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civilizaciuri Ziebani

CIVILIZATION RESEARCHES

# 10, 2012

UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs - Twinning networks and university networks

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

kulturis mecnierebaTa instituti interkulturuli dialogis iuneskos kaTedra Institute of Cultural Studies UNESCO Chair in Intercultural Dialogue

`civilizaciuri Ziebani~ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi gamodis 2003 wlidan. 2007 wlis ivnisSi iuneskos egidiT Catarebuli saerTaSoriso mrgvali magidis — `kavkasia: interkulturu-li dialogis perspeqtiva~ — gadawyvetilebiT, is arsebobas ganagrZobs rogorc saerTaSoriso ga-mocema. krebuli interdisciplinuria, moicavs kroskulturuli komunikaciisa da interkultu-ruli dialogis, SedarebiTi regionuli kvlevebis (istoriuli da tipologiuri sakiTxebi), kul-turis kvlevebis da sxva sakiTxebs.

krebuli TanamSromlobs azerbaijanis, somxeTis, moldovas, ruseTis federaciis, centralu-ri aziis iuneskos kaTedrebTan, sxva qarTvel da ucxoel kolegebTan, romlebic warmodgenilni arian rogorc saredaqcio sabWoSi, aseve avtorebis saxiT.

saredaqcio jgufi mzadaa TanamSromlobisaTvis dainteresebul pirebTan da struqtureb-Tan.

“Civilization Researches” is an annual edition of the UNESCO Chair in Intercultural Dialogue, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. The articles cover spheres including, but not restricted to:

Cross-cultural communication and intercultural dialogue Comparative regional studies (including historical and typological perspectives) Cultural studies.

Traditional and non-traditional paradigms of study are equally welcome. The journal cooperates with the UNESCO Chairs in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Central Asia, Russian

Federation and is open for collaboration with the interested individuals and structures.

moTxovnebi avtorebisadmi masalebi warmodgenil unda iqnes qarTulad, inglisurad, rusulad an frangulad (maqsimum

4.000 sityva, Times New Roman 12, 1,5, an 2.500 sityva, AcadNusx 12, 1,5 (qarTuli teqstebi). yvela sta-tias (garda inglisur enaze warmodgenilisa) unda axldes inglisuri reziume 800-1000 sityvis mo-culobiT. citireba — MLA stili.

SerCevis pirveli etapi — saredaqcio sabWos wevrTa mier SerCeuli statiebi igzavneba Tbi-lisSi, redaqciaSi, eleqtronuli fostiT.

meore etapi — statiebi egzavneba saredaqcio sabWos wevrebs (specialobaTa mixedviT) sabo-loo SerCevisaTvis.

warmodgenis vadebi: 1 oqtomberi — warmodgena saredaqcio sabWoSi 1 noemberi — saredaqcio sabWos wevrTa saboloo gadawyvetileba

Submission The articles should be submitted in Georgian, English, Russian or French (max. 4000 words, Times New Roman 12,

1,5, or 2500 words, AcadNusx 12, 1,5 space (Georgian texts). All articles (except those in English) must be presented together with the summary in English, 800-1000 words. Citation – MLA style.

First stage of selection – papers recommended by the members of the Editorial Board should be delivered to Tbilisi by e-mail.

Second stage – the papers should be distributed among the members of the Editorial Board for the final selection. Deadline for delivering articles to Tbilisi: October (with the recommendation of a member of the Review Group) November (decision of the member of the Review Group to whom the article was delivered).

© Tsu gamomcemloba, 2013 Tbilisi University Press, 2013 ISBN 978-9941-13-315-2

© interkulturuli dialogis iuneskos kaTedra, 2013 UNESCO Chair in Intercultural Dialogue, 2013

ISSN 1512-1941

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saredaqcio sabWo:

nino Ciqovani, profesori

(saredaqcio sabWos Tavmjdomare)

kulturis kvlevebi, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbi-lisis saxelmwifo universiteti, saqarTvelo

munzifaxon babajanova interkulturuli dialogi, rusul-tajikuri (sla-vuri) universiteti, duSanbe, tajikeTi

mixeil borgolte, profesori Sua saukuneebis evropis SedarebiTi istoria, berli-nis humboldtis universiteti, germania

emil dragnevi, profesori samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis kvlevebi,

moldovas saxelmwifo universiteti, moldova

malxaz macaberiZe, profesori politikis mecnierebebi, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, saqarTvelo

dimitri spivaki, profesori sulieri tradiciebis, specifikuri kulturebisa da interreligiuri dialogis SedarebiTi kvleva, kul-turis kvlevaTa ruseTis instituti, sankt-peter-burgi, ruseTis federacia

nino fircxalava, profesori SedarebiTi literaturuli kvlevebi, ilia WavWava-Zis saxelmwifo universiteti, saqarTvelo

nino qimeriZe, asoc. profesori germanuli filologia, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, saqarTvelo

TinaTin RuduSauri, asoc. profesori

kulturis anTropologia, humanitaruli skola, sa-qarTvelos universiteti, saqarTvelo

bernd Spilneri, profesori enaTmecniereba, duisburgis esenis universiteti, germania

beJan javaxia, profesori Sua saukuneebis istoria, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, saqarTvelo

rauf huseinovi, profesori istoria, azerbaijanis mecnierebaTa akademiis arqe-ologiisa da eTnografiis instituti, azerbaijani

saredaqcio jgufi: qeTevan kakitelaSvili daviT macaberiZe maia qvriviSvili irakli CxaiZe ivane wereTeli

redaqciis misamarTi

saqarTvelo, 0179, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamz., 3 iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, II korpusi, oTaxi 250 tel.: (995 32) 2290844 el. fosta: [email protected], [email protected]

Jurnalis internetversia da sxva informacia interkulturuli dialogis iuneskos kaTedris Sesaxeb ix. vebgverdze: www.culturedialogue.com

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EDITORIAL BOARD:

Nino Chikovani, Professor (Head of the Reviewers Board)

Cultural Studies, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia

Munzifakhon Babajanova UNESCO Chair “Intercultural Dialogue”, Russian-Tajik (Slavonic) University, Dushanbe, Tajikistan

Michael Borgolte, Professor Comparative History of Medieval Europe, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany

Emil Dragnev, Professor South-East European Studies, Moldova State University, Moldova

Tinatin Ghudushauri, Professor Cultural Anthropology, School of Humanities, University of Georgia

Rauf Huseynov, Professor History, Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan

Bejan Javakhia, Professor

Medieval Studies, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia

Nino Kimeridze, Asoc. Professor German Philology, Iv.Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia

Malkhaz Matsaberidze, Professor

Political Sciences, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia

Nino Pirtskhalava, Professor

Comparative Literary Studies, Ilia Chavchavadze State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

Dimitri Spivak, Professor Comparative Studies of Spiritual traditions, their Specific Cultures and Interreligious Dialogue, Russian Institute for Cultural Studies, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation

Bernd Spillner Linguistics, Duisburg-Essen University Germany

EDITORIAL GROUP: Irakli Chkhaidze Ketevan Kakitelashvili Maia Kvrivishvili David Matsaberidze Ivane Tsereteli

ADDRESS OF EDITORIAL OFFICE

UNESCO Chair in Intercultural Dialogue, Tbilisi State University 3, Ilia Chavchavadze Ave. 0179, Tbilisi, Georgia. E-mail address: [email protected], [email protected]

The electronic version of the journal and the information about the UNESCO Chair in Intercultural Dialogue is available at: www.culturedialogue.com

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Sinaarsi

CONTENTS

nino qimeriZe literaturuli da araliteraturuli teqstebis sivrceSi warmodgenili erTi da imave teqstis saxeobis lingvistikuri TaviseburebisaTvis .................................. 7

nino kereseliZe saqarTvelos sagareo politika ruseTTan mimarTebaSi 1991-2013 wlebSi ....................... 16

Nino Daraselia Metaphors of Silence Across Cultures (On Material from English, Georgian and Russian) ........................35

lado vardosaniZe urbanuli kulturis axleburi realoba — qalaqi, rogorc `saqoneli~ da misi brendingi. ras ver gaiTvaliswinebda vitruviusi ......................................................46

manana javaxiSvili Zalauflebis gadanawileba (koronaciis rituali) ................................................................. 59

nino mgalobliSvili modis Teoriis klasikur koncefciaTa Taviseburebani .........................................................64

oleg kapanaZe, nunu kapanaZe orenovani germanul-qarTuli paraleluri xeebis bankis Sesaxeb ..................................... 76

Targmani jon brili, John Breuilly

nacionalizmi da nacionaluri warsulis Seqmna .......................................................................91


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nino qimeriZe

literaturuli da araliteraturuli teqstebis

sivrceSi warmodgenili erTi da imave teqstis

saxeobis lingvistikuri TaviseburebisaTvis

teqstis lingvistikis calke enaTmecnierul disciplinad CamoyalibebisTanave mniS-vnelovani xdeba teqstis saxeobaTa kvleva, rac ganpirobebulia, uwinares yovlisa, imiT, rom teqstis producirebisas gaaqtiurebuli codnis sxvadasxva saxeobas Soris erT-er-Ti yvelaze arsebiTi parametria codna teqstis globalur sturuqturaTa Sesaxeb, ro-melSic igulisxmeba codna teqstis saxeobaTa Sesaxeb. codnis am saxeobaSi Tavs iyris da forma eZleva codnis yvela danarCen saxeobas: enobrivs, enciklopediurs/dargobrivs, interaqciulsa da ilokuciurs, romelTa mizanmimarTuli gaaqtiurebiT SesaZlebelia teqstis warmoqmna.

gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi germanulenovan sivrceSi aqtiuri gaxda teqstis saxe-obaTa kvlevebi, risi dasturic iyo 1972 wels el. giulix/v. raibles teqstis saxeobaTa kvlevisadmi miZRvnili cnobili kolokviumi (mogvianebiT kolokviumis erTgvari gag-rZeleba iyo 1986 wels germanuli enis institutis (v. kalmaieri) amave Temisadmi miZRvni-li samecniero konferencia). aman safuZveli daudo teqstis saxeobaTa lingvistikis da-moukidebel kvlevis mimarTulebad Camoyalibebas. kvlevis arealis gafarToeba gamow-veuli iyo mniSvnelovanwilad imiTac, rom gaizarda da gamravalferovnda teqstis saxe-obaTa speqtri. teqstis lingvistikaSi Tanamedrove kvlevaTa mniSvnelovani wili modis teqstis saxeobaTa Seswavlaze rogorc erTi enis sivrceSi, ise kontrastuli kvlevis as-peqtSi.

teqstis saxeobaTa speqtris gafarToeba uwinaresad gamowveuli iyo media-teqnolo-giebis swrafi ganviTarebiT. Tanamedrove interdisciplinuri kvlevebis farglebSi iorg maieri mediebis mniSvnelobas xazs usvams da aRniSnavs, rom `axali mediebi~ sazoga-doebis sakomunikacio urTierTobebs aCqareben, aTanamedroveben komunikacias, ra dro-sac isini ara mxolod komunikacias, enobriv formebsa da teqstis saxeobebs, aramed TviT

enasa da adamianur urTierTobebs ucvlian iersaxes erTianobaSi (Meier 2002: 83). ras gu-lisxmobda iorg maieri, roca gamoTqvamda azrs, rom mediebma saxe Seucvala enobriv formebsa da teqstis saxeobebs? teqstis araerT saxeobaze dakvirvebam aCvena, rom isini, rogorc artefaqtebi, eqvemdebarebian cvlilebebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini met-nak-lebad konvencionaluri movlenaa enobrivi qmedebis procesSi, romelTa ganviTareba is-toriulad xdeba. maTTvis niSandoblivia konkretuli koleqtivisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-li tipobrivi Tvisebebi. amavdroulad isini, rogorc kulturis artefaqtebi, ganicdian konkretul cvlilebebs erTi enis farglebSic ki. Tavis mxriv ki nebismieri media, iqneba

es xelnaweri, wigni, kompiuteri, filmi, Tu televizia, dasZens maieri (Meier 2002: 87) er-Tisa da imave teqstis saxeobaSic ki sakuTar kvals tovebs, rasac SesaZloa mohyves cvli-lebebi ara mxolod teqstis teqsturis Camoyalibebisas, aramed TviT teqstis zedapiru-li struqturebis formirebisas. Sesabamisad, avtors miaCnia, rom teqsts unda vxedav-deT rogorc diskurss, sistemas, kulturasa da mediums an, sulac, qsels. aqedan gamom-dinare, teqstis lingvistikas is ganixilavs, rogorc media-kulturis-diskursis-siste-

mismcodneobas (Medienkulturdiskurssystemwissenschaft).

nino qimeriZe

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araTu sxvadasxva mediis farglebSi, teqstis konkretuli saxeoba SesaZloa sruliad gansxvavebul niSnebs avlendes im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu is dafiqsirda teqstis saxeobaTa or gansxvavebul jgufSi — erTi mxriv literaturul, xolo, meore mxriv araliteratu-ruli teqstebis klasSi.

erTob farToa gamocdileba pragmatuli teqstis saxeobaTa kvlevis dargSi, rasac naklebad farTo masStabebi aqvs literaturuli teqstis saxeobaTa kvlevisas. litera-turuli da araliteraturuli teqstebis arealSi ukve didi xania konkretulad saxel-deba calkeuli, mxolod am sferoTaTvis tipobrivi teqstis saxeobebi. Tumca, ukanas-knel xanebSi SeiZleba dasaxeldes konkretuli teqstis globaluri sistemebi, romelTa anarekli SesaZloa gaCndes maTTvis sruliad atipuri teqstis saxeobaTa velSi.

sakiTxis am kuTxiT dayeneba mas Semdeg gaxda saintereso, rodesac teqstis saxeoba `winaTqma~, romelic arsebiTad gvxvdeba sagamomcemlo saqmeSi da, Sesabamisad, aris dar-gobrivi teqstis lingvistikis sferodan, saxecvlili formiT dafiqsirda literatu-ruli (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs m. endes `sarke sarkeSi~) da agreTve publicistikis (e. kestne-ri 40-iani wlebis publicistika) dargobrivi teqstebis erT-erT mikroteqstad. teqstis es saxeoba am etapze lingvisturi kvlevis periferiaSi rCeba. SesaZloa, amas isic ganapi-robebs, rom mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania sakuTriv is publikacia, romelsac win uZRvis teqstis es saxeoba.

`winasityvaobas~ mkvlevarTa erTi nawili dargobrivi teqstebis jgufs miakuTvnebs,

maT Soris qristian timi (Timm 1996: 458), romelic am tipis teqstebs `mzid teqstebs/teq-

stis arsis amsaxvels/Trägertext~ uwodebs. isini Tavis Tavze iReben informacias, romlis gacnobis Semdeg recipienti adgens, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba warmodgenili naSromi mis interesebs. am tipis teqstis saxeoba xSirad axlavs akademiur gamocemebs, romliTac av-tori/avtorTa jgufi mkiTxvels dargobrivi komunikaciisaTvis amzadebs.

kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT `winasityvaobas~ samsegmentiani teqstura aqvs, Sesaba-misad, mkiTxvels miewodeba: saTauri, teqstis korpusi da avtoris saxeli da gvari. sani-muSod SevarCieT erT-erTi akademiuri gamocemis winasityvaoba, kerZod ki, a. linkes da avtorTa koleqtivis lingvistikis saxelmZRvanelos winasityvaoba. is iyofa sam Ziri-Tad kompoziciur segmentad, rogorc mosalodneli iyo: saTauri ZiriTadi teqstura,

daweris TariRi da adgili, avtorTa vinaoba (Vorwort => Textur => Zürich, in den Hundstagen1 1991=> Angelika Linke. Markus Nussbaumer. Pau. R. Portmann), xolo, rac Seexeba teqsturis kom-poziciur segmentacias, misi danawevreba TvalnaTliv xdeba konkretuli semantikuri signalebiT:

naSromis Seqmnis idea: Das vorliegende Studienbuch ist aus linguistischen Grundkursen ... herausgewachsen. ....

wignis mizani: Das Buch informiert... Dabei ist es unser Ziel… naSromis kompoziciis mimoxilva: Wir haben das Buch in zwei Teile mit je fünf Kapitel

gegliedert... Die einzelnen Kapitel... Jedes Kapitel wignis/naSromis koncefcia: Die Konzeption des Buches…. samadlobeli wignis SeqmnaSi monawile personalis mimarT: Bei Herstellung und Korrektur...

geholfen... Ihnen allen danken wir… miZRvna: Wir widmen dieses Buch Horst Sitta.

Cven mier mimoxiluli teqstis varianti swored is versiaa, romelic parateqstis sa-xiT win uswrebs dargobriv teqsts da mimarTulia mkiTxvelTa konkretul jgufze. teq-

1 Hundstage <Pl.> [mhd. hundetac, huntlich tage, LÜ von spätlat. dies caniculares, so benannt, weil die Sonne in dieser

Zeit beim Hundsstern im Sternbild des Großen Hundes steht]: heißeste Zeit im Hochsommer in Europa (24. Juli - 23. August).

literaturuli da araliteraturuli teqstebis sivrceSi warmodgenili erTi da...

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stSi gaaqtiurebulia dargobrivi (am SemTxvevaSi lingvisturi) leqsika, konkretul gramatikul struqturebTan erTad, kerZod, TvalSi sacemia pasiuri konstruqciebis

simravle (rogoricaa: ist … entwickelt worden, muss … gelesen werden, ist….signalisiert, wird … eingeleitet u.a.), infinitiuri konstruqciebi (Dabei ist unser Ziel, …vorzustellen, Die Konzeption … ist daraufhin angelegt, den unterschiedlichen Bedürfnissen … entgegenzukommen, wir haben versucht, …zu ergänzen und zu verdeutlichen), nacvalsaxeliTi sistemis gaaqtiureba, konkretulad ki mrav-lobiTi ricxvis pirveli piri, radgan winasityvaobas xels awers avtorTa koleqtivi.

sakiTxis Seswavlisas Cveni mizani iyo gagveanalizebina konkretuli teqstis saxeo-bis SeZlebisdagvarad yvela SesaZlo varianti, rac germanulenovan sivrceSi fiqsirde-boda. meore teqsti, romelic aseve detalurad iqna gaanalizebuli, iyo winaTqma erix kestneris publicistikis krebulisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSic nawilobriv saqme exeba dar-gobrivi teqstebis krebulisaTvis darTul avtoriseul teqsts, magram zemoxenebuli teqstis erT-erT arsebiT Taviseburebad unda dasaxeldes is faqtori, rom is Tavisi mo-nacemebiT literaturuli da araliteraturuli teqstebis gamyof zRvarzea ganTavse-buli, risi Tqmis saSualebasac iZleva teqstis uCveulo kompozicia. kerZod ki, ZiriTad teqsturaSi fiqsirdeba teqstis saxeobis `dRiuri~ calkeuli niSnebi da signalebi, ro-goricaa Tundac qronologia, romelic ZiriTadi teqstis koheziis erT-erTi safuZvel-Tagania. teqsturis calkeuli segmentis gaSla, maTi koherentuloba droisa da sivrcis perspeqtivis cvalebadobis fonze ar aris tipobrivi `winaTqmisaTvis~, rasac avtori

teqstis saTaurSivec dasZens: `Kleine Chronologie statt eines Vorwortes~ (`mcire qronologia winaTqmis magier~), Tumca, Semdgom mkiTxvelisaTvis naTeli xdeba, rom konkretuli droiTa da sivrciT Semofargluli epizodi Semdgom krebulSi warmodgenilia publi-cistikis sxvadasxva teqstis saxeobebiT. kestneris `winaTqma~ kompoziciuri Tavisebu-rebiT uaxlovdeba literaturuli teqstis saxeobas, masSi dafiqsirebulia teqstis sa-xeobis `dRiuri~ calkeuli niSnebi. mas jer kidev rTulia vuwodoT literaturuli teq-sti, Tumc avtori emociurad da xatovnad gadmogvcems privatul, politikur Tu sazo-gado movlenebs. is namdvilad avlens `dRiuris~ niSnebs, romelsac Tavisi `evropuli dRiurebis~ winasityvaobaSi ralf-rainer vutenovi `literaturis nedl masalas uwo-

debda/Es ist Literatur im Rohzustand~ (Wuthenow 1990:2), vinaidan dRiurSi avtori mxolod kon-kretul momentebs iniSnavs da uars ambobs calkeuli detalebis gaSlaze, gavrcobaze, rac aseve naTlad Cans am `winaTqma-dRiurSi~. rva segmentisagan Semdgar winaTqmaSi cal-keul segmentSi moniSnulia zustad is arsebiTi detalebi, rac Semdgom krebulis Semad-genel publicistur teqstebSi aqvs gaSlili avtors. praqtikulad, es dRiuris formiT gacxadebuli avtoris evolucia da qronologia marTlac winaTqmaa, ara klasikuri gage-biT.

I. segmenti: März 1945. Mit einem Handkoffer, einem Rucksack, einer Manuskriptmappe, einer Reiseschreibmaschine und einem Regenschirm fort aus Berlin. ...// II. segmenti: April 1945. Der Ortsgruppenleiter von Mayrhofen im Zillertal beordert die dreiβig Männer der Filmgruppe...// III. segmenti: Mai 1945. Groβdeutschland hat kapituliert...// IV. segmenti: Juni 1945. Unsere Bewegungsfreiheit ist sehr beschränkt...// V. segmenti: Juli 1945. Ich fahre, auf nicht ganz legale Art, in die Nähe von München ...// VI. segmenti: August 1945. Zwischenstationen am Schliersee... // VII. segmenti: September 1945. München ist `der~ Treffpunkt derer geworden, die bei Kriegsende nicht in Berlin, sondern in West- oder Süddeutschland steckten... // VIII. segmenti: Am 18. Oktober 1945 erschien die erste Nummer der `Neuen Zeitung~...

calkeuli segmentis romeli epizodic ar unda ganvixiloT, is ufro metad dRiurSi Tavmoyril literaturuli nawarmoebisaTvis gankuTvnil, jer daumuSavebel masalas hgavs, vidre zedmiwevniT zustad aRweril qronikebs da miT umetes politikurs. es epi-zodebi savsea adamianuri gancdebiT, subieqturi SefasebebiTa da avtoris piradi xedve-

nino qimeriZe

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biT konkretuli movlenebisadmi, romelTac xSirad sarkazmi, ironia dahkravs, rac kar-gad Cans leqsikisa da sintagmebis doneze, calkeul frazebSi, romlebic TiTqmis yvela segmentSia Cadebuli.1

gamomdinare iqidan, rom avtorma sakuTari publicisturi naSromebi Sekriba kre-

bulSi, romlis saTauria: `Wir sind so frei~ da winaTqmis TiToeul segmentSi Seecada Tavisi ganwyoba gadmoeca am e.w. `Tavisuflebisadmi~,2 Seecada mkiTxvelisaTvis ekarnaxa amave dros publikaciebis intenciis arsi da yovelive es sakuTari gancdebisa da emociebis

1 (I.: In Innsbruck Luftwarnung. Die Innsbrucker wandern, mit Klappenstühlen und Ruhekissen, in die Felshöhle. Wie

Tannhäuser in den Hörselberg1....//II.: [...] Direktorin des `ausgewichenen~ Lehrerinseminars, das die Hotels bevölkert. [...] Wir kaufen von den Bauern fürs letzte Geld Butter [...] Wir bewundern den Bergfrühling, pflücken Enzian und Trollblumen und treffen die ersten über die Pässe herunterkletternden Soldaten der am Po endgültig geschlagenen deutschen Südarmee. Der Bürgermeister und der Ortsgruppenleiter kommen abends ins Hause, um unsere Wirtin mitzuteilen, dass nun auch ihr letzter Sohn gefallen ist. Sie und ihre Tochter schreien die halbe Nacht. Wie Tiere im brennenden Stall. Dann wirft die Mutter das Hitlerbild in den Vorgarten. Im Morgengrauen holen sie es wieder herein...//III.: Groβdeutschland hat kapituliert. Der Ortsgruppenleiter ist über Nacht spurlos verschwunden. Die Verdunkelung wird aufgehoben. Als wir abends durch die erleuchtenten Gäβchen gehen, sehen wir hinter den hellen Fenstern die Bäuerinnen an der Nähmaschinen. Sie haben das Hakenkreuz aus den Fahnen herausgetrennt und nähen weiβe Bettücher neben die rote Bahn. Denn Weiβ-Rot sind die Farben der österreichischen Freiheitspartei. Auf einem einsamen Waldspaziergang begegnen wir einem riesigen Negersergeanten [...], der [...] bergnügt ‚Grrüβ Gott!‘ ruft.[...] IV.: Unsere Bewegungsfreiheit ist sehr beschränkt. Unsere neuen Ausweise gelten nur fünf Kilometer im Umkreise. [...] Der Briefverkehr hat aufgehört. Wir sind isoliert. Die Radioapparate sind umlagert. Was soll werden? [...]//V.: Ich fahre, auf nicht ganz legale Art, in die Nähe von München. Zu fachlichen Besprechungen. Wildes Plänemachen und heftiges Miβtrauen lösen einander ab. [...]Eisehnbahn, Post, Telegraf, Telefon – alles ist tot. Gäste und Gastgeber werden nervös. Die Filmgruppe befindet sich in Auflösung. Es ist kein Geld da. Die Firma existiert nicht mehr. [...]//VI.: Zwischenstationen am Schliersee. Keine Verbindung mit Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden, nicht einmal mit München. Es ist, als läge die übrige Welt auf dem Mond. Mein letztes Paar Schuhe ist hin. Ein abgemusterter deutscher Leutnant hilft mir aus. [....] Wir stecken hilflos fest, wie Nägel in einer Wind. [...]//VII.: München ist `der~ Treffpunkt derer geworden, die bei Kriegsende nicht in Berlin, sondern in West- oder Süddeutschland steckten. Mitten auf der Straβe fallen sie einander um den Hals...Dass man wie die Zigeuner leben muss, hiner zerbrochenen Fenster, ohne Buch und zweites Hemd, unterernährt, angesichts eines Winter ohne Kohle, niemande stört das.// VIII.: Am 18. Oktober 1945 erschien die erste Nummer der `Neuen Zeitung~. Am 1. Januar 1946 erschien bei Rowohlt in Stuttgart das erste Heft des `Pinguin~, unserer Jugendzeitschrift...)

