chapter 81. 2 3 زنجیره تامین شرکت دل dell chapter 84 interorganizational...

Chapter 8 1

Chapter 8 2

Chapter 8 3

زنجیره تامین شرکت

دلDell

Chapter 8 4

Interorganizational Information System (IOS)

سیستم اطالعات بین سازمانیگردش اطالعات بین دو یا چند سازمان است

هدف اصلی: پردازش کارآمد تراکنش هایی همچون انتقال سفارشات، صورت حساب ها و حقوق کارکنان

سیستم اطالعات بین سازمانی می تواند جهانی یا منطقه

ای باشد. تنها به یک فعالیت)مانند انتقال بودجه ( اختصاص یافته یا

فعالیت های متعددی)مانند تسهیل تجارت، ارتباط و .پشتیبانی کند همکاری( را

Chapter 8 5

انواع سیستم های بین :سازمانی

:B2Bسیستم های تجاری شده این سیستم ها جهت تسهیل تجارت میان شرکا طراحی

اند. این شرکا می توانند در یک کشور یا کشورهای متعدد باشند.

:B2Bسیستم های پشتیبانی • این سیستم های غیرتجاری عبارتند از : هسته های مرکزی،

راهنماها و دیگر خدمات.

سیستم های جهانی:•سیستم های اطالعات جهانی دو یا چند شرکت را در دو یا

چند کشور به یکدیگر متصل می کنند. / سیستم رزرو خطوط Swiftهوایی / رزرواسیون هتل /

:ٍ EFTانتقال وجوه الکترونیکی•پول توسط شبکه های ارتباط از راه دور، میان مؤسسات

Swiftمالی مبادله می شود. /

پیا م رسانی یکپارچه:•

از یک سیستم انتقال واحد می توان جهت انتقال پست الکترونیکی و فکس اسناد در بین سازمان ها استفاده کرد.

• پایگاه های داده مشتر ک:گاهی اوقات شرکای تجاری از پایگاه های داده مشترک جهت کاهش مدت زمان تبادل اطالعات میان طرف های تجاری خود و تسریع همکاری ها

بهره می برند.

• سیستم های پشتیبان شرکت های مجاز ی: این سیستم های اطالعات بین سازمانی، پشتیبان شرکتهای مجاز ی می

باشند. این شرکت ها، متشکل از دو یا چند شریک تجاری در نقاط مختلف می باشند که جهت ارائه یک محصول یا خدمات ویژه، در منابع و هزینه ها

با هم شریک هستند.

Chapter 8 6

انواع سیستم های بین :سازمانی

Chapter 8 7

فناوری های پشتیبان سیستم های اطالعات جهانی

شرکت های چند ملیتی:•

، و ....IBM، SAP، Dellکوکاکوال، مک دونالد،

• شرکت های بین المللی:بوئینگ، شل، مایکروسافت،

• شرکت های مجازی جهانی:Ebay، Amazone،

Chapter 8 8

انواع شرکت ها از حیث نوع کار و :پوشش جغرافیایی

ارتباط موثر با هزینه ای معقول-

همکاری ثمربخش جهت غلبه بر اختالف -زمان و مکان و فرهنگ

- دسترسی به پایگاه داده شرکا و توانایی کار روی پروژه های یکسان با مکان

متفاوتChapter 8 9

:فواید سیستم های اطالعات جهانی

Chapter 8 10

Issues in Global IS Design

● Cultural Differences. Culture consists of the objects, values, and other characteristics of a particular society. It includes many different aspects ranging from tradition, to legal and ethical issues, to what information is considered offensive. When companies plan to do business in countries other than their own, they must consider the cultural environment.

● Localization.Many companies use different names, colors, sizes, and packaging for their overseas products and services. This practice is referred to as localization. In order to maximize the benefits of global information systems, the localization approach should also be used in the design and operation of such systems.

● Economic And Political Differences. Countries also differ considerably in their economic and political environments. One result of such variations is that the information infrastructures may differ from country to country.

● Legal Issues. Legal systems differ considerably among countries. Examples are copyrights, patents, computer crimes, file sharing, privacy, and data transfer.

Chapter 8 11

Chapter 8 12

B2B Exchanges, Hubs, and Directories

Chapter 8 13


Chapter 8 14

Chapter 8 15

• B2B ExchangesB2B Exchanges are used mainly to facilitate trading among companies.

• HubsHubs are used to facilitate communication and coordination among business partners, frequently along the supply chain.

• DirectoriesDirectories appear as B2B Information portals, which usually include catalogues of products offered by each seller, lists of buyers, and what they want, and other industry or general information.


Chapter 8 16

A virtual corporation )VC( is an organization composed of two or more business partners, in different locations, sharing costs and resources for the purpose of producing a product or service.

Most VCs cannot exist without information technology.

• E-mail• Desktop videoconferencing• Screen sharing and other groupware technologies• EDI and EFT • Database and network sharing

Virtual Corporations and IT Support

Chapter 8 17

• EDIEDI is a communication standard that enables the electronic transfer of routine documents, such as purchasing orders, between business partners.

• Traditional EDITraditional EDI has been around for about 30 years.

