computers - gotop.com.t · chapter 3 資料表示法 chapter 4 數位 邏輯設計 chapter 5...
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簡易目錄
導論CHAPTER 1
數字系統CHAPTER 2
資料表示法CHAPTER 3
數位邏輯設計CHAPTER 4
計算機組織CHAPTER 5
系統程式CHAPTER 6
作業系統CHAPTER 7
網路通訊CHAPTER 8
網際網路CHAPTER 9
資訊安全與隱私權CHAPTER 10
程式語言CHAPTER 11
軟體工程CHAPTER 12
資料結構CHAPTER 13
演算法CHAPTER 14
檔案與資料庫CHAPTER 15
電子商務CHAPTER 16
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目 錄
導論CHAPTER 1
1-1 電腦的發展史 .................................................................................................... 1-2
1-2 電腦的類型 ....................................................................................................... 1-6
1-3 電腦的組成 ...................................................................................................... 1-10
1-3-1 硬體...................................................................................................... 1-10
1-3-2 軟體...................................................................................................... 1-12
1-4 電腦如何完成任務 .......................................................................................... 1-14
數字系統CHAPTER 2
2-1 電腦的基本單位 ................................................................................................ 2-2
2-2 數字系統 ............................................................................................................ 2-5
2-2-1 將二、八、十六進位數字轉換成十進位數字 ................................ 2-7
2-2-2 將十進位數字轉換成二、八、十六進位數字 ................................ 2-8
2-2-3 將八或十六進位數字轉換成二進位數字 .......................................2-11
2-2-4 將二進位數字轉換成八或十六進位數字 ...................................... 2-12
2-3 整數表示法 ...................................................................................................... 2-13
2-4 數值算術運算 .................................................................................................. 2-15
2-4-1 加法 .................................................................................................. 2-15
2-4-2 減法 .................................................................................................. 2-17
2-4-3 乘法 .................................................................................................. 2-20
2-4-4 除法 .................................................................................................. 2-20
2-5 數碼系統 .......................................................................................................... 2-21
2-5-1 BCD碼 ............................................................................................ 2-21
2-5-2 2421碼 ............................................................................................. 2-21
2-5-3 84-2-1碼 .......................................................................................... 2-22
2-5-4 超三碼 .............................................................................................. 2-22
2-5-5 二五碼 .............................................................................................. 2-23
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2-5-6 五取二碼 .......................................................................................... 2-23
2-5-7 葛雷碼 .............................................................................................. 2-24
2-6 浮點數表示法 .................................................................................................. 2-26
資料表示法CHAPTER 3
3-1 文字表示法 ........................................................................................................ 3-2
3-2 圖形表示法 ........................................................................................................ 3-4
3-2-1 點陣圖 ................................................................................................ 3-4
3-2-2 向量圖 ................................................................................................ 3-8
3-3 聲音表示法 ........................................................................................................ 3-9
3-4 視訊表示法 .......................................................................................................3-11
3-5 資料壓縮 .......................................................................................................... 3-13
3-5-1 變動長度編碼 .................................................................................. 3-13
3-5-2 霍夫曼碼 .......................................................................................... 3-14
3-5-3 LZ編碼 ............................................................................................ 3-15
3-6 誤差與錯誤檢查 .............................................................................................. 3-17
3-6-1 同位位元檢查 .................................................................................. 3-17
3-6-2 循環冗餘碼（CRC） ........................................................................ 3-19
3-6-3 錯誤更正碼（ECC） ........................................................................ 3-20
3-6-4 漢明碼檢查 ...................................................................................... 3-21
數位邏輯設計CHAPTER 4
4-1 邏輯電路 ............................................................................................................ 4-2
4-2 布林代數 ............................................................................................................ 4-4
4-2-1 真值表 ................................................................................................ 4-4
4-2-2 文氏圖 ................................................................................................ 4-6
4-2-3 布林代數恆等式 ................................................................................ 4-8
4-3 邏輯閘 .............................................................................................................. 4-12
4-3-1 AND閘 ............................................................................................ 4-12
4-3-2 OR閘 ............................................................................................... 4-13
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4-3-3 NOT閘 ............................................................................................ 4-13
4-3-4 XOR閘 ............................................................................................ 4-13
4-3-5 NAND閘 ......................................................................................... 4-14
4-3-6 NOR閘 ............................................................................................ 4-16
4-3-7 XNOR閘 ......................................................................................... 4-16
4-3-8 多重輸入邏輯閘 .............................................................................. 4-16