2 I.S. – fort aus Berlin. […] mit den erforderlichen Ausweisen. [...] Die Russen stehen bei Küstrin. Die Nationalsozialisten errichten, in voller Uniform und in vollem Ernst, geradzu kindische Straβensperren. – (Temis ganviTareba opozi-ciuri sintagmebis leqsikur-semantikuri antonimiis safuZvelze);

II.S. – [...] der Kontakt mit Berlin unterbrochen ist [...] - Dann wirft die Mutter das Hitlerbild in den Vorgarten. Im Morgengrauen holen sie es wieder herein... – (Tavisufleba gulisxmobs sityvisa da moqmedebis Tavisuflebas);

III.S. – [...] Groβdeutschland hat kapituliert. Der Ortsgruppenleiter ist über Nacht spurlos verschwunden. Die Verdunkelung wird aufgehoben. Als wir abends durch die erleuchtenten Gäβchen gehen, sehen wir hinter den hellen Fenstern die Bäuerinnen an der Nähmaschinen. Sie haben das Hakenkreuz aus den Fahnen herausgetrennt und nähen weiβe Bettücher neben die rote Bahn. Denn Weiβ-Rot sind die Farben der österreichischen Freiheitspartei. Auf einem einsamen Waldspaziergang begegnen wir einem riesigen Negersergeanten [...], der [...] bergnügt ‚Grrüβ Gott!‘ ruft.[...] – (kapitulaciasac ver moaqvs Tavisufleba);

IV.S. – [...] Unsere Bewegungsfreiheit ist sehr beschränkt. Unsere neuen Ausweise gelten nur fünf Kilometer im Umkreise. [...] Der Briefverkehr hat aufgehört. Wir sind isoliert. Die Radioapparate sind umlagert. Was soll werden? [...]

V.S. – [...]Ich fahre, auf nicht ganz legale Art, in die Nähe von München. [...]Eisehnbahn, Post, Telegraf, Telefon – alles ist tot. Gäste und Gastgeber werden nervös. Die Filmgruppe befindet sich in Auflösung. Es ist kein Geld da. Die Firma existiert nicht mehr. Der Produktionsleiter fährt heimlich fort, [...]. Er wird unterwegs verhaftet. Monatelang wird man von ihm nichts mehr hören. – (misi sityvis Tavisuflebac SezRudulia, saubrobs SeniRbulad);

VI.S. – [...] Keine Verbindung mit Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden, nicht einmal mit München. [...] – (fsevdo-komunikacia);

VII.S. – [...] München ist ‘der’ Treffpunkt derer geworden, die bei Kriegsende nicht in Berlin, sondern in West- oder Süddeutschland steckten.- (~miunxeni” germaniis ‘saidumlo dedaqalaqi — dapirispireba berlinTan; dasavleT seqtorSi Tavisufleba ufro adre ikidebs fexs. aq Camodis emigrirebuli germanuli inteligencia, romelic didxans veRar dabrundeba berlinSi. aseTi bedi ergo agreTve Tavad mwerals, romelmac Tavisi cxovrebis ukanaskneli dReebi germaniis dasavleTSi daasrula).


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fonze. yovelive zemoTqmuli kidv erTxel gvimyarebs daskvnas, rom saanalizo teqsti erTgvari gardamavali teqstia literaturul da araliteraturul teqstis saxeobaTa Soris, romelSic jer kidev SemorCenilia pirveladi teqstis saxeobis `winaTqmis~ niSne-bi. amrigad, pirvel Svid segmentSi impliciturad viTardeba Tavisuflebis Tema. Tema-turi struqturis ganviTareba qronikebSi da miT umetes winasityvaobaSi ZiriTadSi eq-spliciturad xdeba. rac Seexeba teqstis saxeobas `dRiuri~, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi avtori Temis ganviTarebas fragmentulad sityva-kodebis, emociuri frazeologizmebi-sa da gancdebis meSveobiT axorcielebs.

rac Seexeba Cveni saanalizo teqstis gramatikul struqturas, pirveli Svidi segmen-ti TanaSewonilia, gramatikuli struqturis gansxvavebuli sqema gveZleva merve segmen-tSi. Sedarebis mizniT sanimuSod SesaZloa dasaxeldes pirveli da merve segmentebi.

pirvel segmentSi aSkarad TvalSi sacemia Warbi elifsuri winadadebebi, sadac war-modgenili 14 dasrulebuli sintaqsuri erTeulidan, 8 (1,2,3,6,7,8,10,12) — enis ekonomiis principiTaa agebuli da is umeteswilad daclilia sintaqsuri birTvisagan:

(1) – Mit einem Handkoffer, einem Rucksack, einer Manuskriptmappe, einer Reiseschreibmaschine und einem Regenschirm fort aus Berlin. — am SemTxvevaSi ar Cans sabaziso persona (Basis), romelsac

ukavSirdeba, erTvis CamoTvlili sagnebi (Adjunkt), aseve ar Cans am sabaziso piris qmedeba,

is impliciturad mJRavndeba adgilis garemoebiTa da direqtiuli zmnizediT (Direktions-Adverb), anu, es ukanaskneli ori sintaqsuri elementi iRebs Tvis Tavze birTvis funqcias. rac Seexeba sabaziso pirs, romelsac ukavSirdeba sxva danarCeni sintaqsuri erTeulebi, TavisTavad kataforulad fiqsirdeba teqsturis bolos, rogorc teqstis avtori.

(6) – Nachtfahrt über Potsdam, Dessau, Bamberg nach München. — saxeladi formebi da geogra-fiuli saxelebi, romlebic wrfivad monacvleobs, mgzavrobis temps aCqarebs, TiTqos raRac dabrkolebebis gadalaxva uxdebaT mgzavrebs miunxenamde, rac kargad gamoixate-

ba brunvamonacvle windebuliT `über~. mocemul sintaqsur erTeulebSi praqtikulad ar fiqsirdeba winadadebis birTvi.

teqstis zedapiruli struqturis doneze ar vlindeba kohezia anu, Sesabamisad, ar gvaqvs eqspliciturad gamoxatuli topikalizaciis saSualebebi, nacvlad amisa, teqstis siRrmul struqturebSi calkeuli leqsikuri erTeulebis safuZvelze martivia kohe-rentulobis suraTis Sevseba. winamdebare saanalizo teqsti, mxolod imitom, rom cal-keul segments wamZRvarebuli aqvs konkretuli TariRi, ver iqneba teqstis saxeoba `qro-nika~, romlisTvisac tipobrivia qronologia, radgan teqstis saxeoba `qronika~ mkveT-rad apelirebs konkretul faqtebze, romelTa piruTvneli, ukomentaro gadmocema aris avtoris uwinaresi amocana.

teqstis am saxeobas damoukidebel kvlevas uZRvnis uve virti, romelic eyrdnoba ra

J.Jenetis naSroms (Genette 1992), `winasityvaobas~ parateqstad moiazrebs. uve virti da J.Jeneti am konkretul SemTxvevaSi literaturuli teqstisaTvis darTul `winasityvao-bas~ gulisxmoben da fiqcionaluri teqstis poziciidan u.virti teqstis am saxeobas er-Tgvar instruqciad ganixilavs, vinaidan is mimarTulia mkiTxvelze, am ukanasknels kon-

kretul miTiTebas aZlevs kiTxvis procesis dawyebamde (Wirth 2004: 608) da, Sesabamisad, mas xSirad eZleva nawarmoebis interpretaciis gasaRebi. u.virti `winasityvaobis~ Tav-dapirvel daniSnulebad xedavs garkveulwilad zemoqmedebis moxdenas kiTxvis proces-ze, anu teqstis am saxeobas evaleba marTuli gaxados ZiriTadi teqstis kiTxvis procesi, xolo Semdgom marTebulad Sedgenili `winasityvaoba~ ganapirobebs am ukanasknelis mi-zanmimarTul gagebas. amrigad, teqstis am saxeobas sakmaod rTuli misia akisria, gamom-dinare iqidan, rom is ZiriTadi teqstis kiTxvis process uwyobs xels. Sesabamisad, is xdeba teqstis sazrisis dekodirebis safuZveli.

nino qimeriZe

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teqstis gageba Tavis mxriv rTuli procesia, ra drosac, rogorc d.buse (Busse 1992: 2) aRniSnavs, ùnda gadamowmdes teqstSi moqmedi lingvisturi modelebi da, teqstis Sesa-bamisad, teqstualobis kriteriumebi~. dasaxelebuli procedura vrceldeba praqtiku-lad teqstis yvela saxeobaze, magram garkveuli sirTuleebi iCens Tavs literaturuli teqstebis gagebis SemTxvevaSi, sadac teqstis warmoqmnisas mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs avtori, romelmac SesaZloa garkveuli koreqtireba Seitanos teqstis formirebisas in-tenciidan gamomdinare.

amrigad, vinaidan teqstis saxeoba `winaTqma~ ZiriTadi teqstis wakiTxvis kodebs iZ-leva, saintereso aRmoCnda literaturuli teqstisaTvis TandarTuli winasityvaobis Seswavla. sruliad gamiznulad SevarCieT intermedialuri teqsti, konkretulad ki mi-xeil endes labirinTis principze agebuli moTxrobebis krebuli `sarke sarkeSi~, rome-lic moicavs 30 damoukidebel vizions, romelTac avtori Tavad urTavs mamis, surialis-ti mxatvris, edgar endes naxatebs.

m. endes wigni SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc makroteqsti, romelic Sedgeba cal-keuli mikroteqstebisagan, sadac koherentuloba mikroteqstebs Soris sustad mJRav-ndeba. wignis teqstura rom daxuruli labirinTia, amas adasturebs pirvel moTxrobaSi Semosuli xaris figura, romelsac saxelad hori qvia. pirveli vizioni Tamamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos avtoris `winaTqmad~, sadac avtori, am SemTxvevaSi saxelad hori, mkiTxvels gaandobs sakuTari `Canaxati-xilvebis~ arss. misi gmirebi labirinTSi gamomwyvdeuli ar-sebebi arian, iseve rogorc hori, romlis xma sxvas aravis esmis. es figura kidev erTxel gamoCndeba daskvniT vizionSi, sadac xari isev oTx kedelSia gamomwyvdeuli. horis saxe-Si gaerTianebulia mama da Svili endeebi. wignis dasawyisSi — es aris winasityvaobis av-tori Svili ende (is ambobs: Cemi saxelia hori), xolo wignis dasasrul — cxovrebasTan naWidavebi — mama ende. moTxrobebSi dominanti bneli ferebi SemTxveviTi ar aris. cnobi-lia, rom mama ende Tavis Semoqmedebas uwodebda `xilvebs sibnelidan~, vinaidan is saku-Tar Semoqmedebas ganmartoebisas Cabnelebul oTaxSi, daxurul sivrceSi qmnida. aqedan gamomdinare, moTxrobebis erTaderTi gmiri, romelsac avtori saxelobiTad moixsenebs da romelSic mama-Svilia gaerTianebuli, aris xari, romelic srul sibneleSi cxovrobs. wigns Tan erTvis Sav-TeTr ferebSi Sesrulebuli Canaxatebi, maT Soris bnel oTaxSi mo-

Tavsebuli xarisac (Träger der Lebenskraft). amrigad, teqsti da suraTi erTmaneTSia arekli-li ise, rogorc mamisa da Svilis Semoqmedeba, rac kargad Cans danarCen mikroteqsteb-Sic.

mixeil ende sakuTari Semoqmedebis Sefasebisas aRniSnavda: `mec ki mxolod zmaneba var~. avtoris sityvebi vizionebis labirinTis winaTqmaSive aisaxa. avtori mkiTxvels mi-marTavs da Txrobas iwyebs pirveli piris mTxrobeli, is mkiTxvels amzadebs danarCeni

vizionebis wasakiTxad, aqcentirebulia pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli Ìch kann nicht […], ich weiβ nicht […]…~, pirveli piris nacvalsaxels anacvlebs amave piris kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli martiv winadadebaSi `Mein Name ist Hor…~ da a.S. Ìch bitte dich, Anders kann ich mich […], meine Bitte […], ich brauche deine Stimme, wo meine versagt […].~ avtori pirvel pirs anacvlebs horiT da mogviTxrobs sakuTar Tavze, mTlian mikroteqstSi koneqtoris funqcias kisrulobs martivi sintagma: `Mein Name ist Hor…/Mein Name ist Hor…/Ich nenne mich Hor…/Ich heiβe Hor…/Ich – Hor…/Mein…/Name ist Hor…/~, Sesabamisi semantikuri modifikaciiT. mTeli teqsti daqselilia eqsplicituri gameorebiT, rac miiRweva leqsikuri sinonimi-is meSveobiT, rig SemTxvevaSi elifsuri formiTac. amrigad, avtori aris xari saxelad hori. es aris erTaderTi sakuTari saxeli, rac moTxrobebis krebulSi gvxvdeba.

hori, iseve rogorc yvela sxva danarCeni vizionis aqtorebi, mudmivad moZraobs da-xurul labirinTSi, martoa bnel sivrceSi, sadac drois aTvla ar xdeba. pirvel vizionSi


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hori avtoris xmaa, rac teqsturis pirvelive sintagmebSi ikiTxeba: `Verzeih mir, ich kann nicht lauter sprechen. Ich weiβ nicht, wann du mich hören wirst, du, zu dem ich rede…[...] Ich weiβ, dass ich viel verlangen, aber du wirst sogar den Atem anhalten müssen...~. winasityvaobis dasasrul, Sesabamisad, pirveli vizionis safinalo segmentSi, avtori iZleva mTlianad labirinTis gasaRebs, roca svams kiTxvas: ` Aber wer ist das: Ich – Hor? Bin ich den nur einer? Oder bin ich zwei und habe die Erlebniss jenes zweiten? Bin ich viele? Und alle die anderen, die ich sind, leben dort drauβen~ da mkiTxvelisTvis aseve gacxadebulia saTaurSi Cadebuli presignali, rac iZleva kre-bulis ganmartebasac: mamis anarekli Svilis SemoqmedebiT labirinTSi. sakmarisia mkiTx-veli gaecnos pirvel vizions, rasac SesaZloa avtoris winaTqmac vuwodoT, rom misTvis martivdeba yvela danarCeni xilvebis interpretacia, sazrisis wvdoma, Sesabamisad, es mikroteqstic orientirebulia ZiriTadi teqstis gagebaze. mikroteqsts erTvis aseve suraTi, romelic damatebiTi kodia krebulis saTaurSi Cadebuli presignalis ganmarte-bisaTvis, faqtiurad suraTis zusti aslia vizionis hori gamoketili bnel oTaxSi.

niSandoblivia, rom teqstis lingvisturma analizma TvalnaTliv aCvena, rom teqstis koherentulobis safuZvelia teqstis saxeoba `winaTqmisaTvis~ niSandoblivi drois formebis zusti monacvleoba, kerZod ki ZiriTadi wamyvani drois formaa `awmyo~ Txro-biT kiloSi, romelic mikroteqstis bolos Canacvlebulia momavlis drois formiT, sa-dac hori Svili cdilobs `nabij-nabij, suraT-suraT~ miuaxlovdes hors mamas, romlis anarekladac Tavs miiCnevs, vinaidan Tavis saubrebSi iorg kirxbaumTan mwerali mixeil ende xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom misi leqsebi Seqmnilia mamis naxatebis mixedviT. is cdi-lobda yvlaferi is, rac suraTze iyo, sityvebiT gadmoeca. mwerali Seecada Temebi, rom-lis motivebic mamis naxatebSi iyo, gaexmovanebina. Tumca, is agreTve xazgasmiT aRniS-navs, rom is cdilobda yvelaferi es sxvagvarad gadmoeca. mixeil ende Tvlida, rom isini erTmaneTs avsebdnen da motivirebuli iyvnen erTmaneTis SemoqmedebiT. teqsturis bo-los momavlis drois formaSi hori ukve mravlobiTi ricxvis pirvel pirSi ganagrZobs

msjelobas: `Was werden wir denn sein?~. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, teqstis bolos gvaqvs avtoris vinaoba, romelic gadmocemulia teqstis koherentulobis sabaziso sintagmiT: `Mein Name ist Hor~.

amrigad, Cven SevecadeT gagveanalizebina sami sxvadasxva teqsti, romelTagan erTi araliteraturuli teqstebis klass, xolo meore — literaturul teqstebs miekuTvne-ba; rac Seexeba mesames, is am oris zRvargamyofzea Tavisi SinaarsiT. samive teqsti met-naklebad atarebs erTi konkretuli teqstis saxeobis `winasityvaobis~ arsebiT niSnebs, gansakuTrebiT mkveTria maTi msgavseba teqsturis kompoziciis ganxilvisas. teqstis am saxeobisaTvis niSandobliv saerTo niSnebs yvelaze naklebad inarCunebs literaturu-li teqstis winasityvaoba. amis sapirispirod masSi yvelaze mravalricxovania avtoris intenciis amsaxveli kodirebuli signalebi, rac Cvens konkretul SemTxvevaSi gamoxatu-li iyo ara marto verbaluri, aramed vizualuri kodebis meSveobiT. mkveTri sxvaoba mogvca samive teqstis zedapiruli struqturis analizma. maTgan sabaziso teqstis saxe-obis gramatikuli struqturis niSnebi yvelaze metad SenarCunebulia dargobrivi teq-stisaTvis wamZRvarebul winaTqmaSi, xolo publicisturi da literaturuli teqstis gramatikuli struqtura praqtikulad aranair siaxloves ar avlens dargobrivi teq-stis zedapirul struqturasTan. teqstebSi, romlebic literaturuli teqstis klasSia moyolili, dominantia naratiuli funqcia, sustia deskrifciuli funqciis niSnebi, gan-sxvavebiT dargobrivi teqstisgan, sadac wamyvan funqciad deskrifciuli funqcia fiq-sirdeba. amrigad, saanalizo teqstebis kveTa msgavsebis TvalsazrisiT xdeba teqsturis kompoziciis doneze. samive teqstis avtori cdilobs parateqstis meSveobiT mkiTxveli

nino qimeriZe

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moamzados ZiriTadi teqstis kiTxvisTvis, teqstSi Catovebuli konkretuli signalebis meSveobiT, rac yvelaze metad niSandoblivia literaturuli teqstebisaTvis.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

Busse, Dietrich. Textkohärenz und Textverstehen. Textsemantik und Kriterien für Textualität. 1992 unter: http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/germ1/lehrstuhl-fuer-germanistische-sprachwissenschaft/ publikationen/unpublizierte-schriften/ [veröffent.: Busse-UP-1992, Stand: 07.04.2013]

Duden, Konrad. Deutsches Universalwörterbuch. 5.Aufl. Mannheim: Duden [CD-ROM]. 2003 Ende, Michael. Der Spiegel im Spiegel. Ein Labyrinth. München: dtv; 2006 Genette, Gérard. Paratexte. Das Buch vom Beiwerk des Buches. Frankfurt/M: Campus-Verlag. 1992. S. 10. Bei

seiner Bestimmung des Paratextes als »unbestimmte Zone« rekurriert Genene auf eine Formulierung von Antoine Compagnon, wonach der Paratext eine »zone interrnectiaire entre le horstexte et le texte« ist (Vgl. Compagnon, Antoine: La Seconde Main. Paris 1979, S.328).

Kästner, Erich. Wir sind so frei. Chanson, Kabarett, kleine Prosa. B.II. München.Wien: Carl Hansen. 1998 Linke, Angelika, Markus Nussbaumer, and Paul R. Portmann. Studienbuch Linguistik. 2. Aufl., Tübingen: Niemeyer.

1994 Meier, Jörg. Zwischen Textphilologie, Kulturwissenschaft und ‘neuen Medien~. In: U.Fix a.al. (Hrsg.) Brauchen wir

einen neuen Textbegriff?: Antworten auf eine Preisfrage. Gesellschaft für Angewandte Linguistik. B40. Frankfurt/M: Lang. 2002, SS. 83-93;

Timm, Christian. Das Vorwort – ‚eine Textsorte in Relation‘. In: H.Kalverkämper, K.-D.Baumann Fachliche Textsorten. Komponenten – Relationen – Strategien. Tübingen:Narr. 1996, SS.458-468;

Wirth, Uwe. Das Vorwort als performative, paratextuelle und parergonale Rahmung. In: Fohrmann, Jürgen [Hrsg.] Rhetorik. Figuration und Performanz. Stuttgart: Metzler. 2004.

Wuthenow, Ralph-Rainer. Europäische Tagebücher. Eigenart – Formen – Entwicklung. Darmstadt: Wiss. Buchges. 1990.

NINO KIMERIDZE

ON LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAME TEXT PRESENTED IN THE FIELD OF FICTION AS WELL AS NON-FICTION

Summary

Research of text varieties gains importance soon after text linguistics establishes itself as a separate linguistic discipline. This is primarily related to the fact that one of the essential parameters among different types of knowledge while processing a text is the knowledge about global structures of a text – therefore knowledge on text varieties. This type of knowledge covers and shapes the other varieties of knowledge on: language, encyclopaedia/field, interactive and illocution. Purposeful combination of all these enables the text formation.

Text variety researches gain essential importance in the German language domain in the 70’s of the past century (1972 colloquium on Gülich E./ Raible W., Text types research, 1986 scientific conference of German Language Institute (Kallmayer W.) creating the foundation for establishing the linguistics of text types as a separate research field.

Despite the fact that text types are of a more or less conventional character as part of the language activity process, historically developed, it is branded by specific characteristics for particular groups, is presented as the artefact of culture with its signals and markers and it may become the subject of change even as part of one language.


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Separate text types in the field of fiction and nonfiction have long been identified as typical text varieties of this field, in particular. However, in recent period global systems of a specific text may be named, the reflection of which may appear in absolutely atypical text varieties.

Raising an issue became interesting since the text type – introduction, generally found in the publishing field, was asserted with an altered form in fiction ( Ende M. ‘The Mirror in the Mirror’) and publicist (Kestner E.) as one of the micro texts.

With the purpose of creating a complete picture while researching the issue, we have included an introduction of a scientific-academic issue that provides the most precise text parameters characteristic of this type of text.

The text corps of the present work is fully based on the German language material. We find it rather interesting to study different versions of `introductions’’ in order to find out how intensive the text varieties of a specific text type are in the German language space – the reasons for differences in case of the analyzed texts and linguistic parameters kept in the versions selected for analysis.

The study has shown that linguistic differences of textures are caused primarily by the construct of field texts as part of fiction text varieties.


