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Page 1: chapter16 sp [호환 모드] - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/chapter16_9.pdf · 2012-12-24 · Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - chapter16_sp [호환 모드] Author:

16장

산과염기산과염기

Page 2: chapter16 sp [호환 모드] - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/chapter16_9.pdf · 2012-12-24 · Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - chapter16_sp [호환 모드] Author:

Chapter 16

Table of Contents

16.1 산과염기

16.2 산의세기

16.3 산과염기로의물

16.4 pH 단위16.5 강산용액의 pH 계산16.6 완충용액

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2

16.1 산과염기

16.2 산의세기

16.3 산과염기로의물

16.4 pH 단위16.5 강산용액의 pH 계산16.6 완충용액

Page 3: chapter16 sp [호환 모드] - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/chapter16_9.pdf · 2012-12-24 · Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - chapter16_sp [호환 모드] Author:

Section 16.1

Acids and Bases

16.1 산과 염기

학습목표 : 산과 염기의 두 가지 모형 및 짝산-염기 쌍의

연관성에 대해 배운다

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 3

Page 4: chapter16 sp [호환 모드] - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/chapter16_9.pdf · 2012-12-24 · Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - chapter16_sp [호환 모드] Author:

Section 16.1

Acids and Bases산과 염기 모형

• 아레니우스(Arrhenius): 산: 용액 내에서 H+ 이온을 내는 물질,

염기: OH– 이온을 내는 물질.

• 브렌스테드-로우리(Brønsted–Lowry_:

산: 양성자 (H+) 주게,

염기:양성자 (H+) 받게.

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 4

• 아레니우스(Arrhenius): 산: 용액 내에서 H+ 이온을 내는 물질,

염기: OH– 이온을 내는 물질.

• 브렌스테드-로우리(Brønsted–Lowry_:

산: 양성자 (H+) 주게,

염기:양성자 (H+) 받게.

H3O+

하이드로늄 이온(hydronium ion)

Page 5: chapter16 sp [호환 모드] - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/chapter16_9.pdf · 2012-12-24 · Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - chapter16_sp [호환 모드] Author:

Section 16.1

Acids and Bases물에서의 산

HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A–(aq)

산 염기 짝산 짝염기

• 짝염기: 양성자를 잃어버린 산 분자의 남아있는 부분

• 짝산:양성자가 염기로 변화할 때 생성되는 산

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 5

HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A–(aq)

산 염기 짝산 짝염기

• 짝염기: 양성자를 잃어버린 산 분자의 남아있는 부분

• 짝산:양성자가 염기로 변화할 때 생성되는 산

• 물은 산으로부터 양성자를 수용하는 염기처럼 행동 한다.

• 하이드로늄 이온 형성 (H3O+).

Page 6: chapter16 sp [호환 모드] - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/chapter16_9.pdf · 2012-12-24 · Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - chapter16_sp [호환 모드] Author:

Section 16.1

Acids and Bases

Return to TOC

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 6

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Section 16.1

Acids and Bases

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 7

산 짝염기

Page 8: chapter16 sp [호환 모드] - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/chapter16_9.pdf · 2012-12-24 · Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - chapter16_sp [호환 모드] Author:

Section 16.1

Acids and Bases

Return to TOC

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 8

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Section 16.1

Acids and Bases

Return to TOC

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 9

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Section 16.1

Acids and Bases

개념점검

짝산-짝염기쌍인것은어느것인가a) HCl, HNO3

b) H3O+, OH–

c) H2SO4, SO42–

d) HCN, CN–

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 10

짝산-짝염기쌍인것은어느것인가a) HCl, HNO3

b) H3O+, OH–

c) H2SO4, SO42–

d) HCN, CN–

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Acid StrengthSection 16.2

16.2 산의 세기

학습목표 : 산의 세기를 이해한다.

산의 세기와 짝염기의 세기의 관계를 이해한다

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 11

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Acid StrengthSection 16.2

센산

• 완전히 이온화되거나 완전히 해리된다.

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 12

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Acid StrengthSection 16.2

약산

• 산 분자의 대부분이 그대로 남아있다.

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 13

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Acid StrengthSection 16.2

수용액속 에서 여러 산들의 거동

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 14

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Acid StrengthSection 16.2

• 강산의 짝염기는

상대적으로 약한

짝염기이다.