4-4 邏輯簡化 .......................................................................................................... 4-17
4-4-1 標準形式 .......................................................................................... 4-17
4-4-2 卡諾圖 .............................................................................................. 4-22
4-5 組合電路 .......................................................................................................... 4-31
4-5-1 分析組合電路 .................................................................................. 4-31
4-5-2 設計組合電路 .................................................................................. 4-34
4-6 常見的組合電路 .............................................................................................. 4-40
4-6-1 半加法器 .......................................................................................... 4-40
4-6-2 全加法器 .......................................................................................... 4-41
4-6-3 乘法器 .............................................................................................. 4-43
4-6-4 解碼器 .............................................................................................. 4-45
4-6-5 編碼器 .............................................................................................. 4-46
4-6-6 多工器 .............................................................................................. 4-47
計算機組織CHAPTER 5
5-1 系統單元 ............................................................................................................ 5-2
5-2 中央處理器（CPU） .......................................................................................... 5-4
5-2-1 控制單元 （CU） ................................................................................. 5-5
5-2-2 算術邏輯單元 （ALU） ...................................................................... 5-6
5-2-3 暫存器 ................................................................................................ 5-6
5-2-4 電腦的效能 ........................................................................................ 5-8
5-2-5 CPU相關規格 ................................................................................. 5-10
5-2-6 機器語言 .......................................................................................... 5-12
5-2-7 機器循環週期 .................................................................................. 5-14
5-3 CPU的設計架構與技術 ................................................................................. 5-16
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5-3-1 CISC V.S. RISC ............................................................................... 5-16
5-3-2 管線 .................................................................................................. 5-17
5-3-3 超純量處理器 .................................................................................. 5-19
5-3-4 平行處理 .......................................................................................... 5-20
5-4 記憶體 .............................................................................................................. 5-21
5-4-1 記憶體的種類 .................................................................................. 5-21
5-4-2 記憶體的階層 .................................................................................. 5-22
5-4-3 主記憶體的定址方式 ...................................................................... 5-22
5-5 電腦與週邊通訊 .............................................................................................. 5-24
5-6 輸入 /輸出的定址方式 .................................................................................. 5-28
5-6-1 隔離 I/O ........................................................................................... 5-28
5-6-2 記憶體映射 I/O ............................................................................... 5-28
5-7 輸入 /輸出介面 .............................................................................................. 5-29
5-7-1 程式控制 I/O ................................................................................... 5-30
5-7-2 中斷式 I/O ....................................................................................... 5-30
5-7-3 直接記憶體存取 （DMA） ............................................................... 5-31
5-8 輸入裝置 .......................................................................................................... 5-32
5-9 輸出裝置 .......................................................................................................... 5-33
5-10 儲存裝置 .......................................................................................................... 5-34
5-10-1 硬碟 .................................................................................................. 5-35
5-10-2 磁帶 .................................................................................................. 5-39
5-10-3 光學儲存裝置 ................................................................................ 5-40
5-10-4 企業儲存系統 .................................................................................. 5-43
5-10-5 固定狀態儲存裝置 .......................................................................... 5-44
系統程式CHAPTER 6
6-1 軟體的類型 ........................................................................................................ 6-2
6-2 系統程式的類型 ................................................................................................ 6-3
6-3 組譯程式 ............................................................................................................ 6-5
6-4 連結程式 /載入程式 ........................................................................................ 6-7
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6-5 巨集處理程式 .................................................................................................... 6-8
6-6 編譯程式 .......................................................................................................... 6-10
6-6-1 直譯程式 ...........................................................................................6-11
6-6-2 P-Code編譯程式 ............................................................................. 6-12
6.7 程式的執行過程 .............................................................................................. 6-14
作業系統CHAPTER 7
7-1 認識作業系統 .................................................................................................... 7-2
7-1-1 作業系統的功能 ................................................................................ 7-2
7-1-2 作業系統的各個元件 ........................................................................ 7-3