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nino kereseliZe

saqarTvelos sagareo politika

ruseTTan mimarTebaSi 1991-2013 wlebSi

saqarTvelosa da ruseTs urTierTobaTa xangrZlivi istoria akavSirebT. saqarTve-los sagareo politikis msvlelobaze gavlena iqonia saqarTvelos yofnam ruseTis impe-riis da sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, saqarTve-lo sagareo politikuri kursis arCevis winaSe dadga. geografiuli mdebareobidan ga-momdinare, saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovania gaaCndes ruseTisadmi gawonasworebuli sa-gareo politika. statia ikvlevs, Tu ramdenad SeZlo saqarTvelom Tanmimdevruli saga-reo politikis SemuSaveba ruseTTan mimarTebiT damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg. statiis mizania daadginos, rom saqarTvelom ver SeZlo ruseTisadmi Tanmimdevruli sa-gareo politikis Camoyalibeba, rac ganpirobebuli iyo saqarTveloSi Sida dapirispire-biT, politikuri konfliqtebiTa da saqarTvelos mimarT ruseTis winaaRmdegobrivi po-litikiT.*

saqarTvelos sagareo politika ruseTisadmi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Tavdas-xmiTi realizmis TeoriiT aixsneba, razedac naSromis pirvel nawilSia saubari. statiis meore nawilSi mimoxilulia saqarTvelos politikuri viTareba sabWoTa kavSiris daS-lis Semdeg. mesame nawilSi gamokvleulia saqarTveloSi mimdinare konfliqtebis mizeze-bi, rac sabWoTa konstituciebSi da nacionalizmis gaRvivebaSi mdgomareobs. momdevno nawilSi gamoyofilia saqarTvelos ruseTisadmi sagareo politikis warmoebis ori etapi damoukideblobis aRdgenidan Sidapolitikuri daZabulobis da samxreT oseTsa da afxa-zeTis konfliqtebSi ruseTis Suamavlobis fonze. mexuTe nawilSi ganxilulia regionSi saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis CarTuloba, rac gavlenas axdens saqarTvelos sagareo politikaze. statiis bolo nawili eZRvneba saqarTvelos sagareo politikas ocdameer-Te saukunis dasawyisSi.

postsabWoTa periodis saqarTvelos sagareo politikis sakiTxi, rogorc samecnie-ro problema, erTob rTulia. interess iwvevs ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis ara-erTgvarovneba da aqtualuroba. aRniSnul problemaze msoflioSi bolo dros bevri iwereba. Temis calkeul aspeqtTa irgvliv arsebobs araerTi naSromi da eqspertTa Sefa-seba (Cervonnaia 1993; nodia 1995; zdravomislovi 1997; skakovi 2002; luzianini 2007; ga-misonia da pertaia 2009; jojua 2010). Tumca mwiria samecniero gamokvlevebi uSualod ruseTisadmi saqarTvelos sagareo politikis Sesaxeb. kvlevis amocanaa, Seavsos arsebu-li naklovaneba. winamdebare kvleva Catarda pozitivisturi meTodologiuri midgomis, magaliTis kvlevis xerxis da Tvisebrivi kvleviTi meTodebis gamoyenebiT. samecniero da politikuri literaturis mimoxilvas mosdevs Sinaarsobrivi da diskursuli analizi. ruseTTan jerovan urTierTobebs saqarTvelosTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. amitom amJamad saWiroa Camoyalibdes da damkvidrdes saqarTvelos Tanmimdevruli politika ruseTisadmi.

* avtori madlobas uxdis oTar janeliZes, daviT macaberiZes, giorgi murRvaSvils, nino faca-

cias, jena mari sapianos da anonimur recenzents statiaze muSaobis procesSi mowodebuli SeniSvnebisa da winadadebebisaTvis.

saqarTvelos sagareo politika ruseTTan mimarTebaSi 1991-2013 wlebSi

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Teoriuli xedva

ruseTisadmi saqarTvelos damokidebulebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi ar-sebobs. malxaz macaberiZis (2007, 2008) azriT, ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris ormxrivi urTierTobebi winaaRmdegobriobiT xasiaTdeba da maT mosawesrigeblad saWiroa sirTu-leTa mizezebis Seswavla. givi boloTaSvili (2003) aRniSnavs, rom axlad Seqmnilma qar-Tulma saxelmwifom konfliqtebis, Sidasaxelisuflo dapirispirebisa da ekonomikuri krizisis viTarebaSi gonivruli sagareo politikis warmarTva ver SeZlo. svante kor-nels (2001) miaCnia, rom saqarTvelos mier gawonasworebuli politikis ganxorcieleba mezobeli qveynis mudmivi zewolis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iyo. aseTive azris aris jon lefingueli (1994), romelic miuTiTebs, rom ruseTis mxridan e.w. „axlo sazRvargare-Tis“ saqmeebSi Carevas ganapirobebs misi survili SeinarCunos evraziis regionSi Zlie-reba da ganamtkicos yofil sabWoTa qveynebTan ekonomikuri kavSirebi. ruseTi dainte-resebulia kaspiis zRvis auzis navTobisa da gazis resursebiT da aseve cdilobs SeaCe-ros TurqeTis gaZliereba strategiuli mniSvnelobis mqone kavkasiis regionSi (lefin-gueli 1994: 77). damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saqarTvelom sagareo politika da-savleT saxelmwifoebisken, kerZod, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisken mimarTa. 1990-iani wlebis Semdeg aSS umsxviles finansur daxmarebas erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT sa-qarTvelos uwevda (kingi 2001, 2004). adrian haide praisis (2007) mixedviT, samxreT kavka-siaSi ukve gadaikveTeba ruseTis, aSS-is da evrokavSiris qveynebis interesebi.

TavdasxmiTi realizmi, Teoriuli xedva saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, je-rovnad xsnis ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis mimdinareobas. TavdasxmiTi realizmi aRmocenda realizmis skolidan da ganaviTara jon merSaimerma (2001). am xedvis amosava-li debulebis mixedviT, saerTaSoriso anarqiul sistemaSi myofi saxelmwifoebi sakuTa-ri usafrTxoebis dacvaze zrunaven da Zalauflebisken iswrafvian (morgenTau 1978). sa-xelmwifoebi mudam gaZlierebas cdiloben da es survili Tavad saerTaSoriso sistemaSi Zevs (merSaimeri 2001). saxelmwifoebs TavdasxmiTi saxis qceva axasiaTebT, radgan maT mwiri samxedro resursebi aqvT da TviTdaxmarebis viTarebaSi sxva saxelmwifos ganzrax-vebs ar uwyian. saxelmwifoebi, rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ZiriTadi moqmedi mxareebi, gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso politikas, amitom mcirdeba saerTaSoriso in-stitutebis mniSvneloba (merSaimeri 2001). TavdasxmiTi realizmi cxadyofs Zalis pri-mats saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. Zala ganisazRvreba samxedro siZlieriT da saxelmwifos

Zlierebas ganapirobebs (Ibid: 56). ruseTi Zlierebis gazrdaze zrunavs da regionSi uSiS-roebasTan dakavSirebuli interesebi amoZravebs (linCi 2001). 2008 wels ruseTsa da sa-qarTvelos Soris omis dros ruseTis SedarebiTma samxedro upiratesobam ganapiroba ruseTis samxedro moqmedebebi saqarTvelos mimarT. saqarTvelo egzistencialuri saf-rTxis winaSe dadga da gamovlinda misTvis teritoriis dacvis mniSvneloba. winamdebare magaliTidan Cans, rom TavdasxmiTi realizmi xsnis saqarTvelos ruseTisadmi sagareo politikas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.

saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis mijnaze

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis periodSi saqarTvelos xelisufleba sagareo politikis gaazrebas Seudga. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg qarTuli politikuri elita ruse-Tisgan gamijvnas da evropul saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebis damyarebas cdilobs.

ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobebi saTaves iRebs XVI saukunidan. XIX sau-kunesa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli politikuri da socialuri elita dasavlur ideebs ZiriTadad ruseTis saSualebiT eziareboda (Carkviani 2008). ruseTi Zlier er-

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Tmorwmune mezobel saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, romelic saqarTvelos mfarvelobas pirdeboda da amavdroulad ereoda saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi. saukunovan kavSirs eyrdnoba qarTuli da rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis urTierToba. ruseTis kul-turis ganviTarebaSi wvlili Seitanes qarTuli ganaTlebis, literaturisa da xelovne-bis warmomadgenlebma. 1917 wlis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTi dasavleTs CamoSorda da saqarTvelo ruseTs evropis nawilad veRar aRiqvamda. 1918-1921 wlebSi xanmokle damou-kideblobis Semdeg, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika 1921 wels ruseTis armiis aneqsiis Sedegad sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirs (ssrk) SeuerTda.

1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSirSi krizisi daiwyo. 1985 wels komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivnis Tanamdebobaze mosulma mixeil gorbaCovma scada e.w. „pe-restroikis“ politikiT socializmis gardaqmna. 1980-iani wlebis meore naxevridan mo-kavSire respublikebSi erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba daiwyo. komunisturi reJimebi daeca aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSla gardauvali gaxda. moskovi ewinaaRmdegeboda qarTveli xalxis survils aRedgina damoukidebloba. protestis Ca-saxSobad kremlma 1989 wlis 9 aprils TbilisSi mSvidobiani demonstracia daarbia. 1991 wels damoukidebloba gamoacxades: litvam, saqarTvelom, ukrainam, uzbekeTma, azerbai-janma da sxva mokavSire respublikebma, xolo zogi respublika sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg gaxda damoukidebeli. 1991 wlis 8 dekembers beloveJis tverSi, belarusis res-publikis, ruseTis da ukrainis mier xelmowerili SeTanxmebiT (1991) sabWoTa kavSirma arseboba Sewyvita da daarsda damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT). sabWo-Ta kavSiris samarTalmemkvidre ruseTis federaciam uwindeburi politika ganagrZo sa-qarTvelos mimarT.

saqarTvelo saxelmwifos Senebis siZneleTa winaSe dadga. sabWoTa kavSiris sameurne-o-ekonomikuri qselis moSlam qveyanaSi ekonomikuri sirTuleebi gamoiwvia. am periodSi xelisuflebis mier sagareo prioritetebis gaazreba xdeba. qarTuli politikuri elita dasavleTis qveynebTan daaxloebas cdilobs. evropuli Rirebulebebis gaziarebis mxriv sagulisxmo iyo 1991 wels miRebuli dadgenileba „adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciasTan saqarTvelos respublikis SeerTebis Sesaxeb“. evropisken mimarTul politikas ruseTi arakeTilganwyobiT Sexvda da saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas safrTxe Seuqmna saqarTvelos istoriul nawilebSi — cxinvalis regionsa (yofili samxreT oseTis avto-nomiuri olqi) da afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi — separatizmis xelSewyobiT. sa-qarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierTobebSi axali etapi daiwyo.

konfliqtebis mizezebi: sabWoTa konstitucia da nacionalizmi

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis dros cxinvalsa da afxazeTSi konfliqturi mdgomareoba Seiqmna. konfliqtebi gamoiwvia separatistulma moTxovnebma, romelic sabWoTa konsti-tuciebSi regionebisTvis miniWebuli statusis Sedegad gaCnda. ruseTi mxars uWerda se-paratistul moZraobas. saqarTvelos erovnulma xelisuflebam nacionalisturi gan-cxadebebiT eTnikuri SuRli gaaRviva. saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis rRvevas qarTveli xalxi SeewinaaRmdega. dapirispirebas moyva omebi 1989-1991 wlebSi cxinvalis regionSi da 1992-1993 wlebSi afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi, ris Sedegadac orive regioni saqarTvelos defaqto gamoeyo.

arCevnebi

1990 wels saqarTveloSi saparlamento — saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos — arCevnebi Catarda da gaimarjva blokma „mrgvali magida — Tavisufali saqarTvelo“ erovnuli moZ-raobis lideris — zviad gamsaxurdias xelmZRvanelobiT. 1991 wlis aprilSi uzenaesma


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sabWom Tavmjdomared airCia zviad gamsaxurdia, xolo 26 maiss Catarebul saprezidento arCevnebSi gamsaxurdia gaxda prezidenti. 1991 wlis 31 marts qveynis mTel teritoria-ze, maT Soris afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikisa da cxinvalis regionis udides na-wilze, Catarda sayovelTao saxalxo referendumi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da-moukideblobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis (1918) sa-fuZvelze (saq. parlamenti 2011: oqmi 59). referendumSi monawileoba miiRo amomrCevel-Ta 88%-ma. SekiTxvas saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb 3,3 milionze metma amomrCevelma upasuxa da monawileTa 98%-ma dadebiTi pasuxi gasca. afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi separatistulma organizaciebma referendums boi-koti gamoucxades. miuxedavad amisa, mosaxleobis mniSvnelovanma nawilma, maT Soris ro-gorc eTnikurma qarTvelebma, ise afxazebma da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebma (amom-rCevelTa saerTo raodenobis 61,27%-ma), referendumSi monawileoba miiRo. afxazeTis mosaxleobam xma saqarTvelos damoukideblobas misca da am xmaTa raodenobam 97,73% Se-

adgina (Ibid: oqmi 59). 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-bis aRdgenis aqtis (1991) miRebiT aRdga saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. aRniSnuli ar-Cevnebis Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis mosaxleobis umrav-lesoba momxre iyo saqarTvelos mTlianobis.

konstituciuri debatebi da gamoyofa

eTnikuri dapirispirebisTvis niadagi momzadda sabWoTa periodSi regionebisTvis avtonomiis miniWebiT. sabWoTa konstituciebis sxvadasxva interpretaciis SesaZleblo-bam da qarTuli erovnuli xelisuflebis mxridan nacionalizmis gaRvivebam umciresoba-Ta mxridan Zalismieri meTodebiT damoukideblobis moTxovna warmoSva (macaberiZe 2010). secesiuri moZraoba politikuri elitebis mier iyo nakarnaxevi (korneli 2001). mo-sazRvre mesame saxelmwifos mxardaWeris pirobebSi separatistma umciresobebma cen-trTan ver SeZles molaparakeba (jene 2007).

cxinvalis da afxazeTis gamoyofis moTxovnebi arakonstituciuri iyo. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis mier 1921 wels miRebul saqarTvelos konstituciaSi gamocxadebulia avtonomiuri mmarTveloba „afxazeTSi (soxumis olqi), samuslimano saqarTveloSi (baTomis mxare) da zaqaTalaSi (zaqaTalas olqi)“ (konst 1921: mux. 107). 1924, 1936 da 1977 wlebis ssrk konstituciebis Tanaxmad, orive regioni saqar-Tvelos nawils warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika (saqar-Tvelos ssr) 1921 wlidan mokavSire respublika iyo.1 1977 wlis konstituciis 76 muxlis mixedviT suvereniteti mxolod mokavSire sabWoTa respublikas gaaCnda, xolo 82 da 86 muxlebis mixedviT avtonomiuri respublika da avtonomiuri olqi mokavSire respubli-kis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen (ssrk konst. 1977: mux. 76-82). amasTanave, respublikis sta-tusze qvemdgomi iyo avtonomiuri statusi. aRniSnuli dokumentebis Sinaarsis analizi cxadyofs, rom regionebs suverenitetis konstituciuri moTxovnis ufleba ar gaaC-ndaT.

1990 wlis dekemberSi osma separatistebma Caatares e.w. samxreT oseTis sabWoTa res-publikis umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebi. arCevnebi ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos respub-

1 1924 wlis ssrk konstituciaSi naxsenebia aWaris da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikebis da

samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri regionis (olqis) arseboba (ssrk konst. 1924: mux. 15). 1936 wlis ssrk konstituciis 25 muxli ganmartavda, rom: „saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi res-publika moicavs afxazeTis avtonomiur sabWoTa socialistur respublikas, aWaris avtonomiur sabWoTa socialistur respublikas da samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqs“ (ssrk konst. 1936: mux. 25).

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likis konstitucias, rac aRiniSna 1990 wlis 11 dekembers saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos mier miRebul saqarTvelos respublikis kanonSi „samxreT oseTis avto-nomiuri olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb“. samxreT oseTs avtonomiuri olqis statusi 1922 wels mieniWa, rodesac saqarTvelos saxalxo komisarTa sabWos 1922 wlis 20 aprilisi2 dekre-tiT „samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis mowyobis Sesaxeb“ cvlilebebi Sevida centra-luri aRmasrulebeli komitetis 1922 wlis 28 martis dekretSi „samxreT oseTis avtono-miuri olqis daarsebis Sesaxeb“. olqis administraciuli mowyoba ganisazRvra 1980 wlis 12 noembris saqarTvelos ssr kanonSi „samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Sesaxeb“. uze-naesma sabWom, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konstituciis (mux. 104) Tanaxmad, Zaladakargulad CaTvala orive dekreti da saqarTvelos ssr kanoni „sam-xreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Sesaxeb“. uzenaesma sabWom aseve baTilad cno e.w. „sam-xreT oseTis sabWoTa respublikis“ umaRlesi sabWos 1990 wlis arCevnebi. 1989 wlis ag-vistos gamoica saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis dadgenileba qarTuli enis saxelmwifo programis Sesaxeb, rac organizacia „adamon nixasis“ mier cxinvalSi pirveli mitingis gamarTvis sababad iqca (saq. parlamenti 2013).

1989 wlis 18 marts afxazeTis sofel lixnSi Semdgar krebaze saqarTvelos komparti-is afxazeTis saolqo komitetisa da avtonomiuri respublikis uzenaesi sabWos separa-tistulma Semadgenlobam werilobiT mimarTa skkp centralur komitets afxazeTis av-tonomiuri respublikisTvis ssr statusis miniWebis Sesaxeb. es moTxovna emyareboda mo-sazrebas, rom afxazeTi am statusiT sargeblobda 1925-1931 wlebSi da afxazeTis ssr-s saqarTvelos ssr-sTan e.w. „erTianobis xelSekruleba“ akavSirebda, riTac 1922 wlidan gaerTianebuli iyo ssrk-Si (assr konst. 1925: mux. 3). afxaz da qarTvel mosaxleobas So-ris dapirispireba qalaq soxumSi 1989 wlis ivlisSi SeiaraRebul SetakebaSi gadaizarda.

prezident gamsaxurdias erovnuli ideologiuri safuZveli nacionalistur ele-mentebs Seicavda, rasac mowmobs devizi `saqarTvelo qarTvelebisTvis~. erovnul umci-resobaTa sakiTxi mwvaved dadga da gamZafrda eTnopolitikuri SuRli. afxazi da osi eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis avtonomiis Seqmnam gamoiwvia umciresobebis mxridan gamo-yofis survili. es survili gaamZafra erovnuli xelisuflebis mier avtonomiis gauqme-bam. separatistebis moTxovna aralegitimuri da arakonstituciuri iyo, ramac saqar-Tvelos danawevreba gamoiwvia.

saqarTvelos mier ruseTis mimarT ganxorcielebuli sagareo politikis etapebi

ruseTisadmi sagareo politikis SemuSavebasa da warmarTvaSi eduard SevardnaZis prezidentobisas (1995-2003) ori winaaRmdegobrivi saxis etapi gamoiyofa. ruseTis mxri-dan separatizmis mxardaWeris miuxedavad, qarTuli politikuri elita 1992 wlidan 1995 wlamde konfliqtebSi ruseTis Seuamavlobas emxroboda; 1996 wlidan 2003 wlamde ki Sei-niSneba saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri kursis dasavleTisken Secvla.

Sidapolitikuri viTareba

1991-1992 wlebSi saqarTveloSi Sidapolitikuri viTareba daiZaba. prezidentis xe-lisuflebasa da opozicias Soris dapirispireba moxda. prezidents ganudga uaxloesi garemocvac. 1991 wlis dekemberSi amboxebul erovnul gvardiasa da prezidentis dacvas Soris samxedro moqmedebebi Tbilisis omSi gadaizarda (anCabaZe 2005). 1992 wels Seiqmna saqarTvelos respublikis samxedro sabWo premier-ministr Tengiz siguas, erovnuli gvardiis sardal Tengiz kitovanis da samxedro dajgufeba „mxedrionis“ meTaur jaba


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ioselianis SemadgenlobiT. qveyanaSi samxedro gadatrialeba moewyo, romelic 1992 wlis ianvarSi xelisuflebis damxobiTa da prezident gamsaxurdias CeCneTis respubli-kaSi wasvliT dasrulda. Zalaufleba xelSi samxedro sabWom aiRo. erovnuli xelisuf-lebis mxardamWeri demonstraciebi gaZlierda. amave wlis martSi saqarTveloSi moiwvi-es erT dros saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s pirveli mdivani, sabWoTa kavSiris yofili sa-gareo saqmeTa ministri eduard SevardnaZe. samxedro sabWo gardaiqmna saxelmwifo sab-Wod da mis Tavmjdomared SevardnaZe dainiSna. man wesrigis damyareba daiwyo, Tumca aWa-ris regioni, kodorisa da pankisis xeobebi centraluri xelisuflebis kontrols ar da-eqvemdebarnen. Sidapolitikuri viTareba aisaxa sagareo politikaze, Tumca SevardnaZis avtoritetma msoflio masStabiT gavlena iqonia legitimurobas moklebuli reJimis aRiarebaze. evrogaerTianebis qveynebidan pirvelad 1992 wels germaniam moaxdina saqar-Tvelos saerTaSoriso iuridiuli aRiareba (germaniis sagareo... 2012).

ruseTis Suamavloba cxinvalis konfliqtSi

cxinvalSi 1991 wlis martSi samxedro dapirispireba daiwyo erovnul gvardiasa da os SeiaraRebul formirebebs Soris. 1991 wlis martSi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen prezidenti gamsaxurdia da ruseTis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublikis (rsfsr) uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare boris elcini daba yazbegSi (oqmi 1991), sadac SeTanxmdnen samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze ukanono formirebebis ganiaraRebis Sesaxeb. 1992 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTaurma SevardnaZem da ruseTis federaciis prezidentma boris elcinma ruseTis qalaq soWSi, dagomisis raionSi, xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas qarTul-osuri konfliqtis mowesrigebis principebis Sesaxeb (1992), riTac dasrulda saomari moqmedebebi. dokumentis xelmomweri mxarea ruseTis federacia, xolo Tavad osuri mxare xelSekrulebaSi ar aris naxsenebi. dokumentis Sina-arsis analizi cxadyofs, rom ruseTi sinamdvileSi konfliqtis monawile mxare iyo. da-gomisis xelSekrulebiT Seiqmna Sereuli sakontrolo komisia (Ssk) da mSvidobis damya-rebis Sereuli samSvidobo Zalebi (SsZ). Tavidan Ssk warmodgenili iyo saqarTvelos, ru-seTis, CrdiloeT oseTis sammxrivi SemadgenlobiT, mogvianebiT komisias samxreT osuri mxarec SeuerTda. am xelSekrulebebiT ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebs mieniWaT samSvido-bo statusi. 1993 wels evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis (euTos) mi-siasa da saqarTvelos da samxreT oseTs Soris miRweuli urTierTgagebis memorandume-bis safuZvelze euTo konfliqtis monitorings Seudga (euTo stat. 2012).

ruseTis Suamavloba afxazeTis konfliqtSi

1990 wlis dekemberSi afxazeTis assr umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomared arCeul iqna blok „souzis“ lideri vladislav arZinba. 1991-1992 wlebSi umaRlesma sabWom daiwyo an-tikonstituciuri samarTleblivi aqtebis miReba. sakuTriv, 1992 wlis ivlisSi sabWom gadawyvita Seewyvita afxazeTis assr 1978 wlis konstituciis moqmedeba da aRedgina af-xazeTis ssr 1925 wlis konstitucia (saq. parlamenti 2013a). suverenitetis dacvis miz-niT, 1992 wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos Sinagani jari afxazeTisken gadaadgilda. jarisa da afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos afxazuri gvardiis dapirispirebiT saomari moqmedebebi daiwyo. separatistebs SeuerTdnen ruseTis xelSewyobiT Seqmnili kavkasiis mTiel xal-xTa konfederaciis mebrZolebi (afxazeTis a/r mTavroba 2013).