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 15

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Acid StrengthSection 16.2

산도를 표현하는 방법

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 16

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Acid StrengthSection 16.2

일반적인 센산

• 황, H2SO4

• 염산, HCl

• 질산, HNO3

• 과염소산, HClO4

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 17

• 황, H2SO4

• 염산, HCl

• 질산, HNO3

• 과염소산, HClO4

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Acid StrengthSection 16.2

• 산소산 – 산성 양성자가 산소 원자에 붙어 있다.

염산(HCl)을 제외한 강산

• 유기산 – 탄소 원자를 기본 구조로 하거나

카르복실기를 가지고 있 다

대표적인 약산

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 18

• 산소산 – 산성 양성자가 산소 원자에 붙어 있다.

염산(HCl)을 제외한 강산

• 유기산 – 탄소 원자를 기본 구조로 하거나

카르복실기를 가지고 있 다

대표적인 약산

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Water as an Acid and a BaseSection 16.3

16.3 산과 염기로의 물

학습목표 : 물의 이온화에 대해 배운다

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 19

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Water as an Acid and a BaseSection 16.3

산과 염기로써의 물

• 물은산이나 염기로 둘 다 작용할 수 있는 양쪽성 물질이다.

• 25°C에서:

Kw = [H+][OH–] = 1.0 × 10–14

: 용액에 포함되어있는 것이 무엇이든지 간에, [H+]와 [OH–]의

곱은 25°C에서 항상 1.0 × 10–14와 같다.

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 20

• 물은산이나 염기로 둘 다 작용할 수 있는 양쪽성 물질이다.

• 25°C에서:

Kw = [H+][OH–] = 1.0 × 10–14

: 용액에 포함되어있는 것이 무엇이든지 간에, [H+]와 [OH–]의

곱은 25°C에서 항상 1.0 × 10–14와 같다.

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Acid StrengthSection 16.2

평형 상태에서 다음 반응에 대해:

jA + kB lC + mD

• A, B, C, 와 D = 화학종

• 괄호 = 평형 상태에서 화학종의 농도

• j, k, l, 와 m = 균형 맞춘 반응식에서의 계수

• K = 평형 상수(단위 없이 주어진다).

j

l

k

m

[B][A]

[D][C]K =

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 21

jA + kB lC + mD

• A, B, C, 와 D = 화학종

• 괄호 = 평형 상태에서 화학종의 농도

• j, k, l, 와 m = 균형 맞춘 반응식에서의 계수

• K = 평형 상수(단위 없이 주어진다).

j k[B][A]K =

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Acid StrengthSection 16.2

• H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)

산 염기 짝산 짝염기

• 25°C에서,

Kw = [H+][OH-] = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10–14

[H2O][H2O]

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• H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)

산 염기 짝산 짝염기

• 25°C에서,

Kw = [H+][OH-] = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10–14

[H2O][H2O]

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Water as an Acid and a BaseSection 16.3

3개의 가능한 상태

• [H+] = [OH–]; 중성 용액

• [H+] > [OH–]; 산성 용액

• [H+] < [OH–]; 염기성 용액

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23

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Water as an Acid and a BaseSection 16.3

Return to TOC

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 24

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Water as an Acid and a BaseSection 16.3

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 25

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Water as an Acid and a BaseSection 16.3

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 26

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Water as an Acid and a BaseSection 16.3

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 27

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Water as an Acid and a BaseSection 16.3

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 28

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Water as an Acid and a BaseSection 16.3

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 29

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Water as an Acid and a BaseSection 16.3

개념점검

산성 수용액을 옳게 설명한 것은 어느 것 인가?

a) [H+] < 1.0 × 10–7 Mb) [H+] > 1.0 × 10–7 Mc) [OH–] > 1.0 × 10–7 Md) [H+] < [OH–]

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 30

산성 수용액을 옳게 설명한 것은 어느 것 인가?

a) [H+] < 1.0 × 10–7 Mb) [H+] > 1.0 × 10–7 Mc) [OH–] > 1.0 × 10–7 Md) [H+] < [OH–]

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Water as an Acid and a BaseSection 16.3

연습

[OH–] = 2.0 x 10–10 M인 수용액에서[H+] = ________ M, 그리고 그 용액은________.

a) 2.0 × 10–10 M ; 염기성b) 1.0 × 10–14 M ; 산성c) 5.0 × 10–5 M ; 산성d) 5.0 × 10–5 M ; 염기성

[H+] = Kw/[OH–] = (1.0 × 10–14)/(2.0 × 10–10)= 5.0 × 10–5 M.[H+] >[OH–]이므로 산성 용액이다,

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 31

[OH–] = 2.0 x 10–10 M인 수용액에서[H+] = ________ M, 그리고 그 용액은________.

a) 2.0 × 10–10 M ; 염기성b) 1.0 × 10–14 M ; 산성c) 5.0 × 10–5 M ; 산성d) 5.0 × 10–5 M ; 염기성

[H+] = Kw/[OH–] = (1.0 × 10–14)/(2.0 × 10–10)= 5.0 × 10–5 M.[H+] >[OH–]이므로 산성 용액이다,

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

16.4 pH 단위

학습목표 : pH와 pOH를 이해한다.