• EDIEDI reduces costs, delays, and errors inherent in a manual document – delivery system.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

Chapter 8 18

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) continued

● EDI translators. An EDI translator converts data into a standard format before it is transmitted; then the standard form is converted to the original data.● Business transactions messages. These include purchase orders, invoices,credit approvals, shipping notices, confirmations, and so on.● Data formatting standards. Because EDI messages are repetitive, it makessense to use formatting (coding) standards. In the United States and Canada,EDI data are formatted according to the ANSI X.12 standard. An internationalstandard developed by the United Nations is called EDIFACT.

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Chapter 8 20

Chapter 8 21

Chapter 8 22


● Accessibility. The Internet is a publicly accessible network with few geographicalconstraints. Its largest attribute, large-scale connectivity (without the need for any special company networking architecture), is a seedbed for growth of a vast range of business applications.● Reach. The Internet’s global network connections offer the potential to reach the widest possible number of trading partners of any viable alternative currently available.● Cost. The Internet’s communication cost can be 40 to 70 percent lower than that of VANs. Transmission of sensitive data can be made secure with VPN.● Use of Web technology. Using the Internet to exchange EDI transactions is consistent with the growing interest of business in delivering an ever increasing variety of products and services via the Web. Internet-based EDI can complement or replace many current EDI applications.● Ease of use. Internet tools such as browsers and search engines are very user friendly,and most employees today know how to use them.● Added functionalities. Internet-based EDI has several functionalities not provided by traditional EDI, which include collaboration, workflow, and search engine capabilities (see Boucher-Ferguson, 2002).

Chapter 8 23


Chapter 8 24

Extranets, XML, and WEB Services

Extranets are networks that link business partners to one another over the Internet by providing access to certain areas of each other’s corporate intranets.

Chapter 8 25


Three major types of Extranets •A Company and its Dealers, Customers, or Suppliers. An example is FEDEX Extranet that allows customers to track the status of a package.

•An Industry’s Extranet. The world’s largest industry based , collaborative extranet is by General Motors, Ford, and DaimlerChrysler. That Extranet ,called Automobile Network Exchange )ANX(, links the carmakers to 10,000 suppliers.

•Joint Ventures and Other Business Partnerships. An example is Bank Of America’s Extranet for commercial loans.

Chapter 8 26


XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a simplified version of a general data description language known as SGML.

• XML describes data and information.

• XML does not say how the data will be displayed.

• XML can be used to send complex messages that include different files.

• XML and HTML are not the same.

• XML is a flexible language.

• XML is easily read and understood.

• XML requires less specialized skills.

Chapter 8 27


WEB Services are universal, prefabricated business process software modules, delivered over the Internet, that users can select and combine through almost any device, enabling disparate systems to share data and services.

•Web services can support IOSs by providing easy integration for different internal and external systems.

•Such integration enables companies to develop new applications .An example is Allstate Financial Group used Microsoft.NET )a Web Services implementation( to create AccessAllstate.com, a Web Portal that allows its 350,000 sales representatives to access information about Allstate investment, retirement, and insurance products.

Chapter 8 28

• Manual methods include; phone, fax, and mail• EDI is typically used by large corporations• EC PRM functions include:

•partner profiles•partner communications•lead management )of clients(•targeted information distribution•connecting the extended enterprise•partner planning•centralized forecasting•group planning•e-mail •price lists

Every company that has business partners has to manage the relationships with them. Information needs to flow between the firms and constantly updated and shared.

Partner Relationship Management

PRM

Chapter 8 29

Continued

Supplier Relationship Management

SRM

Chapter 8 30

Supplier Relationship Management

SRM

• PeopleSoft’s SRM model is an example.

• It is a model for managing relationships with suppliers in real time.

• It includes 12 steps using the core idea that an e-supply chain is based on integration and collaboration.

One of the major categories of PRM is SRM, where the partners are the suppliers.

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MANAGERIAL ISSUES

• Selecting a system. Companies have an option to select an IOS infrastructure from several types and vendors.

• Partners’ collaboration. An IOS has at least two participating organizations, so collaboration is critical. Many failures of EDI adoption, for example, result from lack of partners’ cooperation. If you are Wal-Mart, you may be able to mandate that your partner cooperate )or be excluded from doing business with you(. But most other companies need to persuade partners, showing them mutual benefits, or provide them with incentives.

• New infrastructures. XML, Web Services, and other tools are gaining converts but are not universally accepted. Companies like Dell can lead in using such new infrastructures, but smaller companies might be better off to wait and see. However, management must assess the risk of waiting while competitors are moving.

Chapter 8 32

MANAGERIAL ISSUES

• Globalization. The issue of going global or not, or to what extent, depends on what information systems are needed for supporting the globalization. Issues such as multiple languages, different currencies, tax requirements, legal aspects, and cultural considerations need to be reflected in the supporting IT )e.g., see Minicase 2(. Globalization may not be simple or inexpensive.

• Using exchanges, hubs, and other services. These are viable options since the service providers provide the IOS infrastructure. Also, frequently the Internet can be used. Using third-party providers can be cheaper, but you may lose some control over the system. Again, selecting the appropriate system)s( is critical.

• Partner and supplier relationship management. Modern business is increasingly using partners, as we have seen in several examples throughout the book. The trend for outsourcing, for example, means more partners.

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