1992 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTauris — SevardnaZisa da prezi-dent elcinis mier xelmowerili moskovis Sexvedris Semajamebeli dokumentis (1992) mi-xedviT, SeTanxmda cecxlis Sewyveta da Seiqmna kontrolisa da inspeqciis komisia saqar-

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Tvelos, afxazeTisa da ruseTis SemadgenlobiT. ruseTis konfliqtis mxared monawile-obis miuxedavad, ruseTis SeiaraRebul Zalebs, cxinvalis konfliqtis msgavsad, afxaze-Tis konfliqtSic Suamavlis roli mieniWa. SeTanxmebis miuxedavad, 1992 wlis oqtomber-Si separatistebma daikaves qalaqi gagra da Seteva ganaxorcieles qalaq soxumze (afxa-zeTis a/r mTavroba 2013). 1993 wlis ivlisSi qalaq soWSi daido sammxrivi SeTanxmeba (1993) afxazeTSi cecxlis Sewyvetisa da misi dacvis kontrolis meqanizmis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb, riTac qarTulma mxarem afxazeTis teritoriidan SenaerTebi gamoiyvana. 1993 wlis ivlisSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam (gaerom) ganixila mimdinare konfliq-ti (S/Res 849 1993) da uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciiT (S/Res 858 1993) dawesebuli gaeros sadamkvirveblo misiis mandatiT 88 meTvalyure gamogzavna. saerTaSoriso monitorin-gis miuxedavad, 1993 wlis 16-27 seqtembers dairRva soWis SeTanxmeba da Seteva ganxor-cielda qalaq soxumze. konfliqtis Sedegad daiRupa 10,000 adamiani, ganidevna 300,000 mosaxle da devnilTa nawili Wuberis uReltexilze gzad daikarga (saq. parlamenti 2013a). 1994 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaeros egidiT qalaq Jenevasa da moskovSi warimarTa sam-Svidobo molaparakebebi ruseTis, saqarTvelos, afxazeTis da euTos monawileobiT (ko-munike 1994). amave wlis maisSi qalaq moskovSi cecxlis Sewyvetisa da ZalTa daSoriSore-bis SeTanxmebis (1994) Semdeg Sewyda saomari moqmedebebi da afxazeTsa da zugdidis rai-onebSi samSvidobo Zalebis statusiT ruseTis jari ganlagda.

saqarTvelos araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba ruseTisadmi

afxazeTis omis dros gamovlinda saqarTvelos sagareo politikis susti mxareebi. 1993 wlis martSi prezidentma SevardnaZem afxazeTSi mimdinare oms Riad uwoda ruseT-saqarTvelos konfliqti. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelom ruseTTan dadebuli xelSekru-lebebiT daakanona mis teritoriaze ruseTis samxedro bazebis da mis sazRvrebze ruse-Tis jarebis ganlageba. am periodSi qarTuli sazogadoebis nawilSi gamZafrda antiru-suli ganwyoba, Tumca oficialuri Tbilisis mxridan SeiniSneboda ruseTTan keTilme-zobluri urTierTobis mcdeloba. 1992 wlis ivlisSi or saxelmwifos Soris diplomati-uri urTierTobebi damyarda. 1994 wels gaformda CarCoxelSekruleba saqarTvelos respublikasa da ruseTis federacias Soris megobrobis, keTilmezoblobisa da Tanam-Sromlobis Sesaxeb. es mniSvnelovani dokumenti saqarTvelos parlamentma moiwona da daamtkica, ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaTbirom ki xelSekrulebis ratifikaciisgan Tavi Se-ikava. saqarTvelos araTanmimdevruli politikisa da ruseTis mxridan zewolis amsaxve-li iyo 1993 wlis dekemberSi saqarTvelos gawevrianeba dsT-Si da koleqtiuri usaf-rTxoebis xelSekrulebis organizaciaSi. am faqts maSin eduard SevardnaZe „afxazeTis dabrunebas da afxazeTSi dabrunebas“ ukavSirebda, magram mravalwlianma gamocdilebam qveynis xelisufleba daarwmuna, rom dsT usargeblo organizacia iyo da 2008 wlis seq-temberSi saqarTvelo dsT-dan gamovida (janeliZe da asaTiani 2009: 461). male qveyanaSi sayovelTao arCevnebis gziT Camoyalibda parlamenti. 1995 wlis 24 agvistos miiRes kon-stitucia, ris safuZvelzec orjer airCies parlamenti — 1995 wlis 5 noembers da 1999 wlis 31 oqtombers. aseve orjer iqna arCeuli saqarTvelos prezidentad eduard Sevar-dnaZe — 1995 wlis 5 noembersa da 2000 wlis 9 aprils.

prezident SevardnaZis sagareo politikis meore etapisTvis, 1996 wlidan 2003 wlam-de, SeiniSneba sagareo politikuri kursis Secvla. urTierTobebi gaZlierda dasavleT saxelmwifoebTan, gansakuTrebiT aSS-sTan. amgvari kursi garkveulwilad ganapiroba aS-S-is sagareo politikis cvlilebam regionis mimarT. 1996 wels daiwyo Crdiloatlanti-kuri xelSekrulebis organizaciasTan (natosTan) kontaqtebis gaRrmaveba pirveli indi-vidualuri partniorobis programis SemuSavebiT. 1999 wels, vladimer putinis xeli-


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suflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, ruseTTan urTierTobebi gauaresda. saqarTvelo gamovida koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebis organizaciidan. ruseTis mier CeCneTSi omis ganaxlebis dros CeCneTidan ltolvili mosaxleoba saqarTvelos qistebiT dasaxlebul pankisis xeobas moadga. saqarTveloSi CeCeni mebrZolebis mfarvelobis sababiT ruseTis samxedro aviaciam ramdenjerme daarRvia saqarTvelos sahaero sivrce (saq. mTavrobis angariSi 2009). samxedro da humanitarulma safrTxem aiZula saqarTvelos xelisufleba mWidrod eTanamSromla aSS-sTan. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers aSS-Si momxdari teroristuli aqtis Semdeg amerikam pankisis xeoba saerTaSoriso terorizmis TavSesafrad gamoacxada da saqarTveloSi aSS samxedro mwvrTnelebi moavlina (aSS Tavdacvis saministro 2002). momdevno wlidan daiwyo wvrTnisa da aRWurvis erToblivi programis ganxorcieleba sa-qarTvelos Tavdacvis saministrosa da uSiSroebis sxva Zalebis gasaZliereblad.

aSS-sTan TanamSromlobis garda, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam Crdiloatlantikur aliansSi integracia qveynis teritoriuli konfliqtebis gadawyvetis saSualebad miiC-nia (iakobaSvili da kuliki 2008). saqarTvelo CaerTo natos egidiT warmoebul samSvido-bo operaciebSi. qarTulma samxedro qvedanayofebma 1999-2008 wlebSi monawileoba mii-Res kosovoSi samSvidobo operaciaSi. 2004 wlidan saqarTvelo monawileobs avRaneTSi saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis mxardamWeri Zalebis operaciaSi, sadac amJamad natos ara-wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris sididiT meore kontingenti gaaCnia.

1993 da 2005 wlebis mowvevis parlamentis dadgenilebebiT 1991 wlidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul oTx rusul samxedro bazas iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnda da unda gayvaniliyo.1 1999 wels gamarTul euTos stambolis samitis SeTanxmebiT, romelic ev-ropaSi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis nawilia, 2001 wlis iv-lisamde ruseTs unda gaeyvana vazianisa da gudauTis bazebi, xolo 2000 wels unda das-rulebuliyo molaparakebebi axalqalaqisa da baTumis bazebis Sesaxeb (qartia 1999: da-narTi 14). 2013 wlamde ruseTma gaiyvana sami baza, xolo afxazeTSi ganlagebuli gudau-Tis bazis sakiTxi gadauWreli darCa. 2008 wlis omis Semdeg saqarTvelos teritoriaze samxedro suraTi Seicvala. 2008 wlis seqtemberSi ruseTma afxazeTTan da samxreT oseT-Tan xeli moawera SeTanxmebebs megobrobis, TanamSromlobisa da ormxrivi daxmarebis Se-saxeb, riTac samarTleblivi safuZveli Seiqmna ruseTis mokavSire Zalebis arsebobisaT-vis (SeTanxmeba 2008a; 2008b). momdevno wels ruseTsa da separatistul regionebTan sa-xelmwifo sazRvris erToblivi dacvis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebiT dakanonda ruseTis samxed-ro Zalebis ganlageba orive sazRvarze (SeTanxmeba 2009a; 2009b). saqarTveloSi aSS-isa da ruseTis samxedro arseboba urTierTSeusabamo gaxda. ruseTi arakeTilganwyobilia aSS-sa da evroatlantikur struqturebTan saqarTvelos mWidro TanamSromlobis mimarT.

saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba

saqarTvelosa da ruseTis Tanamedrove urTierTobebze gavlenas axdens saerTaSo-riso saxelmwifoebis CarTuloba regionSi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg samxreT kav-kasia geopolitikuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT saerTaSoriso interesebis aspare-zad iqca.

damoukideblobis mopovebis pirvelive wlebidan saqarTvelos xelisufleba qveynis usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis dasavleTisken mimarTul politikas prioritetulad miiCnevda. 1992 wlidan politikuri da ekonomikuri krizisis dros xe-

1 qveynis teritoriaze ganlagebuli ruseTis jarebi okupant SeiaraRebul Zalebad iyo gamocxa-

debuli saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos 1991 wlis 15 seqtembris dadgenilebiT saqarTvelos respublikaSi sabWoTa kavSiris SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesaxeb (dadgenileba 1991: №657).

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lisufleba saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobisgan mxardaWeris mopovebas cdilobda. am pe-riodSi iwyeba dasavleTTan aqtiuri TanamSromloba. saqarTvelom 110-ze met qveyanas-Tan daamyara diplomatiuri urTierTobebi. 1992 wels saqarTvelo miiRes gaeros wev-rad. amave wlidan saqarTvelo Crdiloatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWos wevri gaxda da 1994 wels SeuerTda programas „partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis“. qveynis evropisken mi-marTuli politikis gamomxatveli iyo saqarTvelos imJamindeli parlamentis Tavmjdo-maris — zurab Jvanias mier evropis sabWoSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebasTan dakavSirebiT saparlamento asambleis sxdomaze (1999) warmoTqmuli sityva: `me var qarTveli da, maSa-sadame, evropeli~. saqarTvelo aseve gawevrianda regionaluri da ekonomikuri mniSvne-lobis saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi, maT Soris euToSi, Savi zRvis ekonomikuri Tanam-Sromlobis organizaciaSi (bisekSi) da msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi. qveyanas finan-suri daxmareba gauwies saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma da evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankma.

1993 wlidan dasavleTs mzardi interesi gauCnda kaspiis zRvis auzis navTobis re-sursebisadmi. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mxridan daiwyo warmomadgenelTa gacnobiTi vizitebi; SemuSavda saerTaSoriso strategiuli mniSvnelobis energoproeqtebi. maga-liTad, 1993 wels saerTaSoriso transportis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi mravalmxrivi SeTanxme-bis xelmoweriT evrokavSirma samxreT kavkasiis qveynebTan SeimuSava evropa-kavkasia-a-ziis satransporto derefnis (traseka) programa, romelsac saqarTvelo SeuerTda. sa-qarTvelo aseve gaxda baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis ZiriTadi milsadenis da samxreT-kavkasiu-ri milsadenis (baqo-Tbilisi-erzerumis gazsadenis) proeqtebis nawili.

dasavleTTan gaZlierebuli urTierTobebis miuxedavad, qveynis maSindeli xelisuf-leba ruseTis gaTvaliswinebiT sifrTxiliT ekideboda sagareo politikis gacxadebas. saqarTvelos xelisufleba erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis da sagareo politikis amsaxveli oficialuri dokumentebis gamoqveynebas erideboda. sagareo politikis strategiis dokumenti 2006 wlidan gamoqveynda (saq. sagareo 2006). 2008 wlis omis Semdeg miRebul iqna kanoni saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb (2008). 2011 wlis dekemberSi damtkicda erovnuli usafrTxoebis axali koncefcia (saq. uSiSroebis sabWo: 2011), romelic qveynis mTavar safrTxed „ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos teri-toriebis okupacias“ gansazRvravs, xolo „sagareo da erovnuli usafrTxoebis politi-kis erT-erTi umTavresi prioriteti misi [saqarTvelos] Crdiloatlantikur alianssa da evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaa“ (saqarTvelos uSiSroebis sabWo: 2011, 2-41). saqarTvelos sagareo politikis ganxorcieleba regionaluri konteqstis garda qveynis Sidapoliti-kurma viTarebamac ganapiroba.

saqarTvelo axal aTaswleulSi

postsabWoTa periodSi rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise ruseTSi Seicvala xelisufleba, magram urTierToba or saxelmwifos Soris ucvleli darCa. 2000-iani wlebis pirvel na-xevarSi saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani politikuri movlenebi ganviTarda. qveynaSi revo-luciis Sedegad mosulma xelisuflebam evropuli da evroatlantikuri struqturebis-ken mimarTuli politika qveynis ganviTarebis saukeTeso gzad miiCnia. ruseTis damoki-debuleba saqarTvelosadmi arakeTilmezobluri gaxda.

vardebis revolucia

1998 wlidan, ekonomikuri sirTulis fonze, saqarTvelo uniaTo marTvis da qveyanaSi erTianobis uqonlobis winaSe dadga. 2003 wlis noembris saparlamento arCevnebis gayal-bebis sababiT mSvidobiani aqciebi daiwyo prezident SevardnaZis gadadgomis moTxovniT.


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aqciebs xelmZRvanelobda „erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis“ lideri mixeil saakaSvili, partia „gaerTianebuli demokratebis“ Tavmjdomare zurab Jvania da parlamentis Tav-mjdomare nino burjanaZe. mdgomareobis dasaregulireblad saqarTveloSi Camosulma ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma igor ivanovma xalxis winaSe gamosvlisas xazi gausva rus da qarTvel xalxs Soris megobrobas. e.w. „vardebis revolucia“ prezident Sevar-dnaZis gadadgomiT da ganmeorebiT saprezidento arCevnebSi mixeil saakaSvilis gamar-jvebiT dasrulda. prezident SevardnaZis gadadgomas ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaTbiros saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis komiteti dadebiTad gamoexmaura. 2004 wlis 25 ianvars prezidentis inauguraciaze gamosvlis dros prezidentma saakaSvilma megobrobis xeli gauwoda ruseTs: `Cven gvWirdeba ruseTi, rogorc mokavSire, rogorc Zlieri partniori da me minda, qarTveli xalxis saxeliT dRes ruseTs gavuwodo megobrobis xeli~ (saq. pre-zidentis administracia 2004). warmomadgenlobiTi delegaciebis stumrobiT saqarTve-loSi mniSvnelovani xana daiwyo. wlis ganmavlobaSi saxelisuflebo sameuli monacvleo-biT stumrobda dasavleTs. saqarTveloSi oficialuri vizitebiT Camodiodnen evrokav-Siris, natos da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi. 2005 wlis 9 maiss saqarTveloSi oficialuri vizitis dros prezidentma jorj buSma Tavisuflebis moe-danze gamosvlis dros xazi gausva sabWoTadroindel represias da Seaqo saqarTvelos demokratiuli ganviTareba: `16 wlis win leninis moedanze Sekrebili aTasobiT qarTve-lis damoukideblobis moTxova sabWoTa jarma CaaxSo, magram qarTveli xalxis suli ver Cakla. dRes saqarTvelo regionisTvis mSvidobis Suquraa~ (aSS sax. departamenti 2005). saqarTvelos evropul da evroatlantikur stuqturebTan daaxloeba Seuqcevad saxes iZenda.

2000-ini wlebis dasawyisidan kremli periodulad gamartivebul wesebs adgenda sepa-ratistuli regionebis sasargeblod. 2000 wlis dekemberSi ruseTma saqarTvelosTan sa-vizo reJimi SemoiRo, rac ar Sexebia afxazeTis da cxinvalis regionis mcxovreblebs. 2004 wels de faqto respublikaSi Catarebuli saprezidento arCevnebi mxolod ruseTma aRiara. prezidentma putinma qalaq soWSi kandidat raul xajimbas miRebiT mxardaWera gamoxata vladislav arZinbas Semdeg xajimbas xelisuflebaSi mosvlis mimarT. Tumca ar-CevnebSi opozicionerma kandidatma sergei baRafSma gaimarjva, romlis inauguracias daeswrnen ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaTbirosa da moskovis meriis warmomadgenlebi. 1999 wels afxazeTSi gaimarTa erTi referendumi da cxinvalis regionSi 1992 da 2006 wlebSi Catarda ori referendumi, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesobam mxari dauWira damoukideb-lobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom referendumebSi monawileoba ar miuRia iZulebiT gadaadgile-bul qarTvel mosaxleobas.

orsaxovani politikis miuxedavad, 2001 wels saqarTvelo da ruseTi axali CarCo-xelSekrulebis momzadebas Seudgnen, romelSic urTierTobebis fuZemdebeli principe-bi unda asaxuliyo. am sakiTxze 2003 wlis martSi qalaq soWSi gaimarTa Sexvedra prezi-dent SevardnaZesa da prezident putins Soris. amave wlis dekemberSi Sedga prezidentis movaleobis Semsruleblis — nino burjanaZis samuSao viziti moskovSi, sadac gamoikveTa or qveyanas Soris urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis perspeqtiva. Tumca, momdevno wlis Te-bervalSi ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma sergei lavrovma TbilisSi pirveli ofici-aluri vizitiT yofnisas uari ganacxada saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisTvis daRupulTa memorialis monaxulebaze.

ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omis winapirobebi da Sedegebi

ruseTi saqarTvelos Tavis e.w. „privilegirebuli interesebis“ sferod moiazrebs da mzad aris sakuTari pozicia samxedro ZaliTac daicvas. mkvlevarTa nawili amaSi pragmatizmisa da realpolitikis niSnebs xedavs (barsenkovi 2012), nawili ki ruseTis im-

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periuli politikis gagrZelebad miiCnevs. moskovis interesebi xasiaTdeba „sagareo po-litikis inerciiT“ da zesaxelmwifos mier mileuli siZlieris SenarCunebis surviliT (tofti 2003: 124). diskursuli analizis Sedegad Cans, rom ruseTis xelisufleba xSirad SefarviT saubrobda mis strategiul politikaze. magaliTad, ruseTis parlamentis wev-ris — andrei kokoSinis TqmiT: `ruseTi ar aris dainteresebuli saqarTveloSi arastabi-lurobiT. ruseTs surs saqarTvelom gaiTvaliswinos misi interesebi regionSi da nam-dvili strategiuli partnioroba gauwios~ (ria novosti 2004). Tavad saqarTvelosTvis ki prioritetuli iyo dasavleTTan TanamSromloba. 2004 wlis ivlisSi cxinvalis regi-onSi gamwvavebuli viTarebis gamo saqarTvelom araerTxel daayena sakiTxi iq samSvido-bo misiis, kerZod, 1992 wels Seqmnili oTxmxrivi komisiis mandatis gadaxedvis Sesaxeb. ruseTis Tavdacvis ministri sergei ivanovi qarTul-osuri konfliqtis zonaSi rusuli samSvidobo Zalebis neitralur pozicias emxroboda. moskovi aseve xels uSlida euTos jgufis mier saqarTvelos sazRvarze monitoringis ganxorcielebas.

2008 agvistoSi ganviTarebul movlenebze garkveulwilad gavlena iqonies saerTaSo-riso sazogadoebis mxridan kosovos serbeTisgan damoukideblobis aRiarebam da 2008 wlis aprilSi natos buqarestis samitis gadawyvetilebam. 2004-2008 wlebSi saqarTvelo natosTan individualuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegmis da gawevrianebis sakiTxebze intensiuri dialogis formatSi TanamSromlobda. 2008 wlis aprilSi natos buqarestis samitma miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom saqarTvelo momavalSi gaxdeboda natos wevri qveya-na, magram im etapze mas ar mieniWa wevrobis samoqmedo gegma. samitis amgvarma daskvnam ruseTs saSualeba misca aqtiuri moqmedebebi ganexorcielebina saqarTvelos mimarT. 2008 wlis agvistoSi cxinvalis regionSi gamwvavda viTareba qarTul jarebsa da rusi samxedroebiT zurggamagrebul os separatistebs Soris. konfliqtis dros ruseTma sa-qarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganaxorciela araTanabari samxedro agresia, romelic, rogorc Cans, karga xnis win igegmeboda (taliavinis daskvna 2009). agvistos omis Sedegad daiRupa 412 da daiWra 1,747 adamiani (saq. mTavrobis angariSi 2009).1

evrokavSiris saxelmwifoebi dauyovnebliv CaerTnen konfliqtis mogvarebaSi. evro-kavSiris SuamavlobiT 12 agvistos xeli moewera eqvspunqtian SeTanxmebas cecxlis Sewy-vetis Sesaxeb (2008) da gamoqveynda evropuli sabWosa da evrokomisiis TavmjdomareTa 9 seqtembris deklaracia (2009). evrokavSirma moavlina sagangebo warmomadgeneli saqar-Tvelos krizisis sakiTxebSi da gamogzavna evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misia saqarTve-loSi. 2013 wlis mdgomareobiT ruseTs ar Seusrulebia samSvidobo xelSekrulebebiT aRebuli valdebulebebi. 2012 wels miRebul rezuluciaSi evrokavSirsa da ruseTis sa-mitis Sesaxeb, evroparlamentma ruseTs „saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan jarebis gayvanisken mouwoda“ (evroparlamenti 2012 380/15). 2008 wlis seqtemberSi sa-qarTvelom Sewyvita diplomatiuri urTierTobebi ruseTis federaciasTan. Sewyda Ta-namSromloba saxelmwifoTaSoriso urTierTobebis TiTqmis yvela mimarTulebiT, garda Jenevis konsultaciebisa, romelSic monawileoben saqarTvelo, ruseTi da aSS, rogorc oficialuri warmomadgenlebi, xolo evrokavSiri, euTo da gaero, rogorc Suamavali mxareebi. 2012 wlis 13 dekembers gamarTuli Jenevis molaparakebebis rigiT 22-e raundi konkretuli Sedegebis gareSe dasrulda. konfliqtebis politikuri mogvareba saerTa-Soriso xelSewyobiT uSualod ori qveynis saqmea.

2012 wlis 1 oqtombers saqarTveloSi Catarebuli saparlamento arCevnebis Semdeg

sagareo politikis axali perspeqtiva daisaxa.axlad arCeuli mTavrobisTvis evropuli

1 2012 wlis aprilis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi registrirebulia 265,109-ze meti iZulebiT ga-

daadgilebuli piri afxazeTidan da cxinvalis regionidan, rac saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 6%-s Seadgens. 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg maT ricxvs 26,000-mde piri daemata (saq. gansaxl. saministros statistika 2012).


27

da evroatlantikuri integracia saqarTvelos sagareo politikis prioritetad darCa.

arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli opoziciuri koalicia `qarTuli ocnebis~ lideris, premier-

ministr biZina ivaniSvilis pirveli samuSao viziti 2012 wlis noemberSi qalaq briuselSi ganxorcielda, sadac igi Sexvda evrokomisiis prezident Joze manuel barozus, evrokav-

Siris sabWos prezident herman van rompuis, evroparlamentis prezident martin Sulcs

da natos generalur mdivans andres fog rasmusens. dasavluri politikis pararelurad,

ruseTTan urTierTobebis ganaxleba, kerZod, ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobe-bis aRdgena mniSvnelovan amocanad iqca (saq. sagareo... 2012). amasTan dakavSirebiT dai-

niSna ruseTTan urTierTobebis sakiTxebze premier-ministris specialuri warmomadge-

neli, romelmac Sexvedra gamarTa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgile grigori

karasinTan. arCevnebamde arsebuli da axlad arCeuli xelisuflebis xedva sagareo pri-oritetebis Sesaxeb gaiyo. orgvarovneba aisaxa saqarTvelos parlamentis 2013 wlis 7

martis rezoluciaSi „saqarTvelos sagareo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis Sesa-

xeb“ (saq. parlamenti 2013b). rezoluciaSi naTqvamia, rom `qveynis sagareo politikis

mTavari prioritetia evropul da evroatlantikur struqturebSi integracia~ (Ibid: 2013b: 3). rezoluciaSi aseve xazgasmulia, rom `saqarTvelos ar SeiZleba hqondes dip-

lomatiuri urTierTobebi an imyofebodes samxedro politikur an sabaJo kavSirSi im sa-

xelmwifoebTan, romlebic aRiareben afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis/samxreT oseTis

yofili avtonomiuri olqis damoukideblobas an okupirebuli aqvT saqarTvelos te-

ritoria~ (Ibid: 2013b: 18). am daTqmis miuxedavad, `saqarTvelo ruseTTan dialogs war-

marTavs rogorc Jenevis molaparakebebis formatiT, ise ormxriv formatSi, romlis mi-

zania konfliqtis mogvareba, keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba da ganvi-

Tareba~ (Ibid: 2013b: 11). 2013 wels SeiniSneba ruseTis mimarT axleburi da gansxvavebuli

midgoma.

daskvna

damoukideblobis mopovebidan dRemde saqarTvelom gawonasworebuli sagareo po-

litikis SemuSaveba ruseTTan mimarTebiT ver SeZlo. saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTier-Tobebi sirTuliT xasiaTdeba. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTvelosa da ruse-

Tis urTierTobebis mimdinareoba cxadyofs, rom jer kidev ar aris gamokveTili sagareo

politika ruseTisadmi. arsebobs qarTul sazogadoebaSi ori ruseTis, keTilmezobluri

da imperiuli ruseTis, saxe. amgvari araTanmimdevruli politika mniSvnelovanwilad ga-

napiroba ruseTis mxridan saqarTvelos mimarT winaaRmdegobrivma midgomam da saqar-Tvelos saSinao politikaSi Carevam. Sidapolitikuri dapirispirebis da samoqalaqo

omis fonze, moskovis mcdelobis Sedegad qarTuli politikuri elitisgan teritoriu-

li avtonomiis mqone eTnikuri umciresobebis gaucxoebam qveyana or, qarTul-afxazur

da qarTul-osur konfliqtamde miiyvana. ruseTis molodinia, rom saqarTvelo afxaze-Tisa da cxinvalis regionSi arsebul viTarebas Seegueba. aucilebelia moiZebnos kon-

fliqtebis mSvidobianad mogvarebis gzebi. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba mWidrod Ta-

namSromlobs da cdilobs daexmaros saqarTvelos konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi regionSi

stabilurobisaTvis. saerTaSoriso CarTulobas ruseTi arasasurvelad miiCnevs. misi amgvari midgoma saqarTvelos ruseTisgan politikurad aSorebs. regionis ganviTare-

bisTvis sasurvelia ruseTis konstruqciuli monawileoba. saqarTvelosa da ruseTs

Soris keTilmezobluri urTierTobebi xels Seuwyobs TanamSromlobasa da mSvidobas

samxreT kavkasiaSi.

nino kereseliZe

28


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<http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?option=com_easyblog&view=entry&id=4&lang=ge> (11-03-13). saqarTvelos prezidenti. saqarTvelos kanoni okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb. №431 –

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31

saqarTvelos prezidentis administracia. saqarTvelos prezident mixeil saakaSvilis mier warmoTqmuli sityva inauguraciis dRes. Tbilisi, 2004.

