc s co:

Mot so thong bao s co thng gap va cach giai quyet s co c trnh bay trong bang sau:

(trang thai lien ket c tm thay bang lenh show interface interface trong o interface la ten cua interface ket noi vi ng leased line).

Trang thai cua lien ket

Nguyen nhan Cach khac phuc

Serial x is down, line protocol is down.

Router khong nhan c tn hien carrier detect (CD) do mot trong cac nguyen nhan sau:

ng ket noi cua nha cung cap b down hay khong ket noi vao DSU/CSU

Cap ket noi vao router b hong hay sai.

Phan cng cua DSU/CSU b hong

Phan cng cua router b hong

Kiem tra en LED cua DSU/CSU e xac nh tn hieu CD.

Lien lac vi nha cung cap ng truyen

Xem lai tai lieu hng dan xem cach ket noi cap va loai cap a s dung ung hai cha.

Ket noi vao cac interface khac.

Serial x is up, line protocol is down.

Cac s co co the xay ra la:

Cau hnh sai gia hai router hai au

Remote router khong gi keepalive packet.

Truc trac ng leased line.

serial clock transmit external khong c set tren DSU/CSU.

Local hay remote DSU/CSU b hong phan cng

Router b hong phan cng

Thc hien viec kiem tra DSU/CSU loopback. Trong qua trnh loopback go lenh show interface serial x, neu line protocol chuyen sang trang thai up, th loi thuoc nha cung cap dch vu hay do remote router b down

Xem lai tai lieu hng dan xem cach ket noi cap va loai cap a s dung ung hai cha..

Ket noi vao cac interface khac.

Kiem tra lai cau hnh.

Serial x is up, line protocol is up (looped).

Gay nen do trang thai lap cua ng truyen.

Dung lenh show running config e xem xet co interface nao b cau hnh di dang loop hay khong. Neu co, bo trang thai nay i.


Trang 54/94

Kiem tra xem DSU/CSU co trang thai loop hay khong, neu co, bo trang thai may i..

Reset DSU/CSU. Neu tat ca cac bc tren

khong giai quyet c s co, lien lac vi nha cung cap ng truyen.

Serial x is administratively down, line protocol is up.

Cac nguyen nhan:

interface a b disable bang lenh shutdown

Cac interface dung chung a ch IP hay IPX.

Dung lenh show running config e xem xet co interface nao b shudown hay khong, neu co dung lenh no shutdown e enable interface.

Dung lenh show interface e hien th cac IP address cua tat ca cac interface. Dung lenh ip address e gan cac a ch lai cho cac interface neu co hien tng trung a ch.

YZ


Trang 55/94

5 Cau hnh router cho cac lien ket dial-up.

5.1 Gii thieu ve Dial-up

5.1.1 Dial-up la g?

Thuat ng dial-up la khai niem quen thuoc oi vi nhieu ngi. Nhat la khi internet tr nen pho bien, dial-up c rat nhieu ngi s dung e ket noi vao he thong thong tin toan cau nay. Khai niem ve dial up nhn theo goc o chuyen mon n gian la mot phng phap noi ket trong o ngi s dung phai quay so (dial) ti so cua ch ma ngi o muon ket noi. Hai moi trng ho tr cho dial-up la PSTN va ISDN (Mang ien thoai cong cong va mang tch hp dch vu so).

Dial-up co the giup ket noi mot ngi dung xa vao he thong LAN, ket noi LAN-to-LAN hay dung lam ng backup cho cac ng lien ket leased line, X25 hay Frame Relay.

Dial-up la phng phap ket noi co chi ph thap va tien dung, co the thc hien moi luc, moi ni. Nhc iem cua dial-up la toc o va o tin cay khong cao nh cac cong nghe khac.

Phng phap Dial-up hien nay thng da vao giao thc truyen thong PPP (point-to-point protocol).

5.1.2 Cac trng hp s dung Dial-up

Router-router Dial-up Trng hp nay dung khi hai he thong mang LAN ket noi vi nhau. Trong thc te trng hp nay thng c s dung cho viec noi ket lien lac gia cac chi nhanh cua cung mot cong ty khi cac chi nhanh nay c at cac khu vc khac nhau, trong khi khong co ieu kien lap at cac lien ket rieng hay nhu cau chuyen tai d lieu tren ket noi khong cao, khong thng xuyen.

e 2 LAN ket noi c vi nhau bang phng phap Dial-up dung router th moi LAN phai co mot router noi vi mot modem. Hai modem cua 2 LAN nay thong qua mot moi trng truyen thong (mang ien thoai hay ISDN) e ket noi vi nhau.

Hnh sau mo ta 2 router 1 va 2 lien lac vi nhau qua 2 modem

Hnh 5.1: router-to-router dial-up.

Remote user-Central Dial-up Mot v du dung trng hp nay tren thc te la cac nhan vien truy cap vao mang cua cong ty khi nhan vien khong the trc tiep cong ty v cac ly do nh i cong tac hoac lam viec tai nha.


Trang 56/94

V du khac la viec truy cap internet bang dial-up, khi o cac user s dung mdem e dial-up vao he thong mang cua ISP trc khi co the truy cap vao internet thong qua ISP o.

e mot ngi dung co the truy cap c mot he thong mang LAN bang dial-up th may tnh cua ngi dung can phai ket noi vi modem, va router cua mang LAN ma ngi dung truy cap vao cung c gan t nhat 1 modem. (xem hnh ve)

Hnh 5.2: remote user-to-router dial-up.

Back-up bang ng Dial-up Hai he thong mang LAN ket noi vi nhau thong qua cac lien ket synchronous (leased line, Frame Relay, X25) co the dung giai phap Back-up bang dial-up lam giai phap d phong trong trng hp lien ket chnh gap s co.

Hnh di ay mo phong mot mo hnh vi ng dial-up lam back-up

Hnh 5.3: backup dung dial-up

Trong cac phan trnh bay sau, chung toi se trnh bay cach cau hnh Cisco router cho cac trng hp cu the.

YZ


Trang 57/94

5.2 Cac khai niem can biet trong Dial-up

5.2.1 Analog

La mot dang tn hieu ien lien tuc, co gia tr bien thien trong khoang 0 1 hay 1 1 (trong o 1 tng trng cho cac gia tr ien the khac nhau oi vi tng loai tn hieu) . Tn hien nay khac vi tn hieu so (ch co 2 gia tr la 0 va 1).

Hnh sau la dang cua tn hieu so :

Hnh 5.4: tn hieu digital

Va hnh sau la dang cua mot tn hieu analog :

Hnh 5.5: tn hieu analog

5.2.2 Asynchronous

Truyen bat ong bo (asynchronous) khong s dung xung ong ho e ong bo qua trnh truyen nhan. Noi cach khac truyen bat ong bo khong co kha nang thay oi toc o cua ng ket noi e phu hp vi trang thai cua ket noi o. Trong ket noi bat ong bo khong he co cac bit c truyen khi lien ket ang trong trang thai idle. Vi cach truyen bat ong bo cac goi tin c ong goi them vao o cac bit ieu khien (goi la

ccna tieng viet

Documents