7-1-3 作業系統的啟動方式 ........................................................................ 7-4
7-2 作業系統的演進 ................................................................................................ 7-5
7-2-1 批次處理系統 .................................................................................... 7-5
7-2-2 多元程式處理 .................................................................................... 7-5
7-2-3 分時系統 ............................................................................................ 7-6
7-2-4 個人電腦 ............................................................................................ 7-7
7-2-5 多處理器系統 .................................................................................... 7-7
7-2-6 分散式系統 ........................................................................................ 7-8
7-2-7 叢集式系統 ........................................................................................ 7-8
7-2-8 即時系統 ............................................................................................ 7-8
7-2-9 手持系統 ............................................................................................ 7-8
7-3 記憶體管理 ........................................................................................................ 7-9
7-3-1 單一程式處理 .................................................................................... 7-9
7-3-2 固定分割法 ...................................................................................... 7-10
7-3-3 動態分割法 .......................................................................................7-11
7-3-4 分頁法 .............................................................................................. 7-13
7-3-5 分段法 .............................................................................................. 7-16
7-3-6 虛擬記憶體 ...................................................................................... 7-17
7-3-7 需求分頁法 ...................................................................................... 7-18
7-4 行程管理元件 .................................................................................................. 7-19
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7-4-1 行程狀態圖 ...................................................................................... 7-19
7-4-2 CPU排程的演算法 ......................................................................... 7-22
7-5 磁碟管理元件 .................................................................................................. 7-26
網路通訊CHAPTER 8
8-1 網路類型 ............................................................................................................ 8-2
8-1-1 區域網路（LAN） ............................................................................. 8-3
8-1-2 廣域網路（WAN） ............................................................................ 8-4
8-1-3 都會網路（MAN） ............................................................................ 8-5
8-1-4 互聯網 ................................................................................................ 8-6
8-1-5 無線網路 ............................................................................................ 8-6
8-2 主從式網路 V.S.對等式網路 ........................................................................... 8-7
8-3 OSI參考模型 .................................................................................................... 8-9
8-4 網路拓樸 .......................................................................................................... 8-14
8-4-1 匯流排拓樸 ...................................................................................... 8-14
8-4-2 星狀拓樸 .......................................................................................... 8-14
8-4-3 環狀拓樸 .......................................................................................... 8-15
8-4-4 網狀拓樸 .......................................................................................... 8-16
8-4-5 混合式拓樸 ...................................................................................... 8-17
8-5 網路傳輸媒介 .................................................................................................. 8-18
8-5-1 雙絞線 .............................................................................................. 8-18
8-5-2 同軸纜線 .......................................................................................... 8-19
8-5-3 光纖 .................................................................................................. 8-20
8-5-4 無線電 .............................................................................................. 8-21
8-5-5 微波 .................................................................................................. 8-22
8-5-6 紅外線 .............................................................................................. 8-23
8-5-7 雷射 .................................................................................................. 8-23
8-6 媒介存取控制 .................................................................................................. 8-24
8-6-1 CSMA/CD........................................................................................ 8-24
8-6-2 Token Ring ....................................................................................... 8-24
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8-6-3 CSMA/CA ........................................................................................ 8-25
8-7 常見的網路設備 .............................................................................................. 8-26
8-7-1 數據機 .............................................................................................. 8-26
8-7-2 網路卡 .............................................................................................. 8-26
8-7-3 中繼器 .............................................................................................. 8-27
8-7-4 集線器 .............................................................................................. 8-27
8-7-5 橋接器 .............................................................................................. 8-28
8-7-6 路由器 .............................................................................................. 8-28
8-7-7 閘道器 .............................................................................................. 8-29
8-7-8 交換器 .............................................................................................. 8-29
8-8 常見的區域網路標準 ...................................................................................... 8-30
8-9 無線網路 .......................................................................................................... 8-32