다양한 용액의 pH와 pOH에 대해 알아본다.

pH를 계산하기 위해 계산기 사용법을 배운다

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학습목표 : pH와 pOH를 이해한다.

다양한 용액의 pH와 pOH에 대해 알아본다.

pH를 계산하기 위해 계산기 사용법을 배운다

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 32

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

• pH = –log[H+]

à간단하게 용액의 산도를 나타낸다.

[H+] 가 증가함에 따라 pH값은 감소한다.

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 33

• pH = –log[H+]

à간단하게 용액의 산도를 나타낸다.

[H+] 가 증가함에 따라 pH값은 감소한다.

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

pH 범위

• pH = 7; 중성

• pH > 7; 염기성

pH값이 크면 클수록 염기성이다.

• pH < 7; 산성

pH값이 낮으면 낮을수록 산성이 강해진다.

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• pH = 7; 중성

• pH > 7; 염기성

pH값이 크면 클수록 염기성이다.

• pH < 7; 산성

pH값이 낮으면 낮을수록 산성이 강해진다.

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 35

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

몇 개의 일반적 물질의

pH 범위와 pH 값

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

pH와 pOH

Kw = [H+][OH–]

–log Kw = –log[H+] – log[OH–]

pKw = pH + pOH

14.00 = pH + pOH

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Kw = [H+][OH–]

–log Kw = –log[H+] – log[OH–]

pKw = pH + pOH

14.00 = pH + pOH

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

연습

다음 용액의 pH를 계산 하라.

a) 1.0 × 10–4 M H+

pH = –log[H+] = –log(1.0 × 10–4 M) = 4.00

b) 0.040 M OH–

Kw = [H+][OH–] = 1.00 × 10–14 = [H+](0.040 M) = 2.5 × 10–13 M H+

pH = –log[H+] = –log(2.5 × 10–13 M) = 12.60

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다음 용액의 pH를 계산 하라.

a) 1.0 × 10–4 M H+

pH = –log[H+] = –log(1.0 × 10–4 M) = 4.00

b) 0.040 M OH–

Kw = [H+][OH–] = 1.00 × 10–14 = [H+](0.040 M) = 2.5 × 10–13 M H+

pH = –log[H+] = –log(2.5 × 10–13 M) = 12.60

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

연습

용액의 pH=5.85이다 이 용액의 [H+]값은얼마인가?

[H+] = 1.4 × 10–6 M

[H+] = 10^–5.85 = 1.4 × 10–6 M

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용액의 pH=5.85이다 이 용액의 [H+]값은얼마인가?

[H+] = 1.4 × 10–6 M

[H+] = 10^–5.85 = 1.4 × 10–6 M

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

연습

다음 용액의 pOH값을 계산하라.

a) 1.0 × 10–4 M H+

pH = –log[H+] = –log(1.0 × 10–4 M) = 4.00;

So, 14.00 = 4.00 + pOH; pOH = 10.00

b) 0.040 M OH–

pOH = –log[OH–] = –log(0.040 M) = 1.40

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다음 용액의 pOH값을 계산하라.

a) 1.0 × 10–4 M H+

pH = –log[H+] = –log(1.0 × 10–4 M) = 4.00;

So, 14.00 = 4.00 + pOH; pOH = 10.00

b) 0.040 M OH–

pOH = –log[OH–] = –log(0.040 M) = 1.40

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Section 16.4

The pH Scale

연습

용액의 pH=5.85이다. 이 용액의 [OH–] 값은얼마인가?

[OH–] = 7.1 × 10–9 M

14.00 = 5.85 + pOH; pOH = 8.15

[OH–] = 10^–8.15 = 7.1 × 10–9 M

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용액의 pH=5.85이다. 이 용액의 [OH–] 값은얼마인가?

[OH–] = 7.1 × 10–9 M

14.00 = 5.85 + pOH; pOH = 8.15

[OH–] = 10^–8.15 = 7.1 × 10–9 M