<http://president.gov.ge/ge/President/Inauguration> (20-03-13) saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo. saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni samxreT oseTis

avtonomiuri olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 1990.

<http://www.parliament.ge/files/613_8104_833304_-7.pdf> (11-12-12). saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo. dadgenileba „saqarTvelos respublikaSi sabWoTa

kavSiris SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesaxeb“. №657, 16.09.1991. Tbilisi, 1991.

<http://www.parliament.ge/files/100_23285_423156_TarielPutkaradze.pdf> (12-01-13). saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministro. saqarTvelos sagareo politikis strategia 2006-

2009 wlebisaTvis. Tbilisi, 2006. <http://www.mfa.gov.ge/files/35_219_883794_2006-2009.pdf> (29-01-13).

saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministro. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris 2012 wlis 27 dekembris preskonferencia. Tbilisi, 2012.

<http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=30&info_id=15836> (10-03-13). saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aqti. saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba.

Tbilisi, 1918. <http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0001/000299/konstitucia%20kart.pdf> (22-01-13). saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti. saqarTvelos respublikis

uzenaesi sabWo. Tbilisi: mTavrobis sasaxle, 1991.

<http://www.parliament.ge/site2/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=776> (22-01-13). jojua, dazmir. ruseTis samxedro intervencia saqarTveloSi: 2008 wlis agvistos omi da misi

Sedegebi. Tbilisi: universali, 2010.

NINO KERESELIDZE

FOREIGN POLICY OF GEORGIA TOWARDS RUSSIA IN 1991-2013

Summary

A consistent foreign policy approach of Georgia towards Russia is essential for good neighbourly relations between the two countries. Georgia’s presence in the Russian empire and the Soviet Union has created a shared culture between the Georgian and Russian people. Since regaining independence in 1991, Georgia has faced challenges to formulate its foreign policy priorities. The Georgian government adopted ambiguous foreign policy approach, simultaneously leaning toward the West, while seeking good relations with its dominant neighbour Russia. In the 1990s, Georgia fought wars with Russia which supported secessionist movements on Georgia’s historical territories of Tskhinvali region (former Autonomous Region of South Ossetia), and Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia. Georgia’s confused dealings with Russia were apparent in viewing Russia as an interlocutor in its armed conflicts, while requesting Russia’s assistance in brokering peace with the same regions.

This article explores to what extent Georgia has been able to take consistent foreign policy approach to Russia since independence. The article posits that inconsistent and contradictory foreign policy approach is a consequence of the legacy of bad governance in Georgia, the ongoing political conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, and Russia’s own ambivalent foreign policy approach to its neighbouring country. Against the backdrop of academic literature, research on Georgia’s foreign policy towards Russia is scarce, a gap which this article intends to fill. The article uses qualitative methods of data collection, namely the review of scholarly and policy literature, and document content analysis.

The topic of Georgia’s foreign policy has been gaining interest among academics and foreign policy practitioners, with the debate largely falling across two lines of thought (Chervonnaya 1993, Nodia 1995, Luzianin 2007, Jojua 2010). On the one hand, Givi Bolotashvili (2003) proposes that the reason for Georgia’s unreasonable foreign policy in the early 1990s was the civil war, two conflicts, and a long-standing economic crisis. On the

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opposing side, John Lepingwell (1994) suggests that Russia, driven by its urge to maintain its Eurasian power status against the competing influence of the United States and to deter the rise of Turkey’s regional influence, intentionally pursued to hinder Georgia to conduct a balanced foreign policy. In the late 1990s Georgia began redirecting its foreign policy towards the West, attributing high importance to securing ties with the US (King 2001). Gradually the US, and the European Union (EU) took deeper interest in the South Caucasus (Hyde-Price 2007).

The offensive realism theoretical approach has been used in this study to explain Georgian and Russian foreign policy. The first section of this article will discuss this approach. Being built on the theory of great power politics (Morgenthau 1978), offensive realism postulates that states seek to maximize power defined in military terms and that this incentive is embedded in the international system (Mearsheimer 2001). The armed conflict between Russia and Georgia in August 2008 demonstrated that Russia was seeking to extend power in its ‘near abroad’, which was achievable owing to its relative military strength (cf Lynch 2001). Georgia, facing such an existential threat and being uncertain about Russia’s offensive intentions, perceived survival to be vital for the country.

The second section provides an overview of Georgia’s attempt to redefine its foreign policy priorities towards Europe and the US after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In reaction to this move, Russia in an attempt to reassert its regional influence, supported separatist minorities in the Georgian provinces of South Ossetia (1989-1991) and Abkhazia (1992-1993).

The causes of the two political conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia are investigated in the third section. Both conflicts were ignited by secessionist movements, which had been largely prompted by the Soviet elites (Cornell 2001). Assigning autonomous status to the regions prepared the ground for ethnic tensions. The possibility of different interpretation of the Soviet constitutions (1924, 1936, 1977), and stirring up nationalism by the Georgian national government, invigorated minorities’ claim for self-determination by means of using violent methods (Matsaberidze 2010). The separatist minorities were unable to negotiate with the centre so long as they had cross-border support (Jenne 2007). The claims for independence were illegitimate since referendum held in 1991 throughout Georgia, including Abkhazia and South Ossetia, supported restoration of Georgia’s sovereignty deprived in 1921 (Georgian Parliament 2011). The conflicts resulted in the country’s de facto fragmentation. Section four discusses two phases in President Eduard Shevardnadze’s (1993-2004) foreign policy agenda. In the first of these two periods, between 1992 and 1995, Georgian political elite sought Russia’s mediation in the conflicts despite Russia’s support to the conflict regions (Janelidze and Asatiani 2009). During the second phase of Georgia’s foreign policy, between 1996 and 2003, Georgia reorientated its focus towards the West. As evidence of the fluctuating relationship between Georgia and Russia, the article turns to analyze the peace agreements concluded predominantly between Georgia and Russia concerning South Ossetia (Kazbegi Protocol on Disarmament 1991, Dagomis Agreement on Conflict Settlement 1992), and Abkhazia (Moscow Agreement on Ceasefire Control 1992, Sochi Agreement on Ceasefire Control 1993, Moscow Agreement on Ceasefire and Separation of Forces 1994). Although Russia was a party to the peace agreements and presented itself as a mediator in the wars, Russia also played a significant military role in the conflicts. Eventually, Georgia openly declared the conflict with Abkhazia as the conflict between Russia and Georgia. Irrespective of such stance, Georgia allowed the peace accords concluded with Russia to legitimize the Russian military presence along the Georgian provinces.

Ambiguity over Georgia’s foreign policy agenda was also reflected in Georgia’s decision to accede to the post-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in 1992. Despite such belligerent relations with Russia, the two countries established diplomatic relations with each other in 1994, with both signing the Framework Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation. The State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, however, refused to ratify the Agreement causing a renewed impasse in diplomatic relations.

The Dagomis Agreement established a Joint Peacekeeping Forces group (JPKF) in South Ossetia under Russian command, which was later turned over to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) peacekeeping forces for monitoring. In 1993, the United Nations (UN) deployed military observers to Abkhazia to ensure ceasefire (S/Res 849, 858 1993). Even in the face of international mediation, the peace accords were breached by Russia.


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The second phase of Georgia’s foreign policy, between 1996 and 2003, marks standoff in relations between Russia and Georgia. Increasing interest by the US in the South Caucasus and Central Asia, alongside Russia’s violation of Georgian airspace during the renewed war in Chechnya, prompted Georgia to intensify relations with the US. The US helped Georgia to enhance its military capabilities with the Georgia Train and Equip Program (GTEP). In the same vein, Georgia sought closer ties with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The country participated in the NATO peacekeeping operations in Kosovo (KFOR) in 1999-2008, and since 2004 it has maintained the second largest military contingent in the International Security Assistance Force Operation (ISAF) in Afghanistan.

The military presence of the two great powers in the region turned out to be incompatible. The Georgian authorities insisted on the withdrawal of the four Soviet military forces from the Vaziani, Gudauta, Akhalkalaki, and Batumi bases. At the OSCE Summit in Istanbul in 1999 Russia committed to this withdrawal by signing the Charter for European Security. By 2007 Russia ceded control over all but the Gudauta base in Abkhazia, which was handed to the CIS forces with the intention of continuing to support the Abkhazian forces. After the 2008 war, the Russian military presence in the region changed. Russia established Treaties on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance with Abkhazia and South Ossetia (2008a; 2008b), and Agreements on Cooperation in Protecting the Borders of Abkhazia and South Ossetia (2009a; 2009b). These four documents have created a legal basis for Russia’s presence as an allied force to the separatists, and as an illegal occupation force in Georgia.

Section five examines how international engagement in Georgia has influenced its foreign policy. After regaining independence, Georgia established bilateral relations with over 110 countries, became a member of the intergovernmental and international organizations including the UN, Council of Europe (CoE), Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), World Trade Organization (WTO).

The geopolitical location and energy resources of the South Caucasus elevated its political importance for the Western markets. Since 1993 the Georgian government has been seeking to bring in the Western investment to overcome the political and economic difficulties. The oil and gas resources have attracted international energy projects. Along with the Eastern European, the South Caucasus and Central Asian countries, Georgia joined the Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia (TRACECA) programme developed by the EU in 1993. To diversify their dependence on Russian energy, the Western governments and transnational corporations accessed the Caspian resources through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline, and the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum (BTE) gas pipeline, both of which run across Georgia.

Although Georgia has made obvious its intention by increasing cooperation with the West, Georgia refrained from releasing its national security and foreign policy doctrines. The Foreign Policy Strategy (2006), and National Security Concept of Georgia (2011) were not published until 2006. The now public documents confirm the Western-oriented official foreign policy agenda. The updated National Security Concept (2011: 15) declares that ‘[o]ne of Georgia’s major foreign and security policy priorities is membership in NATO and the European Union’. The Security Concept (Ibid: 7) lists the occupation of the Georgian territories by Russia as a threat to its national security, which is reinforced by the Law of Georgia on Occupied Territories (2008).

The last part of the article offers insights into Georgian foreign policy in the new millennium. In the wake of the 21st century, Georgia has experienced significant transformations. Following the Rose Revolution in 2003, President Shevardnadze resigned and his successor Mikheil Saakashvili, identified with the strong Western policy approaches, extended an arm of friendship to Russia in his inaugural speech. Georgia’s democratic development was hailed by the international delegations. US President George W. Bush repeated this praise during his official visit to Tbilisi in 2005. Georgia’s European and Euro-Atlantic integration was, however, not welcome by Russia.

Since the 2000s Russia’s policy towards Georgia continued to be inconsistent. Despite power changes in both Georgia and Russia over the past two decades, relations between the two countries have not changed substantially. The Kremlin has continued to encourage the Abkhazian and South Ossetian minorities by conferring them the Russian passports and supporting the de facto presidents. Despite ambiguity of the relations, the two countries started elaborating the Framework Agreement during the interim presidency of Nino Burjanadze in 2003, which has since been stalemated.

The war in 2008 between Georgia and Russia showed that Russia is prepared to forcefully assert its interests in its immediate neighbourhood. In light of this, some scholars have identified the continuation of Russian’s pragmatist

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and realpolitik approach towards Georgia (Barsenkov 2012). Moscow’s interests can be characterized as ‘foreign-policy inertia and the grasping of a superpower in rapid decline’ (Toft 2003).

International developments, notably the recognition of Kosovo’s independence from Serbia in 2008, and the outcome of the NATO Bucharest Summit in April 2008, influenced unfolding events. Having implemented the Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP) with NATO in 2004-2008, it was repeated at the Bucharest Summit that Georgia and Ukraine would become members in the future, however, the Summit decided at that point not to invite Georgia to join the Membership Action Plan (MAP).

Since 2004 President Saakashvili had been requesting to review the mandate of the Joint Control Commission (JCC) in South Ossetia, which was not taken effectively into account. In the spring and summer of 2008 a series of incidents escalated into the armed conflict between the Georgian and the separatist Ossetian forces backed by the Russian forces. The report of the EU fact finding mission (IIFFMCG) concluded that the Russian reaction was disproportionate to the legitimate objective of collective self-defence (Tagliavini 2009). The war left 412 casualties, and 26,000 displaced (Georgian Government Report 2009; IDP Ministry Stats 2012).

The European countries, notably France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, spearheaded negotiations with Moscow and Tbilisi. Facilitated by the French presidency of the European Council, two peace documents were concluded: the Six-Point Peace Agreement on Ceasefire (Protocole d’accord 2008) on 12 August 2008, and the Declaration of the European Commission and European Council on 9 September 2008 (Commission and Council 2008). The Council appointed the European Union Special Representative for the Crisis in Georgia (EUSR) to lead the Geneva process which is a peace mechanism to negotiate security and stability in South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Only a month after hostilities ceased, the Council deployed an unarmed civilian mission (EUMM) (Joint Action 2008c/736/CFSP). Yet the peace agreements have not been fully respected (European Parliament Res 2012/C 380 E/15). Twenty-two rounds of the Geneva discussions were not able to reach an agreement for a political solution to the conflict.

The October 2012 parliamentary elections marked another change in Georgian politics, signalling another shift in country’s foreign policy implementation. The article concludes that Georgia’s foreign policy approach towards Russia continues to be incoherent. Likewise, Russian policy towards Georgia has remained unshaken, with Moscow expecting Georgia to accept the new reality regarding its separatist provinces. Furthermore, Georgia’s European and Euro-Atlantic aspirations continue to be unacceptable to Russia. Russia’s constructive engagement is fundamental for stability in the South Caucasus. It is therefore imperative that both countries find ways to overcome these differences.


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Nino Daraselia

METAPHORS OF SILENCE ACROSS CULTURES (On material from English, Georgian and Russian)

1. Introduction

The paper examines the metaphorical structure of the domain of silence cross-culturally, based on material from English (British and American varieties), Georgian and Russian. The empirical data embraces samples of literary as well as non-literary (both spoken and written) discourse genres. The data has been analyzed from the standpoints of conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff 1993, Lakoff&Johnson 1980, Stockwell 2005)) and stylistics (Toolan 1988). Different theoretical works on the phenomenon of silence have also been considered ( Ephratt 2008, Tannen & Saville-Troike, eds, 1995).

As is well known, not all silence is communicatively relevant, i.e. the major division of the phenomenon of silence is into communicative/linguistic and non-communicative/non-linguistic types. The linguistic type of silence can be further subdivided into (Daraselia 2008):

1. socio-cultural (the latter forms the background of a communicative event and may precondition or accompany it);

2. prosodic ( it can be cognitive or social); 3. propositional.

Unlike the propositional type of silence, socio-cultural and prosodic types, though meaningful and conventional, have no propositional content (Daraselia 2008:133).

It should be mentioned that peculiarities of silence usage are closely tied to the values, beliefs and norms of a particular speech community, societally approved patterns for silence-speech relationship are largely dependent upon evaluations and conceptualizations of silence held by a particular nation.

The analysis of the English, Georgian and Russian data has revealed that in these languages and cultures the domain of silence is heterogeneous and multi-dimensional. In each of these languages there are a number of metalinguistic terms for silence covering the following meanings:

a) abstaining from speech or utterance, sometimes with reference to a particular matter (relation – silence vs. speech), a linguistic type of silence.

b) a state or condition when nothing is audible (relation – silence vs. sound), a non-linguistic type of silence. c) omission of mention or notice (relation – silence vs. speech), a linguistic type of silence.

These meanings are distributed differently in the English, Georgian and Russian terms for silence. The ethnosemantic analysis has shown that the English term – silence, Georgian – siCume (silence),

Russian – тишина (silence) are polysemantic; they embrace all the three above-enumerated meanings. The Georgian terms dumili, mdumareba (from the verb root dum – not saying, uttering anything,

keeping silent i.e. speechlessness) and the Russian молчание (from the verb молчать – not uttering a word, not saying anything, speechlessness) as well as безмолвие, speechlessness (без – the negative prefix, the verb молвить – to utter, say something) refer to linguistically relevant silence. However, mdumareba (Georg.) and безмолвие (Russ.) can denote non-communicative silence as well, especially in literary texts viz. in instances of personification. The English lexical unit stillness is associated with a non-linguistic type of silence, whereas hush with the linguistic one.

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2. Analysis 2.1. The Conceptual Metaphor Silence is Wisdom

The analysis of the empirical data has shown that evaluations of silence reflected in the three languages are positive as well as negative.

Similar to many cultures in the world, for British, American, Georgian and Russian cultures, the conceptual metaphor Silence is Wisdom is of particular relevance.

The metaphor Silence is Wisdom can be inferred from the following English, Georgian and Russian proverbs and sayings:

English proverbs: Speech is silver, silence — golden. A still tongue makes a wise head. He that is silent gathers stones (biblical allusion).

Georgian proverbs: sityva — vercxlia, dumili — oqro (Speech is silver, silence is golden). bevric rom icode, mainc cota ilaparake (Even if you know a lot, still speak little).

Russ. Умный лишнего не скажет (A clever person will not speak too much). Умный молчит, а дурак говорит (A clever person is silent, a fool speaks).

The proverbs enumerated below prove that in the cultures under discussion too much volubility is disapproved:

Engl.: Empty vessels make the most noise. Georg.: carieli qvevri mets xmaurobso. An empty qvevri (a kind of wine vessel) makes the most

sound. Russ.: Пустая бочка пуще гремит (An empty barrel makes the most noise). In the above-presented proverbs volubility is equated to noise, in terms of the conceptual metaphor theory

Mind is viewed as an Empty Container which Causes the Production of Noise (i.e. meaningless speech).

2.2. Conceptual Metaphors Silence is Thought, Silence is Prayer

Alongside wisdom, silence is closely associated with thinking processes, hence the conceptual metaphor Silence is Thought. The target domain Silence is presented via the source domain Thought. Consider the following examples:

(1) When to the sessions of sweet silent thought I summon up remembrance of things past,

W. Shakespeare, Sonnet 30

(2) siCume fiqris kbilisa (levan goTua)

Silence akin to thoughts (Levan Gotua)

(3) kidev dumili...(Tu fiqri ori mxriv?!) (gr.robaqiZe `gvelis perangi~)

Silence again... (or thoughts on both sides?!) Grigol Robakidze ‘The Snake’s Skin’

(4) Тишина мысли Silence of Thought

However, there are some differences as well: excessive quietness as a sign of secretive personality, of someone who likes to do things in the dark is scorned in Georgian and Russian cultures (Cf. Daraselia 2008).

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In this respect the proverbs Russ.: В тихом омуте/ болоте черти водятся (A still moor is haunted by devils). Georg.: CumCuma da eSmakio (Quiet and sly), dagubebul wyalSi eSmakebi budobeno (Still/dammed waters are haunted by devils ) are noteworthy. According to these proverbs, silent personality is equated to deep, still moor whose waters are dark i.e. non-transparency stands for the unknowable, the latter evokes associations with evil forces.

By contrast, the English proverb that seems linguistically similar Still waters run deep, has mainly positive connotations – in the given case the metaphors Silence is Fluid, Silent Person is a Container filled with Fluid acquire the following implications – superficial stillness is misleading, stillness, silence is associated with the depth of thinking processes.

In the cultures in question silence is also linked to spirituality, it is associated with prayer: The English term prayer of silence contrasts with verbal/discursive as well as affective types of prayer; it

is a specific type of prayer which implies a relationship, union with God. As for the Russian expression молитвенная тишина, silence of prayer, it emphasizes the silence characteristic of and accompanying silent praying.

2.3. The Conceptual Metaphor Silence is Death

The observations have shown that in English, Georgian and Russian languages negative evaluations of silence prevail over the positive ones. None of these cultures can be described as silent, despite great differences in conversational styles, English (BrE & AmE), Georgian and Russian languages have one feature in common – in general, they reveal negative attitudes towards silence. The said is revealed in the following collocations:

English: uncomfortable/awkward/eerie/threatening/ominous/uneasy/awesome/tense/moody/blank silence. Georgian: avismomaswavebeli (ominous), gausaZlisi (unbearable), uxerxuli (uncomfortable), mTrgunavi (oppressive) siCume /silence.

Russian: неловкая, напряженная, зловещая, адская тишина – uncomfortable, tense, ominous silence, silence of the hell.

In all the four cultures long pauses create uncomfortable feelings, which is revealed in the existence of the following identical phrases – Engl. uncomfortable silence, the Georgian and Russian uxerxuli siCume,

неловкая тишина. During interpersonal communication silence is not considered polite, English, Georgian and Russian speakers employ a variety of linguistic means (different types of gap-fillers) to help them out in difficult situations. Russians have a ready-made phrase to comment on long, uncomfortable pauses; they usually remark jokingly: «Дурак родился», ‘A fool has been born’; the implications of the given phrase contradict the saying «Умный молчит а дурак говорит» (A clever person is silent, a fool speaks) i.e. in the given case silence is associated with stupidity.

Moreover, English, American, Georgian and Russian communicative systems are characterized by reflexive listening, the latter being preferred to the silent one (i.e. the listener should show his/her involvement by means of backchannel signals). All these peculiarities can partly be explained by the existence of the conceptual metaphor Silence is Death in the given languages and cultures.

Presumably, Silence is Death is one of the archaic conceptual metaphors, its motivation being man’s age-long dread of death, his failure to come to terms with it. Being the dominant conceptual metaphor, Silence is Death is reflected in idiomatic expressions and culture-specific prejudices; moreover, to some extent, it constitutes one of the underlying rules of verbal as well as non-verbal behaviour in the cultures in question.

Apart from having negative connotations, the collocations presented below stress the degree of intensity of silence:

English: deathly silence/hush, dead/ghostly silence, silence of the grave, silence of the tomb. Georgian: samariseburi siCume (as silent as the grave).

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Russian: гробовое молчание (speechlessness of the coffin), гробовая/мертвая/ могильная тишина (silence of the coffin/ grave; dead silence).

The Russian verbal routine Я могила (I’m the grave) is of particular interest, it is used in the following context:

(5) – Никому не говори об этом. – Я могила. – Don’t tell anyone about it. – I’m the grave (i.e. I’ll be as silent as the grave).

A similar kind of routine is evidenced in English, though, according to the informants, it is not very frequently used:

(6) ‘If you tell me what Katy said about me, I promise to be as silent as the grave’ Georgians sometimes comment on long, uncomfortable pauses in the following way: ‘The angels of

silence have passed by’. Georgians used to believe that some angels sent by God were the angels of silence, they walked from village to village and house to house (Daraselia 2008); presumably, the initial aim of the expression was to evade the associations of silence with death.

The metaphor Silence is Death is evidenced in English, Georgian and Russian poetic works as well:

(7) This living hand, now warm and capable Of earnest grasping, would, if it were cold And in the icy silence of the tomb, So haunt thy days and chill thy dreaming nights That thou wouldst wish thine own heart dry of blood So in my veins red life might stream again, And thou be conscience-calm'd – see here it is – I hold it towards you.

John Keats ‘This Living Hand’

It should be mentioned that Keats’ poem presents the tactile perception of silence.

(8) Все во мне – лишь смерть да тишина. Валерий Брюсов

All in me – just death and silence. Valeri Briusov

In the activist slogan `Silence=Death~ the relation between silence and death is causal; during the AIDS crisis in the 1980s, the slogan protested taboos around the discussion of AIDS prevention, as silence about this issue led to death.

Since the concept of death is tabooed, silence often serves as a euphemism for it. This is the case in the poem `Flowers of Silence~ by the 20th c. Georgian poet Terenti Graneli; the poem

depicts the scene of the poet’s funeral, flowers of silence should be interpreted as the flowers brought to his funeral, i.e. they are the flowers of death.

Presumably, the metaphor Silence is Death is encoded in one of e.e cummings’ definitions of silence presented in his three-dimensional poempicture (cummings’ term):

(9) silence is a looking bird: the turn


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ing;edge,of life (inquiry before snow

The poet suggests three definitions of silence, one of them being: silence is the turning edge of life. In the given case the following primary metaphors are actualized: States are Locations, Change of State is Change of Location i.e. the turning edge of life can be viewed as a metaphor for death/dying – the turning edge of life implies crossing the edge between life and death, consequently Silence is Death.