8-9-1 無線個人網路（WPAN） ................................................................ 8-32
8-9-2 無線區域網路（WLAN） ................................................................ 8-34
8-9-3 無線都會網路（WMAN） .............................................................. 8-36
8-10 行動通訊 .......................................................................................................... 8-38
8-10-1 第一代行動通訊－類比聲音 .......................................................... 8-38
8-10-2 第二代行動通訊－數位聲音 .......................................................... 8-39
8-10-3 第三代行動通訊－數位聲音與資料 .............................................. 8-42
8-10-4 B3G（後 3G時代） ......................................................................... 8-42
8-11 3G/3.5G/3.75G無線寬頻上網 ........................................................................ 8-43
網際網路CHAPTER 9
9-1 TCP/IP參考模型 ............................................................................................... 9-2
9-2 寬頻上網的方式 ................................................................................................ 9-4
9-3 實用的 Internet資源 ......................................................................................... 9-6
9-4 Internet命名規則 ............................................................................................ 9-12
9-4-1 IP位址 ............................................................................................. 9-12
9-4-2 網域名稱系統（DNS） .................................................................... 9-16
9-5 全球資訊網 ...................................................................................................... 9-17
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9-6 網頁設計 .......................................................................................................... 9-19
9-6-1 建置網站的流程 .............................................................................. 9-19
9-6-2 從事網頁設計所需的程式語言 ...................................................... 9-21
資訊安全與隱私權CHAPTER 10
10-1 資訊安全 .......................................................................................................... 10-2
10-1-1 身份認證 .......................................................................................... 10-3
10-1-2 硬體竊盜 .......................................................................................... 10-5
10-1-3 軟體竊盜 .......................................................................................... 10-5
10-1-4 資訊竊盜 .......................................................................................... 10-5
10-1-5 加密 /解密（秘密金鑰與公開金鑰） ............................................ 10-6
10-1-6 數位簽章 .......................................................................................... 10-8
10-1-7 Web安全 ........................................................................................10-11
10-1-8 備份與復原 .................................................................................... 10-14
10-2 電腦病毒 ........................................................................................................ 10-16
10-2-1 電腦病毒的生命週期 .................................................................... 10-17
10-2-2 電腦病毒的傳染途徑 .................................................................... 10-18
10-2-3 電腦病毒的類型 ............................................................................ 10-19
10-2-4 電腦病毒的防治方法 .................................................................... 10-26
10-3 電腦犯罪 ........................................................................................................ 10-27
10-3-1 電腦犯罪的手法 ............................................................................ 10-27
10-3-2 電腦犯罪的類型與刑責 ................................................................ 10-30
10-3-3 電腦犯罪的蒐證與起訴 ................................................................ 10-33
10-4 資訊隱私權 .................................................................................................... 10-34
程式語言CHAPTER 11
11-1 程式語言的演進 ...............................................................................................11-2
11-1-1 第一代語言－機器語言 ...................................................................11-2
11-1-2 第二代語言－組合語言 ...................................................................11-2
11-1-3 第三代語言－高階語言 ...................................................................11-3
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11-1-4 第四代語言－超高階語言 ...............................................................11-4
11-1-5 第五代語言－自然語言 ...................................................................11-4
11-2 程式語言的分類 ...............................................................................................11-5
11-2-1 命令式 ...............................................................................................11-6
11-2-2 函數式 .............................................................................................11-10
11-2-3 邏輯式 .............................................................................................11-12
11-2-4 物件導向式 .....................................................................................11-13
11-3 程式語言的設計 .............................................................................................11-18
11-4 程式設計的過程 .............................................................................................11-27
軟體工程CHAPTER 12
12-1 軟體生命週期 .................................................................................................. 12-2
12-1-1 軟體開發第一階段－分析 .............................................................. 12-3
12-1-2 軟體開發第二階段－設計 .............................................................. 12-6
12-1-3 軟體開發第三階段－建置 .............................................................. 12-8
12-1-4 軟體開發第四階段－測試 .............................................................. 12-9
12-2 模組化 .............................................................................................................12-11
12-2-1 耦合力 ............................................................................................ 12-12
12-2-2 凝聚力 ............................................................................................ 12-13
12-3 軟體開發過程模式 ........................................................................................ 12-14
12-3-1 瀑布模式 ........................................................................................ 12-14
12-3-2 漸進模式 ........................................................................................ 12-14
資料結構CHAPTER 13
13-1 陣列 .................................................................................................................. 13-2
