chapter 67
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Chapter 67. Review of the Immune System. Review of the Immune System. Two types of immune responses Natural immunity (innate) Specific acquired immunity Cell-mediated Antibody-mediated: humoral. Immune System: Cells. B lymphocytes (B cells) Make antibodies Cytolytic T lymphocytes - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 67
Review of the Immune System
2Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Review of the Immune System Two types of immune responses
Natural immunity (innate) Specific acquired immunity
• Cell-mediated• Antibody-mediated: humoral
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Immune System: Cells B lymphocytes (B cells)
Make antibodies Cytolytic T lymphocytes
Cytolytic T cells, CD8 cells Do not produce antibodies Attack and kill target cells directly
Helper T lymphocytes Helper T cells, CD4 cells
• Antibody production by B cells• Promote delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)• Activation of cytolytic T cells
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Immune System: Cells Helper T lymphocytes
Helper T cells, CD4 cells• Required for an effective immune response• Antibody production by B cells• Promote DTH• Activation of cytolytic T cells
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Immune System: Cells Macrophages
Begin in bone marrow, enter blood as monocytes, and infiltrate tissues, where they evolve into macrophages
Principal scavengers of the body Specific acquired immunity
• Activation of T cells• Final mediators of DTH• Phagocytize cells tagged with antibodies
Also play key roles in natural immunity and inflammation
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Fig. 67–1. Maturation of blood cells.
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Immune System: Cells Dendritic cells Mast cells and basophils
Mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
Phagocytize bacteria and other foreign particles Eosinophils
Attack and destroy foreign particles that have been coated with antibodies of the immunoglobulin (Ig)E class
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Antibodies Alternative names
Immunoglobulins Gamma globulins
Family of structurally related glycoproteins Mediate humoral immunity Recognize and bind with specific antigens Produced by B lymphocytes Five classes of antibodies
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM
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Fig. 67–2. Antibody structure.
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Antigens Molecules that induce specific immune
responses May trigger production of antibodies or
cytotoxic T cells, or both Antibodies recognize and bind selected small
portions of the antigen More than one antibody can bind to the
antigen
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Fig. 67–3. Memory and time limitation of immune responses.
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Characteristic Features of the Immune Response
Specificity Immune responses are triggered by specific antigens
Diversity Millions of different antigenic determinants
Memory Exposure to an antigen affects the immune system such that
re-exposure produces a faster, larger, and more prolonged response
Time limitation Selectivity for antigens of nonself origin
Targets only foreign antigens (normal conditions)
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Phases of the Immune Response Recognition phase
Antigen recognition by B cells and T cells Activation phase
Proliferation Differentiation of activated lymphocytes
Effector phase Elimination of antigen
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Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity
Production of antibodies Interaction of three types of cells
• B cells Make antibodies
• Helper T cells (CD4 cells) Stimulate B cells
• Antigen-presenting cells (macrophage or dendritic)
Activate CD4 cells
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Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity
Antibody effector mechanisms Opsonization of bacteria Activation of the complement system Neutralization of viruses and bacterial toxins
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Fig. 67–4. Major events in antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity.
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Cell-Mediated Immunity Two branches
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)• Activation of helper T cells• Activation of macrophages
Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs, CD8 cells)• Activation of cytolytic T cells• Recognition of virally infected target cells• Mechanism of cell kill
Binding of a CTL to its target cell Release of mediators that kill the target
• Cause target cell lysis
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Fig. 67–5. Cell-mediated immunity: delayed-type hypersensitivity.
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Fig. 67–6. Cell-mediated immunity: cytolytic T cells.