The archetypal image of crossing the river dividing the realms of life and death in the boat of silence is revived by the Georgian symbolist poet Paolo Iashvili in the poem `Verhaeren~:

(10) migasveneben TeTri debi siCumis navze...

White sisters are carrying you in the boat of silence... The metaphor Silence is Death is closely linked to the conceptual metaphors silence is eternity (presenting

silence via the temporal domain) and silence is infinity (characterizing silence both via spatial and temporal domains).

The English, Georgian and Russian expressions eternal silence, samudamo siCume, вечная тишина often serve as euphemisms for death:

(11) Life piled on life Were all too little, and of one to me Little remains: but every hour is saved From that eternal silence…

‘Ulysses’ Alfred, Lord Tennyson

(12) da mwyuria samudamo siCume da mosveneba.

And I am thirsty for eternal silence and rest. Terenti Graneli ‘Silence and Loneliness’

In (12) Eternal silence i.e. Death is conceptualized as a Drink (the conceptual metaphor Death is Fluid).

(13) Сегодня Ткварчели называют «мертвым городом». В нем царит вечная тишина. Радиопрограмма ,Эхо Кавказа’

Today Tkvarcheli is called ‘dead town.’ Eternal silence reigns there. Radio programme ‘Echo of the Caucasus’

An impressive image of Infinite silence as the symbol of death is created by Emily Dickinson in her poem ‘Silence is all we dread’, it is noteworthy that the poet uses graphic means (viz. capitalization) to accentuate the key words:

(14) Silence is all we dread. There's Ransom in a Voice – But Silence is Infinity. Himself have not a face.

However, Infinite silence does not always serve as a euphemism for death; the metaphor Silence is Infinity varies across individual dimensions, e.g. in Jack London’s works The White Silence and White Fang spatially and temporally unbounded silence as a quality of Universe is opposed to the finity of man’s existence, at the same time, silence is the ultimate expression of unity with the universe:

(15) `Nature has many tricks wherewith she convinces man of his finity, – the ceaseless flow of the tides, the fury of storm, the shock of the earthquake, the long roll of heavens artillery, – but the most tremendous, the

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most stupefying of all, is the passive phase of the White Silence. All movement ceases, the sky clears, the heavens are as brass; the slightest whisper seems sacrilege, and man becomes timid, affrighted at the sound of his own voice. Sole speck of life journeying across the ghostly wastes of a dead world, he trembles at his audacity, realizes that his is a maggots life, nothing more. Strange thoughts arise unsummoned, and the mystery of all things strives for utterance. And the fear of death, of God, of the universe, comes over him, – the hope of the Resurrection and the life, the yearning for immortality, the vain striving of the imprisoned essence, – it is then, if ever, man walks alone with God.~

Jack London ‘The White Silence’

2.4. The Antinomies: Silence vs. Sound, Silence vs. Music, Silence vs. Speech and Synesthetic Metaphors.

The conceptualization and metaphorization of the antinomies Silence vs. Sound, Silence vs. Music, Silence vs. Speech in English, Georgian and Russian poetic discourse are of particular interest. The following types of relation have been revealed:

a. Relation of identity; Silence is Music/Sound

(16) Silence is more musical than any song. Christina Georgina Rossetti

(17) Thus am I mine own prison. Everything Around me free and sunny and at ease: Or if in shadow, in a shade of trees Which the sun kisses, where the gay birds sing And where all winds make various murmuring; Where bees are found, with honey for the bees; Where sounds are music, and where silences Are music of an unlike fashioning.

Christina Georgina Rossetti ‘Thread of Life’

(18) axlac garSemo siCume rekavs rogorc qalwulis mZime godeba o, siyviTlea, siyviTle yvelgan da mec sikvdili miaxlovdeba.

terenti graneli `Semodgoma mindvrebSi~

And even now silence is ringing around me Like the deep mourning of a maiden O, there’s yellowness, yellowness everywhere And death is approaching me.

Terenti Graneli ‘Autumn in the Fields’

(19) Фиолетовые руки На эмалевой стене Полусонно чертят звуки В звонко-звучной тишине.

Валерий Брюсов «Творчество» Violet hands

On the enameled wall Are half sleepily drawing sounds


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In the clearly sounding silence. Valeri Briusov

b. Relation of dialectic inseparability. Silence implies sound/voice just as voice/sound does silence. The given relation is well-expressed in

Cummings’ definition of silence – silence is blood whose flesh is singing. According to ee cummings the concepts of silence and sound/voice are as inseparable as flesh and blood,

however, by using the metaphor Silence is Blood, the poet stresses the significance, the primacy of silence (the metaphor blood implying the essence).

c. Part-whole relation. Silence is often conceptualized as Entirety, Wholeness, Initial Muteness, which, according to D.H.

Lawrence, ‘in its vast completeness is enfolding all the sounds including ‘the sound of men’ or in Ossip Mandelstam’s viewpoint silence gives birth to ‘music and word’, and is the source of and link between all the living.

(20) I feel the silence waiting To take them all up again In its vast completeness, enfolding The sound of men.

D.H. Lawrence ‘Silence’

(21) SILENTIUM Она еще не родилась, Она и музыка и слово, И потому всего живого Ненарушаемая связь.

Осип Мандельштам

It has not been born yet, It is both music and word, Hence, it’s an inseparable link Between all the living.

Ossip Mandelstam ‘Silentium’

d. Silence vs. Sound/Music/ Speech remain to be opposites: The given opposition forms the basis of one of e.e. cummings’ definitions of silence – silence is a looking

bird – which can be interpreted as follows: at first glance, the phrase looking bird seems odd, however, it evokes associations with the collocation singing bird, implying the opposites Silence vs. Music/Sound/Voice, The same opposites singing – unsinging used in reference to silence is presented in another poem by cummings:

(22) enter no(silence is the blood whose flesh is singing) silence: but unsinging

e e cummings

The opposition Silence vs. Sound/Music/Speech is ever active in Georgian discourse; in my viewpoint, this can be explained by the fact that for the Georgian culture musical and interpersonal intelligences (H. Gardner’s terms, i.e. cognitive/perception categories) are of particular relevance (Daraselia 2008).

Consequently, in the Georgian culture the concept of silence is self-sufficient, it is semantically loaded and tends to resist definitions via its opposites (sound, music or speech), for Georgians silence always

NINO DARASELIA

42

contrasts with sound, music or speech, it rarely merges with them in tropes, even in poetic works of the Georgian symbolists that are abundant in synesthetic metaphors.

The primacy of musical and interpersonal intelligences for the cognitive profile of the Georgian ethnos is revealed in the specificity of visualization of silence /conceptualization of silence via colour domain: for Georgians silence as the absence of sound/music/voice, silence as non-communication, silence as death is associated with the monochrome colour – white; hence the culture specific conceptual metaphors – Life is Colourful, Multi-coloured, Death/Silence is Colourless.

(23) dResac baRSi vimalebi, rogorc TeTri mdumareba terenti graneli `siCume da simartove~

Even today I am hiding like white silence in the garden. Terenti Graneli ‘Silence and Loneliness’

It is noteworthy that in visual arts white serves as a symbol of silence/pause, e.g. in W.Kandinsky’s paintings, as well as in his theoretical work ‘Concerning the Spiritual in Art’: ‘White is absolute silence, full of possibility.’

In Cummings’ poempictures where the line between the visual and verbal is blurred, silence is performed viz. it is identified with the blank space of the page.

By contrast, instances of coloured perception of silence (chromesthetic metaphors) are quite numerous in the nineteenth and twentieth century English and Russian literary discourse. This can be explained by the fact that, like other Indo-European cultures, English and Russian cultures show preference towards spatial/visual perception. The samples examined are mostly visual-auditory images of landscapes (the genuine type of synesthesia), in almost all of them silence is perceived via the dominant colour of a particular landscape:

In Oscar Wilde’s ‘The New Helen’ silence is perceived via the dominant colour (silver) of the moonlit landscape:

(24) For surely it was thou, who, like a star Hung in the silver silence of the night

Oscar Wilde ‘The New Helen’

The visual image – greenness of tree crowns with white clouds between them is fused with the perception of silence:

(25) up into the silence the green silence with a white earth in it

cummings In the image ‘The White Silence’ (the title of the story by Jack London) – auditory and visual perceptions

of a snowy landscape are interwoven. The synesthetic metaphor is the result of the writer’s personal experience, whereas white silence in Georgian literary discourse is culture specific: silence as synonymous to death is associated with the monochrome colour white.

(26) Золотая осенняя тишина – Golden autumnal silence.

In (26) the prevalent colour of an autumn landscape is amalgamated upon the auditory perception of silence.

(27) Я вдруг увидел шар огромный, Плывущий в красной тишине

Suddenly I saw a huge balloon Floating in red silence

Alexander Blok ‘Dawn’


43

In (27) the visual image, redness of the sky at dawn, fuses with the auditory image of silence. Some synesthetic metaphors acquire a symbolic load, this is the case with A.Blok’s ‘Seven-colour arc of

silence rising over the abyss’. The rainbow being the universal symbol of hope, silence signifying regained inner stillness.

Blue silence (голубая тишина), the recurrent metaphor in the poetic discourse of the Russian symbolists (V. Ivanov, V.Khlebnikov) can be decoded as follows: blue being the colour of heavens, eternity, silence being the symbol of spiritual serenity.

The olfactory perception of silence has been found in Cummings’ poem: ‘The Poem Her Belly Marched Through Me As’.

(28) From her nostrils to her feet she smelled of silence.

An interesting combination of gustatory and tactile types of perception of silence is reflected in the Russian phrase: теплая, вкусная тишина (warm, delicious silence) coined by the journalist Oleg Panfilov in his reportage on the medieval Georgian town of Sighnaghi.

2.5. Spatial Dimensions of Silence

In English, Georgian and Russian languages the notion of silence has spatial dimensions as well – silence is visualized as:

Deep, profound, vast and tremendous in English:

(28) Cars were stacked three high in the streets. ‘You could hear the screams of children, women, everyone,’ says one survivor. ‘There were the screams, and then a tremendous silence.’

Newser, May 2, 2010, ‘Tsunami Swept away Fleeing Bus of Retirees’

(29) ‘A vast silence reigned over the land’ Jack London ‘White Fang’

Deep in Russian: Наступила глубокая тишина (There fell a deep silence). Big in Georgian (rare): didi siCume (Big silence).

The following English, Georgian and Russian expressions are the result of the synesthetic perception of silence (viz. tactile-auditory):

English – break silence; Russian – нарушить тишину (the initial root рушить – to destroy) Georgian siCumis darRveva (arRvevs – to unstitch) silence as a physical entity can be broken, destroyed, or similar to fabric it can be unstitched.

Following this universal pattern Graham Greene created the following image:

(30)‘His voice scraped into stillness, like a needle at a record’s end’ Graham Greene ‘Proof Positive’

In 19-20c literary discourse, silence is often conceptualized as refuge, as an escape from the merciless and indifferent world, i.e. Silence is a Bounded Space (primary metaphor – States are Locations):

(31) ‘Silence is the universal refuge, the sequel to all dull discourses and all foolish acts, a balm to our every chagrin, as welcome after satiety as after disappointment.’

Henry David Thoreau

(32)Ушел я в тишину и тень Александр Блок

I went into silence and shadow. Alexander Blok

NINO DARASELIA

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(33) enter no silence ee cummings

(34) up into the silence ee cummings

2.6. Silence as Communication vs Silence as Non-Communication:

In Modernist and Post-modernist literature silence is of double nature; on the one hand, silence is the language of ‘the silence-haunted’ (D.H. Lawrence), on the other hand, it is a symptom as well as a symbol of their isolation and alienation, their disability or rather unwillingness to communicate with the rest of the world, language seems useless, the world is peopled by lonely creatures who struggle vainly to express the unspeakable; as Samuel Becket puts it ‘word seems an unnecessary stain on silence and nothingness.’

Quite often Life is conceptualized as an Aimless Journey of a Silent Vagrant, this is the case in Galaction Tabidze’s ‘Blue Horses’:

(35) All the promise that I saw was vagrant, silent shivering. Save for the vagrant silence, the lethal cold’s wild pillaging

Galaktion Tabidze ‘Blue Horses’ (translated by D.Rayfield)

For the isolated, lonely individuals Silence seems to be the closest person (the conceptual metaphor Silence is a Person).

The Georgian empirical data contained 2 instances of personification, whereas the English data – one. For Terenti Graneli Silence is his gentlest sister, for Paolo Iashvili, Silence is a welcome visitor, in

Cummings surrealistic poem Silence is a lady that haunts the poet’s body referred to as cage (the conceptual metaphor – Body is a Container) at night and leaves it at dawn, similar to a bird leaving its cage.

(36) da Cemi samaris samudamo daraji iqneba Cemi unazesi da — siCume terenti graneli

And my gentlest sister – Silence will be the eternal guard of my grave Terenti Graneli

(37) xSiria siCume oTaxis stumari, wvimis dros mova da dilamdis darCeba .......................................................................... me miyvars zamTarSi siCumis stumroba

paolo iaSvili

Silence is a frequent visitor of the room It comes during the rain and stays till morning.

I like the visits of silence in winter. Paolo Iashvili

(38) Lady of Silence from the winsome cage of thy body rose

through the sensible night a quick bird (tenderly upon


45

the dark’s prodigious face thy voice

scattering perfume-gifted wings suddenly escorts with feet sun-sheer the smarting beauty of dawn)

3. Conclusion

The given cross-cultural study has shown that the metaphorical structure of the domain of silence can be versatile across different cultures; the English, Georgian and Russian languages reveal similarities both in terms of primary and complex metaphors. The empirical data contains a number of generic-level conceptual metaphors that are instantiated in culture-specific ways at a specific level, one of the causes of variation being the cognitive profiles of the cultures investigated.

Bibliography:

Blok, Alexander. Блок Александр, Стихотворения, Поэмы. Москва: Художественная Литература, 1973. Briusov, Valeri.. Брюсов, Валерий, Избранные произведения. Москва: Детская Литература, 1973 cummings, e.e. Collected Poems, New York: Harcourt, Brace &Co, 1963. cummings, e.e. 100 Selected Poems. New York: Grove P., 1953. Daraselia, Nino. `Semiotics of Silence and Multiple Intelligences~. Civilization Researches, 6. Tbilisi: TSU Press,

2008, p. 132–136. Dickinson, Emily. Poems. www.poetry-archive.com/d/dickinson_emily html. Retrieved in 2010. 12. Ephratt, Michael. `The Functions of Silence~. Journal of Pragmatics, 40. Elsevier, 1909-39. 2008. Graneli,Terenti. graneli, terenti. qarTuli poezia, t.14, Tbilisi: nakaduli, 1984. Green, Graham. Proof Positive, in English Short Stories of the 20th Century. Moskva: Raduga Publishers, 1988,

p.355-358. Iashvili, Paolo. iaSvili, paolo. qarTuli poezia, t.12, Tbilisi: nakaduli, 1982,gv. 790-480. Kandinsky, Wassily. Concerning the Spiritual in Art, retrieved in 2008. 02. Keats, John. This Living Hand. www.poetryfoundation.org/poem. Retrieved in 2010.12. Lawrence, D.H. Silence. www.readbookonline.net. Retrieved 2010.12. Lakoff, George. `The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor~. Ortony, Andrew (ed.), Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge:

CUP, 1993. Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1980. London, Jack. The White Silence, in Readings from American Literature. Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1972, p. 78-86. London, Jack. The Call of the Wild. White Fang, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1976. Mandelshtam, Ossip. Мандельштам Осип, Стихотворения, переводы, очерки, статьи. Тбилиси: Мерани, 1990. Robakidze, Grigol. robaqiZe, grigol. gvelis perangi.falestra. Tbilisi: merani, 1988. Rosetti, Christina. Georgina, The Thread of Life. www.famouspoetsandpoems.com/poet/christina_rossetti. Retrieved in 20010, 12. Shakespeare, William. The Sonnets, Leopard, 1996. Stockwell, Peter. Cognitive Poetics. An introduction. Routledge: London &New York, 2005. Tannen, Deborah & Muriel Saville-Troike (eds). Perspectives on Silence. Ablex: Norwood, NJ, 1995. Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, Ulysses. www.famousliteraryworks.com/tennyson_ulysses. Retrieved in 2010.12. Toolan, Michael J. Narrative. A Critical Linguistic Introduction. Routledge: London & New York, 1988. Wilde, Oscar. The New Helen. www.famouspoetsandpoems.com/poets/oscar_wilde. Retrieved in 2010.12.


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lado vardosaniZe

urbanuli kulturis axleburi realoba — qalaqi,

rogorc „saqoneli“ da misi brendingi.

ras ver gaiTvaliswinebda vitruviusi

im uprecedento gamowvevebs Soris, romlebic CvenSi urbanul kulturas bolo aT-wleulebSi moulodnelad Tavs daatyda, marTlac siaxlea qalaqganviTarebis sferoSi aqcentis gadatana qalaqebis normatiulad dasabuTebul, teqnikur-teqnologiurad ga-angariSebul da finansurad uzrunvelyofil daproeqteba-realizebidan mravalkompo-

nentiani urbanuli garemos marTvaze. amas asaxavs inglisurenovani abreviatura PPP (Programs, Projects, Plans — programebi, proeqtebi, gegmebi). Tanamedrove informaciuli

teqnologiebis (IT) leqsikas rom davesesxoT, qalaqganviTarebaSi `hardware~ prioritets

aSkarad uTmobs `software~-s. amaTgan pirvels sakuTriv mSenebloba-rekonstruqcia gana-saxierebs, xolo meores urban-menejmenti warmoadgens.

amgvari metamorfozisTvis Cveni arqiteqturuli sazogadoebrioba mzad ar aRmoC-nda. qalaqganviTarebis mravalmxrivi problematika sul ufro scildeba arqiteqtorTa

profesiul kontrols da inacvlebs politikis, ekonomikis, menejmentis, PR-is mimarTu-lebiT. udavod, qalaqformirebas yovelTvis da yvelgan ganapirobebda ideologiuri da politikuri mizandasaxuloba; magram, Tu gavixsenebT qalaqebis ganviTarebis sabWour praqtikas, arqiteqtorebs da qalaqTmSeneblebs SenarCunebuli hqondaT sakmaod serio-zuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis profesiuli prerogativa. dRes urbanuli ganviTare-bis procesSi rolebis ganawilebis suraTi dramatulad Seicvala. es dakavSirebulia so-ciumis morig, urbanizaciis Semdgom socialur-ekonomikur naxtomTan qalaqebis ganvi-TarebaSi, rac globalizaciis process ukavSirdeba.

* * *

Tanamedrove urbanistikis da qalaqis sociologiis erT-erTi TvalsaCino figura — saskia saseni asabuTebs, erTi SexedviT, paradoqsul Teziss — globalur ekonomikur da politikur konkurenciaSi dRes qalaqebi mets niSnavs, vidre qveynebi. raRa Tqma unda, igulisxmeba ara romeliRac `StatgareSe~ qalaquri dasaxleba, aramed, is wamyvani urba-nuli centrebi, romlebmac — formaluradac da araformaluradac — `globaluri qala-qebis~ statusi SeiZines. kargadaa cnobili, rom pirvel rigSi esenia: niu-iorki, londo-ni, tokio. maT Semdeg Camomwkrivdnen: parizi, mainis frankfurti, Sanxai, honkongi, singapuri . . . calke dgas moskovi.

da mainc, ras niSnavs `globaluri qalaqebi~? mokled rom vTqvaT, es aris is qalaqebi, ufro zustad ki metropolisebi, romlebSic koncentrirebulia msoflio ekonomikis marTva. amgvari statusisa da rolis swrafi Camoyalibeba saTaves iRebs 1970-ian wlebSi. es ganpirobebuli iyo mobiluri transnacionaluri kapitalis organuli moTxovnilebe-biT sabanko saqmis, savaluto da sasaqonlo birJebis, saerTaSoriso auditis, agresiuli reklamis, finansuri menejmentis, konsaltinguri momsaxurebis, biznes-samarTlis sfe-roebSi. cxadi gaxda, rom kontroli globaluri kapitalis nakadebze SesaZlebelia mxo-lod gansakuTrebuli urbanuli fokusebidan, romlebic `globalur qalaqebad~ iqcnen.

urbanuli kulturis axleburi realoba — qalaqi, rogorc `saqoneli~ da misi...

47

magram, `globaluri qalaqebi~ dasaxlebaTa amJamindeli klasifikaciis mxolod er-Ti polusia. Cndeba bunebrivi kiTxva — ra xdeba qalaqur dasaxlebaTa danarCen, ukidega-no kontinuumSi? CvenTvis saintereso poziciebidan es, uwinaresad, aris daundobeli ekonomikuri konkurencia, brZola maRali poziciis mosapoveblad investorebis, deve-loperebis, turistebisTvis mimzidvelobis ierarqiaSi.

unda gavixsenoT, rom qalaqebis ierarqiuli klasifikacia sabWoTa kavSirSic iyo Ca-moyalibebuli. im ierarqiaSi maRali pozicia bevrs niSnavda ama Tu im konkretuli qala-qisaTvis. es pozicia ganisazRvreboda faqtorTa kompleqsiT, romelTa Soris iyo qala-qis politikur-administraciuli statusi (mag., mokavSire respublikis dedaqalaqi), mo-saxleobis raodenoba, e.w. saxalxo-sameurneo profili da sxva amgvari. es klasifikacia

fiqsirdeboda samSeneblo normebsa da wesebSi (СНиП) da gansazRvravda ganviTarebis Se-sabamis veqtorebs. magaliTad, mosaxleobis milionian zRvars miRweul qalaqs ufleba hqonda wamoewyo metropolitenis mSenebloba; qalaqTa ierarqiis yoveli safexurisTvis dadgenili iyo socialur-kulturuli momsaxurebis obieqtebis nomenklatura da a.S.

qalaqebis momarageba samrewvelo da kvebis produqtebiT, ucxoeli xelovan-Semsru-lebelTa gastrolebi Tu gamofenebi aseve korelirebda qalaqis statusTan. raRa Tqma unda, am siaSi konkurenciis gareSe moskovi idga, Semdeg kievi da Tbilisi, romelsac garkveul konkurencias riga Tu uwevda. magram, mTavari mainc is iyo, rom yvela CamoT-vlili sikeTe qalaqebs `zemodan~ urigdeboda — saxelisuflebo struqturebis xisti centralizebis, mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomikisa da TviTmmarTvelobis in-stitutis faqtobrivad ararsebobis pirobebSi sxvagvarad verc iqneboda.

`rkinis fardis~ Camoxsnam gaaSiSvla sabWoTa qalaqebis amgvari formalizebuli kla-sifikaciis uperspeqtivoba. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi amas mohyva dasavleTis myisieri reaqcia — im droisaTvis ukve gaazrebuli iyo, rom evropul politikur, ekonomikur, socialur, kulturul sivrceSi postsabWouri qveynebis warmatebuli integrireba yve-laze efeqtiani iqneboda swored urbanistuli sistemebis meSveobiT — iqnebida es sakuT-riv qalaqebi Tu regionTaSorisi, sainJinro-teqnikuri infrastruqtura, satranspor-tos CaTvliT. amitomac, dasavleTma mzera, uwinaresad, aRmosavleTs, anu postsabWou-ri sivrcis Crdilo-dasavleT seqtors miapyro, radgan am sivrcis meore, Cveni, sam-xreT-dasavleTi flangi imTaviTve Caeflo Sida da saxelmwifoTaSoris SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi da sruliad ar iyo mzad ama Tu im mkafiod gamoxatuli urbanistuli po-litikis gasatareblad.