13-2 鏈結串列 .......................................................................................................... 13-7
13-3 堆疊 .................................................................................................................13-11
13-4 佇列 ................................................................................................................ 13-14
13-5 樹 .................................................................................................................... 13-18
13-5-1 二元樹 ............................................................................................ 13-19
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13-5-2 二元搜尋樹 .................................................................................... 13-24
13-5-3 堆積 ................................................................................................ 13-25
13-5-4 運算式樹 ........................................................................................ 13-28
13-5-5 霍夫曼樹 ........................................................................................ 13-29
13-6 圖形 ................................................................................................................ 13-31
13-6-1 圖形走訪 ........................................................................................ 13-36
13-6-2 最小成本擴張樹 ............................................................................ 13-38
演算法CHAPTER 14
14-1 認識演算法 ...................................................................................................... 14-2
14-2 構思演算法 ...................................................................................................... 14-3
14-3 演算法的結構 .................................................................................................. 14-7
14-3 演算法的表示方式 .......................................................................................... 14-8
14-3-1 流程圖 .............................................................................................. 14-8
14-3-2 虛擬碼 .............................................................................................. 14-9
14-5 反覆與遞迴 .....................................................................................................14-11
14-6 演算法的技巧 ................................................................................................ 14-14
14-7 搜尋演算法 .................................................................................................... 14-16
14-8 排序演算法 .................................................................................................... 14-18
14-8-1 插入排序 ........................................................................................ 14-18
14-8-2 氣泡排序 ........................................................................................ 14-20
14-8-3 快速排序 ........................................................................................ 14-22
14-9 分析演算法 .................................................................................................... 14-25
檔案與資料庫CHAPTER 15
15-1 認識檔案 .......................................................................................................... 15-2
15-2 檔案存取方式 .................................................................................................. 15-4
15-2-1 循序檔案 .......................................................................................... 15-5
15-2-2 索引檔案 .......................................................................................... 15-6
15-2-3 雜湊檔案 .......................................................................................... 15-8
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15-3 認識資料庫 .................................................................................................... 15-10
15-3-1 資料 V.S. 資訊 V.S. 資料庫 .......................................................... 15-10
15-3-2 資料的階層架構 ............................................................................ 15-10
15-3-3 資料庫的架構 ................................................................................ 15-12
15-3-4 資料庫管理系統（DBMS） .......................................................... 15-12
15-3-5 分散式資料庫 ................................................................................ 15-18
15-3-6 檔案處理系統 V.S. 資料庫管理系統 ........................................... 15-19
15-4 資料庫模式 .................................................................................................... 15-22
15-4-1 階層式資料庫 ................................................................................ 15-22
15-4-2 網狀式資料庫 ................................................................................ 15-22
15-4-3 關聯式資料庫 ................................................................................ 15-23
15-4-4 物件導向式資料庫 ........................................................................ 15-28
15-4-5 多維式資料庫 ................................................................................ 15-28
電子商務CHAPTER 16
16-1 電子商務的意義 .............................................................................................. 16-2
16-2 電子商務的模式 .............................................................................................. 16-4
16-2-1 B2C .................................................................................................. 16-4
16-2-2 B2B .................................................................................................. 16-5
16-2-3 C2C .................................................................................................. 16-5
16-2-4 B2G .................................................................................................. 16-6
16-3 行動商務 .......................................................................................................... 16-7
16-4 電子付款系統 .................................................................................................. 16-8
16-4-1 現金式電子付款系統 ...................................................................... 16-8
16-4-2 預付式電子付款系統 .................................................................... 16-10
16-4-3 後付式電子付款系統 .....................................................................16-11
16-5 線上交易的安全機制 .................................................................................... 16-13
16-5-1 SSL ................................................................................................. 16-13
16-5-2 SET................................................................................................. 16-13
16-6 電子市集 ........................................................................................................ 16-15