1992 wels, baltiis regionis ministerialze gadawyda fuZemdebeli dokumentis — `baltiis zRvis regionis xedva da strategia 2010 wlisaTvis~ SemuSaveba. es dokumenti 1994 wels gamoica. niSandoblivia, rogor iyo gansazRvruli sakvanZo cneba — baltiis regioni; masSi, sakuTriv baltiis zRvis auzis qveynebs garda, CarTuli iyo norvegia da absoluturad saxmeleTo belorusi.

dokumentSi SemoTavazebuli iyo regionis qalaqTa ranJireba xuTsafexuriani sqe-miT:

− (1) evropuli qalaqi;

− (2) baltiuri qalaqi;

− (3) nacionaluri qalaqi;

− (4) regionuli qalaqi (am SemTxvevaSi regionad moiazreboda subnacionaluri teri-toriuli erTeuli);

− (5) sxva `msxvili~ qalaqi. am qalaqTagan yovels, garkveuli meTodikiT, mieniWa Sesabamisi statusi 1993 wlis

mdgomareobiT da perspeqtiuli statusi 2010 wlisaTvis. magaliTad, rigasa da minsks

lado vardosaniZe

48

SesTavazes maTi statusis aweva (3) poziciidan (1) poziciamde; vilniussa da talins — (3)-dan (2)-mde da a.S. iyo konkretuli qalaqebis statusebis daqveiTebis realisturi wi-nadadebebic.

moyvanili magaliTi damWirda saimisod, rom xazi gamesva qalaqebis ranJirebis saWi-roebasaTvis saerTaSoriso masStabiT da Semexsenebina, rom qalaqebis amgvari struqtu-rireba SavizRvispireTis regionSi Catarebuli ar aris.

arada, Cveni regionis yvela qalaqi dadga sakuTari axali identobis gansazRvris, sxva qalaq-konkurentebs Soris Tavisi niSis moZebnis aucileblobis winaSe. am mxriv, re-gionis uTuo lideris — stambolis kvaldakval, regionis sxva qalaqebmac unda moipo-von sainvesticio Tu turistuli mimzidveloba ara politikosebis deklaraciuli Se-locvebis Sedegad, aramed Ria konkurenciis gziT. romeli qalaqi dgas stambolis Sem-deg regionSi liderobisTvis srbolaSi: — ankara, sofia, buqaresti, baqo, erevani, Tbi-lisi? sxvaTa Soris, am SejibrSi qveynis dedaqalaqoba Tu centraluroba sulac ar aris aucilebeli piroba — amis magaliTi, Tundac, baTumia, romelic erTi saukunis win ganvi-Tarebis tempiT uswrebda imdroindel ` kavkasiis dedaqalaqs~ — tfiliss da am Tvalsaz-risiT mxolod baqos Tu CamorCeboda. amis mizezi, ra Tqma unda, navTobi iyo — misi tran-sportireba, gadamuSaveba da eqsporti.

magram, es warsulia. dRes qalaqis ganviTarebas, mis statuss Tu reitings didwilad ganapirobebs sxva, arasawarmoo (tradiciuli gagebiT) faqtorebi. qalaqTa konkuren-tul brZolaSi sul ufro meti mniSvneloba eTmoba saqalaqo politikis, urban-menejmen-tis axlebur instruments — qalaqis brendings, romelmac aTaswleulebis mijnaze Sec-vala TiTqmis identuri cneba — qalaqis marketingi. am institutis ukeT gasacnobiereb-lad saWiroa ramdenime sakvanZo neologizmis aprobirebuli (magram, erTaderTi ara)

ganmarteba — rogorc zogadis, ise specifikuris (Трубина 2011, Визгалов 2011). brendi — krebsiTi xati (ìmiji~) an asociaciaTa rigi, romlebic damkvidrebulia

konkretuli miznobrivi jgufis cnobierebaSi — iqneba es investorebi, developerebi, me-warmeebi, momxmareblebi, turistebi, studentebi, adgilobrivi Temi Tu farTo sazoga-doebrioba.

qalaqis brendingi — ama Tu im qalaqis konkurentunarianobis gazrdisken mimarTul RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi; vizualuri identifikaciis sxvadasxva kampaniebi Tu taqtikebi; niSnuri Senoba-nagebobebis Seqmna an ukve arsebulTa axali xerxebiT CarTva qalaqis identifikaciis kampaniaSi; qalaqSi sxvadasxva warmodgenebisa Tu RonisZiebebis dageg-mva da Catareba (e.w. `perfomansebi~, ìvenTebi~ da a.S.); mdgradi, emociuri, fsiqologiu-ri, mentaluri (kognitiuri) asociaciebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic ukavSirdeba konkre-tul arqiteqturul obieqts1 an qalaqs mTlianobaSi; qalaqis xatis (ìmijis~) gaumjobe-sebis an Secvlis qmedebaTa dagegmva da ganxorcieleba.

busterizmi (ingl. to boost — gafarToeba, reklamireba) — qalaqis swrafi ganviTarebis strategiis win waweva, nebismier fasadac ki. amgvar saqmianobaSi erTiandebian politi-kosebi, ambiciuri merebi, mewarmeebi, developerebi, uZravi qonebis mesakuTreni.

imijiniringi (ori inglisuri sityvis najvari – imagination da engineering) —qalaqis xe-lisuflebis mier simboluri resursebiT mizandasaxuli manipulireba.2

1 am mxriv sagulisxmoa q. los-anjelesis sastumro `vestin bonaventura~, romelmac saxeli

gaiTqva, rogorc postmodernistuli kulturis simbolom, inteleqtualTa stumrobis keram. dRes es sastumro sored amitom izidavs mravalricxovan turistebs da aZlierebs los-anjelesis isedac mZlavr brends.

2 es termini farTod gamoiyeneboda 1996 wels q. atlantaSi (aSS) olimpiuri TamaSebis Catare-basTan dakavSirebiT, rodesac municipaluri xelisufleba warmatebiT àsaRebda~ Tavisi qala-qis brend.


49

axali lokalizmi — qalaqis xelisufalTa reagireba globalizaciis procesze. vlindeba imaSi, rom yvela ambiciuri qalaqi iswrafvis globalizaciis rukaze SesamCnevi adgilis dakavebisken, anu cdilobs miizidos ucxouri investiciebi da amitomac did saxsrebs xarjavs qalaqis brendingze.

simboloTa ekonomika — samewarmeo kapitalis mier kulturis simboloTa gamoyene-ba; efuZneba SemoqmedebiT industriasa da kulturas, rogorc ganviTarebis ZiriTad re-surss. qalaqebisTvis kultura mTavari biznesi xdeba, xolo kulturis ekonomika — mTlianad ekonomikis mniSvnelovani seqtori.

komoditizacia (ingl. commodity — saqoneli, produqti, moxmarebis sagnebi) —proce-si, romlis drosac ekonomikuri faseulobis mqone da atributebis mxriv gamorCeuli (u-nikaluroba an brendi) saqoneli adre Tu gvian iqceva Cveulebriv saqonlad momxmareb-lis an, zogadad, bazris TvalsazrisiT.

am cneba-terminebma sakmarisad Semofargla statiis amocana; amasTan, sasurvelia Se-vexoT brendingis zogad Teoriasac.1

saerTod, nebismier `saqonels~, qalaqis CaTvliT, maSin aqvs Sansi gaxdes brendi, ro-desac is (1) kargadaa gagebuli, aRqmuli da cnobilia misi `gasayidad~ gankuTvnili Tavi-seburebebi da (2) SemuSavebulia marketingis sistema, romelic iyenebs am Tavisebure-bebs. qalaqTan, rogorc `saqonlis~ specifikur saxeobasTan, mimarTebaSi specialistebi amtkiceben, rom brendi es aris:

− ara is, radac Cven migvaCnia qalaqi, aramed is, radac maT miaCniaT qalaqi;

− ara is, Tu rogor warvadgenT qalaqs Cven, aramed is, Tu rogor aRiqvamen qalaqs isini;

− ara is, Tu rogor aRvwerT, vumReriT, vadRegrZelebT qalaqs Cven, aramed is, Tu ro-gor iTaviseben am teqstebs isini. `isini~ ganimarteba rogorc samizne jgufi, romelTaTvisac gankuTvnilia ama Tu im

qalaqis brendingi. CamovTvliT qalaqis brendingis ZiriTad faqtorebs:

− brendingis mniSvnelobis gacnobiereba;

− motivacia, emociuri muxti;

− brendingis wesebis kargi codna;

− brendingis fokusireba;

− sisadave, aRqmis siadvile;

− Tanmimdevruli da koordinirebuli dagegmva;

− partniorTa mobilizeba da CarTuloba. yovelive zemoT CamoTvlili qalaqis brendingis zogadi, aucilebeli, magram arasak-

marisi pirobebia; konkretuli faqtorebi ki Semdegia:

− qalaqis materialuri produqtebiT Tu servisebiT sargeblobis stabiluri da xan-grZlivi gamocdileba;

− adgilobrivi kulinariisa da sasmelebis mimzidveloba;

− popularizebis masalebi (rukebi, bukletebi, gzamkvlevebi);

− Tematuri sagazeTo da saJurnalo statiebi;

− masmediis wamyvani saSualebebis mier axal ambebSi moxsenieba;

− istoriaSi, literaturaSi, kinofilmebSi figurireba;

− piradi Sexvedrebi qalaqelebTan;

− mogzauroba qalaqSi.

1 statiis am nawilSi gamoyenebulia Tbilisis V ekonomikuri forumis (2011 w.) masalebi.

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moviyvan qalaqis brendingis ramdenime metaforul, amasTan, metad arsebiT rekomen-daciasac:

− iyavi is, rac xar;

− qmedebebi ufro JReradia, vidre sityvebi;

− daabandeT saxsrebi qalaqebis da ara brendis gaumjobesebaSi;

− simRerebi, videofilmebi, sloganebi — TavisTavad qalaqis brendi ar aris, isini Tan axlavs brends. konkretuli qalaqis warmatebuli brendi erTxel da samudamod miRweuli mdgomare-

oba ar aris; is mudmiv mzrunvelobas moiTxovs. rodis saWiroebs qalaqis brendi gaumjo-besebas an koreqtirebas? rogor xdeba es?

• brendis gafarToeba gamoiyeneba, rodesac qalaqze warmodgena pozitiuri, magram SezRudulia — Tematurad, teritoriulad, qronologiurad Tu samizne jgufTan mi-marTebaSi da a.S.;

• brendis gaZliereba aucilebelia, Tu is arasakmarisad mkafioa, Zalian sustia, ar gansxvavdeba konkurent-brendebisgan an aRar aris efeqtiani;

• brendis revitalizacia (rebrendingi) — mizanSewonilia, Tu qalaqis brendi moZvel-da da xels veRar uwyobs dasaxul politikur, ekonomikur, developerul miznebs. qalaqis brendingis formireba qalaqganviTarebis seriozuli da zedmiwevniTi saqmi-

anobaa; misi warmarTvisas, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom:

− SeuZlebelia brendis gamogoneba an konstruireba; brendi unda daimsaxuro, moipo-vo;

− aravin icvlis Tavis warmodgenebs ama Tu im qalaqze mxolod gancxadebebis, videok-lipebis, filmebis, fotografiebis, statiebis, simRerebis, emblemebis, logoebis, lozungebisa Tu sloganebis gavleniT;

− ar arsebobs calsaxa korelacia qalaqis brendingis Sedegebsa da brendingze daxar-jul Tanxebs Soris. es yvelaferi brendingis Teoriaa; ras gveubneba praqtika? aviRoT, Tundac, zogier-

Ti evropuli qalaqis sloganebi. ai, maTi rigi:1 − London: The Big Smoke; − Only Lyon; − Do it in Budapest/Spa Capital of Europe; − Helsinki: Welcoming Technology; − Paris – City of Romance; − Rome: The Eternal City; − Glasgow: No Mean City; − Stockholm: Venice of the North; − Edinburgh: Athens of the North; − I Amsterdam.

am rigis gaazrebisas vrwmundebiT, rom qalaqis damajerebeli sloganis moZebna arcTu advili saqmea – brwyinvale mignebebi uRimRamo konstruqciebTan mezoblobs. londonis moyvanili slogani usaSvelod moZvelda da sinamdviles aRar Seesabameba; lioni maxvilgonivrulad iyenebs sakuTari urbanonimis marcvlebis gadanacvlebas;

1 es CamonaTvali inglisurad mogvyavs, radgan es sloganebi orientirebulia saerTaSoriso

auditoriaze da amitom zogierTi maTgani iyenebs swored inglisuri enis Taviseburebas, rac, ubralod, adekvaturad ver iTargmneba.


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budapeSti gvarwmunebs, rom yovel Cvengans iq saqme moeZebneba; helsinki primitiulad teqnokratiulia; parizs SeeZlo am Tavisi sloganis daTmoba Tundac veronasaTvis da damajereblad aeRorZinebina sakuTari, Zveli laTinuri `Fluctuat Nec Mergitur~ (`meryevi, magram CauZiravi~ – parizis Suasaukunovan gerbze aRbeWdili navis Tanmxlebi devizi); glazgo gvaiZulebs davfiqrdeT, am SemTxvevaSi sityva `mean~-is romeli mniSvneloba mivusadagoT mis slogans; stoqholmma da edinburgma erTxmad daadastures sakuTari meoradoba. albaT, dasaxul mizans yvelaze warmatebiT miaRwia amsterdamma – mis slo-

ganSi aris semantikuri intrigac da originalobis brwyinvalebac. frCxilebSi vityviT, rom qalaqis sloganis Seudarebel nimuSad rCeba klasikuri I love NY.

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom Cveni mezobeli qveynebis dedaqalaqebi sargebloben ufro ara sloganebiT, aramed epiTeturi metsaxelebiT – baqosTvis es aris `qarebis qalaqi~ (me-

teorologiuri Taviseburebidan gamomdinare), erevnisTvis ki – `vardisferi qalaqi~ – ZiriTadi samSeneblo masalis – artikis tufis Seferilobis gamo.

ra xdeba am mxriv TbilisSi? ukve ramdenime welia, rac Cveni dedaqalaqi sargeblobs sloganiT – `Tbilisi –

qalaqi, romelsac uyvarxar~ (inglisurad: `Tbilisi – the City that Loves You~). sloganis avtoria cnobili specialisti jim Tomas hambergi – mas ekuTvnis iseTi kompaniebis sloganebi, rogoricaa `riboki~ da `nokia~. slogani sakmaod zogadia – samizne jgufis mouxseniebloba gvafiqrebinebs, rom Cveni qalaqis siyvaruli universaluria da is vrceldeba yvela Tbiliselze Tu turistze. amasTan dakavSirebiT erTma amerikelma eqspertma aseTi sarkastuli redaqcia Cautara am slogans: `Tbilisi – the City that Loves [Some] of You~ da kiTxviT formaSi CamoTvala mosaxleobis is jgufebi, romlebic, misi azriT, ver grZnoben qalaqis mxridan gansakuTrebul siyvaruls. Cems sakuTar SexedulebebTan erTad, am kiTxvaTa da, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis mowyvladi jgufebis nusxa SeiZleba Semdegi iyos: − maTxovrebi quCebsa da miwisqveSa gadasasvlelebSi, − Tbiliselebi, romlebic nagvis konteinerebSi iqeqebian, − qveiTebi, romlebic undebian winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvas trotuarebze da

uadgilod parkirebul manqanebs Soris, − unarSezRuduli pirebi, romlebic ar Canan Tbilisis quCebSi da sakuTar binebSi

samidRemSio patimrobas ixdian, − zamTrobiT gayinuli usaxlkaroebi da miusafari bavSvebi, − axali qsenofobiis obieqtebi – afrikelebi, indoelebi, Cinelebi, − qalaqis quCebSi sazogadoebrivi tualetebis gamwarebuli maZieblebi...

cxadia, es kiTxvebi ritorikulia da msgavsi problemebi moiZebneba msoflios yvela qalaqSi. mTavari isaa, ras akeTebs qalaqi am problemebis aRmosafxvrelad Tu ara, Sesarbileblad mainc; romeli municipaluri programebia amoqmedebuli TiToeuli problemuri mimarTulebiT . . .

mimzidveli imijisa da, sabolood, konkurentunariani brendis Sesaqmnelad qalaqebi mravalferovan xerxebs mimarTaven – maT Soris skandalursa Tu epataJurs – da saamisod yvela Sanss iyeneben. magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT q. lvovis – am ambiciuri, ukrainis `kulturuli dedaqalaqis~ wodebaze pretenziis mqone qalaqis praqtika. aq efeqturad uweven eqspluatacias im faqts, rom lvovSi, 1836 wels, daibada mazoxizmis cnobili ideologi – leopold fon zaxer-mazoxi. turistebis mozidvis mizniT, lvovi

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Tavis Tavs mazoxizmis msoflio dedaqalaqad miiCnevs. es istoriuli faqti mxolod gzamkvlevebSi rodia moxseniebuli – Sesabamisad wodebuli da gaformebuli kafe ikavebs sapatio mesame adgils msoflios yvelaze ucnaur restoraciebs Soris – Pay as You Wish msoflio qselsa da restoran EL Tintero malagaSi (espaneTi); am ukanasknelSi kerZebi auqcionze gamoaqvT.

lvovis brendingSi kidev erTi Temaa asaxuli. es aris gamZafrebuli antisovetizmi da rusofobia – marTalia, inscenirebuli, magram Sokismomgvreli formiT. pirvel Sem-

TxvevaSi es aris II msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis antisabWoTa moZraobis xelmZRva-

nelis stefan banderas monumenti; meore SemTxvevaSi ki – banderelebis, tyeSi mowyo-

bili miwuris interieris mimbaZveli restorani, romlis SesasvlelSi klientebs xvdeba `partizani~ avtomatiTa da gamaognebeli kiTxviT – `arian TqvenSi rusebi?~ Tu gavixse-

nebT, rom qalaqis brendingze `STabeWdilebaTa industriac~ muSaobs, STabeWdileba, am SemTxvevaSi, aSkarad miRweulia.

qalaqis brendingis gacilebiT ufro akademiuri mimarTuleba UNESCO-s `msoflio memkvidreobis nusxaSi~ moxvedraa (sxvaTa Soris, imave lvovma es pativi jer kidev 1998 wels daimsaxura). rac Seexeba Tbiliss, Cveni ambiciebi am mxriv waawyda saerTaSoriso eqspertebis gamomafxizlebel Sefasebas – 2000-ani wlebis dasawyisSi saTanado ganacxa-

di koreqtuli formulirebiT uaryofil iqna – `Zvel TbilisSi~ ZeglTadacviTi reJimis uxamsi darRvevebis gamo. Tbiliss mieca `saSinao davaleba~ mdgomareobis gamosasworeb-

lad, romlis nawili namdvilad Sesrulda (kanonmdeblobis daxvewa, marTvis formis optimizeba, arqiteqturis ZeglTa inventarizacia, istoriul-kulturuli sayrdeni gegmis SemuSaveba). 2007 wlidan `Zveli Tbilisi~ xelmeored wardgenil iqna UNESCO-Si da dRemde imyofeba e.w. winaswar Tu gamosacdel siaSi. magram, amasTan erTad, urbanuli memkvidreobis dacvis poziciebidan Seusabamo obieqtis mSenebloba dRemde grZeldeba, rasac UNESCO-s piruTvnel eqspertebs ver gamoapareb.1

saqme isaa, rom warmatebuli brendingis Sedegad samizne jgufis TvalSi konkretuli qalaqi gaigivebuli unda iyos konkretul vizualur `kadrebTan~ da piriqiT; anu qala-

qisa da misi brendis Semqmnel bunebriv-geografiul erTeuls, Senoba-nagebobasa, Tu maTs kombinacias Soris mdgradi da mudmivad xelSewyobili asociacia unda arsebobdes. amis magaliTebi msoflio praqtikaSi uxvadaa – eifelis koSki, Tavisuflebis qanda-keba, qristes qandakeba, operis Teatri myisierad iwvevs asociacias, Sesabamisad, parizTan, niu-iorkTan, rio-de-JaneirosTan, sidneisTan.

TbilisisaTvis amgvari `vizualuri baraTi~ iyo mTawmindis bunebriv-arqiteqtu-

ruli kompleqsi, kulturis niSnuri elementebis mravalsaukunovani danaSreviT. amito-

mac, ambiciur qalaqs, rogoric Tbilisia, ufleba ar hqonda daeSva mTawmindis fer-

dobebze mravalsarTuliani saxlebis Semoteva an I gimnaziis ukan farda-Senobis ageba... UNESCO-s xsenebul siaSi monawileobasTan erTad, qalaqebis brendingSi didi roli

miekuTvneba evropuli kulturuli dedaqalaqis Temas, ufro swored, am uaRresad prestiJuli statusisken miswrafebas. bolo dromde cota vinmem Tu icoda patara tran-

1 sxvaTa Soris, UNESCO-s `msoflio memkvidreobis nusxaSi~ msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveynis

aTasamde obieqtia Seyvanili, maT Soris 3 saqarTvelodan – `bagratis kaTedrali da gelaTis monasteri~, `mcxeTis istoriuli Zeglebi~ (arsebiTad, jvris, sveticxovlisa da samTavros monastrebi) da `zemo svaneTi~ (regioni). amaTgan pirveli ori gadayvanilia `safrTxeSi myof ZeglTa~ samwuxaro kategoriaSi; savaraudoa, rom igive bedi eweva `zemo svaneTsac~, mestiaSi ganxorcielebuli arakoreqtuli reabilitaciis Sedegad.


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silvanuri qalaqis – sibius arseboba. dRes ki sibius brendi ukavSirdeba evropuli kulturuli dedaqalaqis statuss, romelic man ramdenime wlis win moipova.

ras niSnavs es statusi, rogoria misi istoria? 1980-ian wlebSi, rodesac msxvili evropuli qalaqebis umravlesoba deindustriali-

zaciam moicva da warmoebis tradiciulma dargebma dakarga rogorc ekonomikuri, ise simboluri mniSvneloba, saberZneTis kulturis ministrma — gamoCenilma msaxiobma elina merkurim evropul qalaqebs Rirseuli metoqeobis axali idea SesTavaza. es iyo Sejibri evropis kulturuli qalaqisaTvis — aseTi iyo im dros mosapovebeli statu-sis formulireba. idea realobad iqca da pirvel aseT qalaqad, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, gaxda merkuris mSobliuri aTeni. momdevno wels, aseve bunebrivad, es statusi flo-renciam moipova.

sul male am masStaburma proeqtma evropis rukaze TvalsaCino adgili daimkvidra; is gaxda ambiciuri da SemoqmedebiTi qalaqebis axleburi pozicionirebis Zlieri faqto-ri, qalaqebis kulturuli produqtebis gayidvis qmediTi winapiroba. yovelive es, sabo-lood, emsaxureba evropul qalaqebs Soris gaSlil konkurencias, romelmac, rogorc zemoT iTqva, qveynebs Soris konkurencia Secvala. 1985 wlidan es iniciativa gaxda qala-qebis kulturuli cxovrebis da, farTo gagebiT, urbanuli ganviTarebis rezonansuli movlena. sadReisod, ormocze meti qalaqi ukve iyo am prestiJuli wodebis mflobeli.

ras niSnavs qalaqisaTvis iyos evropis kulturuli dedaqalaqi? uwinaresad, sulac ar aris aucilebeli qalaqi-pretendenti iyos qveynis dedaqala-

qi. gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania man mkafiod ganmartos sakuTari roli evropuli kulturis mravalferovan scenaze; ganaaxlos da ganaviTaros kavSirebi evropul kul-turul samyarosTan. Sefasebisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba qalaqis aqtiuro-bas evropul kulturul cxovrebaSi. municipalitetebma unda SeimuSaon iseTi detalu-ri programa da samoqalaqo gegma, romlebic asaxavs sazogadoebriobis farTomasStabur CarTulobas urbanuli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebaSi — adgilobrivi tradici-ebis, agreTve, evropuli standartebisa da saukeTeso praqtikebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ap-likant-qalaqebisaTvis dawesebuli procedurebi mravalsafexuriani da xangrZlivia;

primitiuli PR-iTa da TvalebSi nacris SeyriT aq fons ver gaxval. saZiebeli statusis miniWebis Taobaze saboloo gadawyvetilebas iRebs evrokavSiris sabWo.

xsenebuli aTenisa da florenciis Semdeg, 1987-1999 wlebSi, es statusi Tanmimdevro-biT moipoves Semdegma qalaqebma: amsterdami — dasavleT berlini — parizi — glazgo — dublini — madridi — antverpeni — lisaboni — luqsemburgi — kopenhageni — saloniki — stoqholmi — vaimari. TandaTan, dainteresebul qalaqTa konkurencia imdenad gamZaf-rda, rom 2000 wels prestiJuli tituli erTdroulad 9 qalaqma gaiyo: maT Soris iyvnen: reikiaviki, praRa da krakovi. sagulisxmoa, rom am sameulSi pirveli warmoadgenda ev-rokavSiris arawevr qveyanas, danarCeno ori ki evrokavSirTan axlad SemoerTebul qveynebs. evrokavSiris gafarToebis axali talRa aRiniSna statusis miniWebiT ukve nax-seneb q. sibiusaTvis (rumineTi), romelSic seriozul kulturul gavlenas axdens mra-valricxovani germanuli Temi. 2009 wels evropuli kulturuli dedaqalaqis statusi

q. vilniuss ekuTvnoda, romelic 1994 wlidan iricxeba UNESCO-s `kulturuli memkvid-reobis nusxaSi~.

sadReisod, praqtika Seicvala da yovel wels ori, mogvianebiT ki sami qalaqi gaxdeba am statusis matarebeli. saerTod, qalaqebis brendingis am msxvilmasStaburi proeqtis popularobaze metyvelebs is, rom 2013 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT, nominant-qalaqebis warmomdgeni qveynebis sia ukve damtkicebulia 2025 wlis CaTvliT.

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2013 w. – safrangeTi da slovakeTi (Sesabamisad, marseli da koSoce); 2014 w. – SvedeTi da latvia (umeo da riga); 2015 w. – belgia da CexeTis respublika (monsi da plzeni): 2016 w. – espaneTi da poloneTi (san-sebastiani da vroclavi); 2017 w. – dania da kviprosi; 2018 w. – niderlandebi da malta; 2019 w. – italia da bulgareTi; 2020 w. – rumineTi, serbeTi, irlandia; 2021 w. – saberZneTi, xorvatia, Sveicaria; 2022 w. – didi britaneTi, makedonia, TurqeTi; 2023 w. – norvegia, litva, bosnia da hercegovina; 2024 w. – germania, ukraina, albaneTi; 2025 w. – avstria, islandia, montenegro.

am grZel siaSi CvenTvis mTavari is aris, rom saqarTvelo masSi ar moiZebneba. ras niSnavs es – elementarul gulgrilobas, gaazrebul uimedobas, miznis siSores Tu viwro politikur miznebTan SeuTavseblobas?1

Tu ra moaqvs qalaqisaTvis evropuli kulturis dedaqalaqobas, kargad mowmobs talinis magaliTi, romelic 2011 wels, fineTis qalaq turkusTan erTad, flobda am statuss. talinma efeqtianad gamoiyena es Sansi da daukavSira ganviTarebis urbanis-tul programas. talinSi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielda mravali proeqti — maT So-ris, gaixsna zRvispira promenada, reabilitirebul iqna Tavisuflebis moedani da sxva.

talinelTa gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miizida Ria konkursma saproeqto ideebze; daregistrirda 1000-mde inovaciuri urbanistuli idea Tu winadadeba; ukve realize-bulTa Soris gamovyoT sabavSvo muzeumis ganaxleba, `Zveli qalaqis~ qveS saavtomobi-lo gvirabis gayvana, zRvis muzeumi, penitencialuri dawesebuleba da, gansakuTrebiT, `kulturuli qvabi~ — arqiteqturulad gaformebuli sazogadoebrivi sivrce, romelic gankuTvnilia mravalferovani erTjeradi da xangrZlivi kulturuli programebis Casa-tareblad.

amis garda, Catarda 251 programuli RonisZieba, maT Soris mewyvile qalaq turkus-Tan erToblivad. zogierTi specifikuri proeqti orientirebuli iyo axalgazrdobaze, erovnul umciresobebze, urbanuli garemos gaumjobesebaze. qalaqma Seasrula iseTi moTxovnac, rogoricaa RonisZiebebis momsaxure 500 moxalisis momzadeba turistebis Sesaxvedrad. Zneli warmosadgeni ar aris, Tu ramdenad gaZlierda talinis brendi, ra doneze aswia misi fasi `qalaqTa evropul birJaze~.

qalaqis brendze mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs reitingebi, romlebsac adgenen mraval-ricxovani ucxouri Tu saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. ufro swored, am SemTxvevaSi, brendsa da reitings Soris kavSiri ormxrivia. reitingebi sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblis mi-

xedviT dgeba. magaliTad, saitze europeancitiesmonitor.eu gamoqveynebulia 40-mde evropuli qalaqis, ZiriTadad, dedaqalaqebis, 2010 wlis reitingebi mravali maxasiaTeblebis mi-xedviT. sakvlev qalaqTa winaswar SerCeul CamonaTvalSi Tbilisi ar aris moxvedrili; postsabWouri sivrcidan iq mxolod moskovia. es gasakviri arc aris. CvenTvis ki is aris

1 sxvaTa Soris, rodesac 2011 wels am proeqtSi saqarTvelos CarTvis winadadeba `saTanado

instancias~ mivawodeT, vakansiebi Sevsebuli iyo mxolod 2019 wlamde.


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mniSvnelovani, Tu romeli parametrebiT afaseben am SemTxvevaSi evropul qalaqebs eq-spertebi. mogvyavs es parametrebi da lider-qalaqebis Sesabamisi sameulebi. (1) biznesis gansaTavseblad saukeTeso qalaqebi (londoni, parizi, frankfurti); (2) ramdenad icnoben qalaqs kompaniebi biznesis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT (londoni,

parizi, briuseli); (3) qalaqebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT zrunaven Tavis gaumjobesebaze (berlini, bar-

selona, londoni); (4) bazrebze advili misawvdomoba (londoni, parizi, frankfurti); (5) kvalificiuri kadrebis arseboba (londoni, parizi, frankfurti); (6) telekomunikaciebis xarisxi (londoni, parizi, frankfurti); (7) gare satransporto kavSirebi (londoni, parizi, frankfurti); (8) saofise farTobis Rirebuleba (lidsi, lisaboni, berlini); (9) daqiravebuli specialistebis Sromis anazRaureba (varSava, bratislava, lisaboni); (10) saofise farTobebis misawvdomoba (berlini, manCesteri, madridi); (11) xelisuflebis mier Seqmnili pirobebi (dublini, londoni, varSava); (12) enebis floba (londoni, briuseli da amsterdami); (13) Sidasaqalaqo transporti (londoni, parizi, berlini); (14) TanamSromelTa sacxovrebeli pirobebi (barselona, miunxeni, stokholmi); (15) garemos sisufTave (stokholmi, oslo, edinburgi);

sagulisxmoa, rom Tavisi biznesebis eqspansiis ganxorcielebas gamokiTxuli kompa-niebi, uwinaresad, apireben q. moskovSi (gamokiTxulTa 47%) da varSavaSi.

es monacemebi kargi gzamkvlevia q. Tbilisis brendingis ekonomikuri Semadgenlis dasagegmad.

qalaqis warmatebuli brendingis kidev erTi komponentia misi kreatiuloba (Semoqme-dobiToba). dRes sakmaod gavrcelebuli cneba — `kreatiuli qalaqi~ urbanistul lite-raturaSi Semotanilia britaneli urbanistis Carlz lendris mier. am saxelwodebis wigni popularulia; avtoriseuli ganwyobebis refrenad gamodgeba modernizebuli cno-bili sentencia — `miTxari, rogor qalaqSi cxovrob da getyvi, ras warmoadgen~. evropu-li urbanistuli panoramis aRwerisas C. lendri msjelobs: `<...> dialeqtikuri germanu-li midgoma cdilobs Teoriuli bazis Camoyalibebas da Tvali gaadevnos procesebis gan-viTarebas, moZebnos sinTezuri gadawyvetebi da SeaTanxmos winaaRmdegobebi. anglosaq-suri midgoma ufro empiriulia, is eyrdnoba realuri cxovrebidan aRebul naTel da warmatebul magaliTebs. italiuri xedva efuZneba mdidar warmosaxvas da kulturis

Rrma codnas~ (Лэндри 2005: 27). C. lendris miaCnia, rom nebismier qalaqs ZaluZs gaxdes saqmianobis romelime saxis

msoflio centri — Tu gamoavlens sakmaris Zalisxmevasa da gergilianobas. ase gaxda fraiburgi (germania) ekologiuri kvlevebis centri, hei-on-uai (uelsi) — wignebis vaW-robis centri, monpelie (safrangeTi) — saerTaSoriso inovaciuri, ekologiuri, jansa-Ri cxovrebis kera.

kreatiulobis filosofiis ukeT gacnobierebis mizniT, momyavs devid parkinsis ga-monaTqvami: `SemoqmedebiTi adamianebi muSaoben sakuTari kompetenciis zonis kideze da

ara mis centrSi~ (Лэндри 2005: 39). dRes kreatiulobis kerebi, kulturis industria war-moadgens iseTi qalaqebis ekonomikis mniSvnelovan seqtors, rogorebicaa: londoni, mi-lani, niu-iorki Tu berlini, sadac am seqtorSi dakavebulia SromiTi resursebis 5%-mde. helsinkis kreatiuloba gamoisaxa tradiciul masobriv RonisZiebebSi — `xelovne-baTa Rame~, `totaluri balalaika~, `Suqis Zala~. amgvari qalaqebisa da maTi kreatiulo-bis gamovlenis magaliTebis gagrZeleba SeiZleba.

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konkretuli qalaqebis brendebze SeiZleba amuSavdes iseTi saintereso fenomeni, rogoricaa detoponimizacia. am terminiT aRiniSneba movlena, rodesac esa Tu is topo-si (adgili, qalaqis teritoriis CaTvliT) erTgvarad uTmobs sakuTar geografiul dasa-xelebas sxvadasxvagvar produqts, romelic warmoebulia, Seqmnilia am adgilas an orga-nulad dakavSirebulia masTan. qvemoT mogvyavs detoponimizaciis magaliTebi.

• qsovili, bewveuli, samosi:

– bostoni, tiuli, marengo, yarakulis kraveli, Sirazi, qiSmiri, fesi da a.S.;

• sursaTi:

– rokfori, parmezani, mirabeli (qliavi) da a.S.;

• sasmelebi:

– kalvadosi, koniaki, Sampanuri, bordo, kagori, xeresi, portveini, malaga, tokai, qar-Tuli Rvinoebisa da mineraluri wylebis mTeli wyeba;

• xelovnebis produqtebi da masalebi:

– Carlstoni, xabanera, brinjao, faiansi da sxva. am istoriul-kulturuli faqtebis gamoyeneba detoponimizaciis meSveobiT Sesaba-

mis qalaqebsa Tu regionebs xels Seuwyobs sakuTari brendingis Camoyalibeba-gaZliere-baSi.

da mainc, qalaqis brendingze araferi muSaobs ise efeqturad, rogorc misi arqiteq-tura, ufro zustad, ama Tu im niSniT gamorCeuli arqiteqturuli obieqtebi. amgvari obieqtebi, adre Tu gvian, qalaqebSi `simboliseuli ekonomikis~ aRmZvreli xdeba. am mxriv, sayovelTaodaa cnobili parizSi eifelis koSkis biografia, romelic Tavdapir-velad gaxmaurebuli skandalisa da kategoriuli miuReblobis Semdeg, safrangeTis de-daqalaqis simbolod (brendad) iqca. sxvaTa Soris, eifelTan dadebuli kontraqtis Ta-naxmad, koSki droebiT nagebobad iyo moxseniebuli da msoflio gamofenis daxurvis Sem-deg unda daSliliyo. koSki radios Zalumad SemoWris epoqam gadaarCina — ukeTesi radi-oantenis moZebna warmoudgeneli iyo.

sazogadoebrivma azrma igive bedi arguna hai-Teq-is filosofiiT gadawyvetil, ag-reTve parizSi agebul, JorJ pompidus saxelobis Tanamedrove saxviTi xelovnebis centrs. aqve vityvi, rom dRes, turistebis mizidvis TvalsazrisiT, parizis RirsSesa-niSnaobis sameuli ase gamoiyureba: luvri, eifelis koSki, pompidus centri ...

dRes, amgvari qalaqebis brendmaformirebeli Senoba-nagebobebis raodenoba sul ufro matulobs. maT Soris erT-erTi axalia Cven mezobel azerbaijanis dedaqalaqSi `baqos alis~ ageba. da mainc, arsebobs erTi obieqti, romelmac qalaqis brendingi arqi-teqturis meSveobis urbanuli politikis qvakuTxedad aqcia. es Senobaa gugenhaimis Ta-namedrove xelovnebis muzeumi q. bilbaoSi (baskonia, espaneTis samefo). am Senobaze, ufro zustad, mis rolze Rirs yuradRebis gamaxvileba.

mokled, istoria aseTia — Tanamedrove arqiteqturis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma frenk loid raitma XX saukunis Sua xanebSi daaproeqta da q. niu-iorkSi aago gugenhai-mis saxelobis Tanamedrove xelovnebis muzeumi, romelic qresTomaturi, niSnuri im-TaviTve gaxda. Senobas arasodes aklda arqiteqturuli kritikis xotba da aRfrTovane-buli damTvaliereblebis nakadebi. magram, am brendis axali sicocxle 1990-ani wlebis bolos daiwyo, rodesac arqiteqtorma frenk gerim aaSena am muzeumis filiali q. bilba-oSi. filip jonsonma, Tavad gamoCenilma arqiteqtorma, muzeums `Tanamedroveobis udidesi Senoba~ uwoda.

magram, mTavari sxvaa. gugenhaimis muzeumma Zirfesvianad Secvala bilbaos ekono-mikuri cxovreba. Tavis droze metalurgiis, gemTmSeneblobis, satvirTo gadazidvebis qalaqi, autsorsingis — mesame samyaroSi mrewvelobis gatanis gamo, Rrma ekonomikur


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depresiaSi aRmoCnda. qalaqis bedi muzeumma Secvala — 10 weliwadSi man 10 milioni tu-risti miiRo. bilbaoSi mZime mrewvelobam adgili dauTmo `simboliseul ekonomikas~.

metic — gaCnda `gugenhaimis efeqti~; is ori mimarTulebiT gamoixata: pirveli — bil-baom umal miizida pirveli rigis arqiteqturuli saxelebi: am qalaqSi xidi daaproeqta santiago kalatravam, metros erT-erTi sadguri — ser norman fosterma, ofisi — zaha hadidim; meore — gaCnda gugenhaimis fondis muzeumebis qseli, romelic mTel msofli-os moedo (venecia, berlini, las vegasi). 2012 wels unda dasrulebuliyo muzeumis mSe-nebloba abu-dabiSi. dagegmilia mSenebloba zalcburgSi, makaoSi, honkongSi, singa-purSi, pekinSi, taivanSi, tokioSi, osakaSi, mexiko-sitiSi, sanqt-peterburgSi da — ri-giT meore — niu-iorkSi.

amave dros, analitikosebi gvafrTxileben `klonirebuli~ brendis `gadaxurvis~ da mak-donaldsis brendTan misi damsgavsebis Taobaze. magram, jerjerobiT, garemoebebi muSaobs q. bilbaos sasargeblod, romelic Cadga espaneTis turistulad yvelaze mim-zidvel qalaqTa rigSi. 2010 wels bilbaom ISOCARP-is1 wardginebiT miiRo li kuan ius2 saxelobis prizi, inovaciur wamowyebebSi gansakuTrebuli warmatebisTvis.

qalaqebis brendingis esoden vrceli mimoxilvis Semdeg, ufro gasagebi xdeba buste-rizmi saqarTvelos zogierT qalaqSi — TbilisSi, quTaisSi, siRnaRSi, mestiaSi da, gan-sakuTrebiT — baTumSi; baTumis magaliTi CaRrmavebuli Seswavlis Rirsia. Tbilisis praqtikidan gamovyoT axali saqveiTo `mSvidobis xidi~. mis mimarT azrTa Seurigebeli polarizebis miuxedavad, cxadia, rom is Tavis sabrendingo amocanas mSvenivrad asru-lebs — Tbilisisa Tu saqarTvelosadmi miZRvnili TiTqmis yvela dasavluri satelevi-zio reportaJi am xidis fonze gadaicema. xidi gaxda masmediisTvis erTgvari `vizualu-ri refreni~ — dedaqalaqis axali arqiteqturuli brendi, da es maiZulebs statiis das-rulebas ritorikuli kiTxviT — xom ar emateba TiTqos da uryev, oraTaswlovan vitru-viusis triadad cnobil moTxovnebs arqiteqturisadmi — `sargebeli, simtkice, silama-ze~ — meoTxe, romelic qalaqebis brendings sul ufro ukavSirdeba?


Визгалов, В. Брендинг города. М., Ин-т экономики города, 2011. Лэндри, Ч. Креативный город. М., Институт культурной политики, 2005. Трубина, Е. Город в теории. Опыты осмысления пространства. М., «Новое литературное обозрение», 2011.

LADO VARDOSANIDZE

THE NEW REALITIES OF URBAN CULTURE – A CITY AS `COMMODITY~ AND ITS BRANDING. WHAT VITRUVIUS COULD NOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT?

Summary

Among the unprecedented challenges of the urban culture which Georgia experienced unexpectedly in the last decades, the transfer of focus from normatively grounded, technically and technologically calculated and financially secured design and construction of our cities to multi-component urban management through Programs, Projects and Plans represented with the acronym (PPP) is indeed a novelty. To borrow a definition from the modern IT vocabulary, `hardware“ in urban development obviously gives priority to `software~. The former represents physical construction and the latter – urban-management.

1 ISOCARP (International Society of City and Regional Planning) – urbanistTa saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba,

urbanistikis sferoSi yvelaze avtoritetuli saerTaSoriso profesiuli organizacia. 2 li kuan iu – singapuris pirveli premier-ministri, `ekonomikuri saswaulis~ sulisCamdgmeli.

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Our architectural community was unprepared for such a metamorphosis. Multiple problems of urban development turned out beyond the control of professional architects and drift towards policy, economics, management and PR. It is indisputable that urban development was always and everywhere stipulated by ideological and political purposes; however, if we recall the Soviet practice of urban planning, architects sustained a very serious decision-making professional privilege. At present, the distribution of functions in the process of urban development has changed dramatically, which is related to the social-economic changes taking place in the process named `globalization~.

The article covers the current events against the background of globalization, which gives a new dimension to urban development. Among them is the `global cities~ and urban settlement hierarchy and a strong desire to achieve a high place in this hierarchy.

A special section is devoted to the new realities of the urban culture such as city branding, relevant technologies and methods. One of the methods of European city branding – city slogan – is considered; an attempt is made to evaluate the effectiveness of the slogans of selected cities.

In this context, the following issues are reasoned: `European Cultural Capital~ categories; efforts of Tbilisi City to be included in the `UNESCO-'s Cultural Heritage List~; evaluation parameters from the position of particular business interests, etc. It is emphasized that today every city has a chance to become a center of any kind of activity. `Detoponymization~ as one of the City branding trend is considered. It is highlighted that the most important component of city branding is architecture. From this position the so-called `Guggenheim effect~ is analyzed.

In the mentioned context is evaluated busterizm – rapid development strategy carried out by the authorities in a few cities of Georgia during 2004-2012. Some examples of urban reality of Georgia are given.

The article ends with a rhetorical question: Is there an attempt to add one more requirement (which is connected with branding of contemporary cities) to the firm, two millennial Vitruvian triad of demands and ideals that must be met in architecture – `firmitas, utilitas, venustas~?


59

manana javaxiSvili

Zalauflebis gadanawileba

(koronaciis rituali)

mefis an imperatoris koronacia Sua saukuneebis dasavleTevropul sivrceSi misi xe-lisuflebis legitimaciisa da Zalauflebis reprezentaciis simboluri gamoxatulebaa. amave dros es aris sasuliero da saero wodebaTa Sexvedris adgili, romelSic saintere-sod aisaxeba am ori fenis urTierTdamokidebulebisa da urTierTmimarTebis mniSvnelo-vani momentebi.

samefo koronaciis dasavleTevropuli tradicia oTxi mTavari elementisagan Sed-geba: 1) arCevisgan; 2) Tanxmobisa da aklamaciisgan; 3) misalmebisa da 4) koronirebisagan. pirvelad es oTxive elementi erTad mxolod karlos didis koronaciisas gvxvdeba rom-Si 800 wels saSobao liturgiis dros.

1. koronacia da mironcxeba: saero da sasuliero aqtebi, wodebaTa Sexvedris adgili

koronaciis sinonimad iTvleba mironcxeba.1 orive termini — koronaciac da miron-cxebac Tanabrad aRniSnavs mefed damtkicebis mkacrad formalizebul proceduras.

evropis barbarosTa qristianizaciis Semdeg eklesia cvlis Zalauflebis matarebe-lTa xarizmis koncefcias. amieridan Zalauflebis mflobelTa gansakuTrebuli, damaxa-siaTebeli niSani, romelic maT ubralo mokvdavTagan gamoarCevs, ganxilulia, rogorc

zecidan moniWebuli wyaloba, romelic mironcxebiT aRiniSneba (Джексон 2003: 229-230). Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT, es saidumlo jer kidev israelis mefeebze tardeboda. mefis

Tavze mironis dadeba (suliwmidis gadmosvlis ritualuri sinonimi) unda asaxavdes bib-liaSi aRweril israelis mefeTa kurTxevas mRvdelmTavarTa mier, romelic, Tavis mxriv,

ukavSirdeba mefe daviTis mniSvnelovan figuras qristianul metaforikaSi (Джексон 2003:230).

mironcxebas dasavleT evropaSi axlad gaqristianebulebis konfirmaciis datvirTva hqonda. pirvelad VII s-dan vestgoTebis samefoSi damkvidrda mironcxebis rituali, Sem-deg ki — frankTa samefoSi. Tumca arc erTi merovingi yofila mironcxebuli.

evropaSi mironcexeba-koronaciis ritualis realuri istoria VIII saukunidan iwyeba. 751 wels pipin moklem monasterSi gamoketa ukanaskneli merovingebi da realur Zalauf-lebasTan erTad samefo Rirsebebic miiwera, pipinma am uzurpaciis dasafarad eklesiis avtoriteti moiSvelia. 751 wels papis legatma vinfridma (igive bonifaciusma, 672/3-754) frankTa mefis pipin mokles mironcxeba ganaxorciela, romliTac safuZveli Cauyara axal politikur rituals. 754 wels es rituali imave mefeze ganmeorda, magram amjerad papis — stefane III-is (752-757) mier. axal dinastias bibliuri, qristianuli ceremonia-liT unda moexdina legitimacia. pipini gaxda pirveli franki mefe, romelic mRvdel-mTavris xeliT iyo mironcxebuli. VIII saukuneSive igive ceremoniali inglissa da mTel dasavleT evropaSi mkvidrdeba.

1 laTinurad _ consecration, inauguration, coronation; germanulad – Weihe da Kronung; frangulad –

consecration, couronnement an sacre.

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800 wlis 25 dekembers romSi wm. petres ta-ZarSi papi leon III karlos dids imperatorad acxadebs, Tavze gvirgvins adgams. karlos didi, romelic manamde mefed iyo mironcxebuli, impe-ratorad kurTxevisas xelmeored aRar iqna mi-roncxebuli. pirveli xelmwife, romelic impera-torad kurTxevisas mironcxebuli iyo, gaxldaT karlos didis vaJi — lui RvTismosavi (814-840). misi mironcxeba da koronacia Sedga reimsSi 816 wels pap stefan IV-is (768-772) mier. amieridan es ori rituali praqtikulad ganuyreli gaxda.

safrangeTSi Sarl melotis (843-877) droi-dan, xolo inglisSi IX saukunidan mefeebze jer mironcxebas atarebdnen, xolo Semdeg koronaci-as. mefisadmi micemuli insigniebis raodenobac izrdeboda. ukve karlos melotis droidan gvir-gvinTan erTad skiptrac gaCnda. rituali ori na-wilisagan Sedgeboda: jer insigniebs (gvirgvin-kurTxeva) Cuqnidnen, xolo Semdeg — mironcxeba xdeboda. ase daibada koronaciis ceremoniali.

IX saukunis bolosaTvis hinkmari (806-882),1 reimsis arqiepiskoposi (845-882), teq-stebs adgens, romliTac koronacia warmoadgenilia erTian ceremonialur moqmedebad,

romelsac sxvadasxva Semadgeneli gaaCnia. es teqstebi (koronaciuli wesebi, ordines coro-nationis) normatiul safuZvels uyris dasavleT evropis koronaciul ritualebs; dResac inglisuri koronaciis scenarSi CarTulia himnebi da locvebi, romelic hinkmaris mier

iyo Seqmnili an redaqtirebuli (Fisquet 1864: 38-46; Тейс 1993: 49-50). mecnierebi daoben imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli rituali, mironcxeba Tu koronacia, iyo

praqtikaSi Tavdapirvelad; mefis mironcxebas mark bloki realurad naTlobas uwodebs

(Bloch 1983). misi azriT, koronacia viwro gagebiT, anu gvirgvinis Tavze dadgmis rituali evropaSi win uswrebda mironcxebis rituals. arsebobs sawinaaRmdego mosazrebac (k. briu-li), romlis mixedviTac, mironcxeba Tavidanve erTiandeba koronaciasTan ritualur

praqtikaSi (Bruhl 1982: 1-31). r. jeksonis azriT ki, Tavdapirvelad koronacia ganixilebo-

da, rogorc saero aqti, xolo mironcxeba — rogorc sasuliero (Джексон 2003: 229-231). qvemoT SevecdebiT vaCvenoT, rom Sua saukuneebSi koronacia-mironcxeba ori wode-

bis: saero da sasuliero fenebis warmomadgenelTa Sexvedris simbolur adgilad iqca, romelmac garkveulwilad asaxa am wodebaTa urTierTdamokidebulebis saintereso as-peqtebi.

2. saero Tu sasuliero Zalaufleba: Zalauflebis gadanawileba?

monarqi moroncxebas sasuliero piris msgavsad iRebs. Sua saukuneebSi xelmwife —

RvTis mier cxebuli (christus Domini) Cveulebriv saero pirad ar ganixileba. Sua saukune-

1 hinkmari didi raodenobiT saRvTismetyvelo, hagiografiuli da saeklesio-samarTlebrivi

Txzulebebis avtoria («RvTiuri winaswargansazRvrulobisa da Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb» (De praedestinatione Dei et libero arbitrio; 859/860), «lotarisa da tetbergis gayraze» (De devorcio Lotharii et Teutberge; 860), «mefis pirovnebasa da samefo samsaxurze» (De regis persona et regio ministerio; 873), «mitropolitebis uflebebze» (De jure metropolitanorum; 876), «darigebebi mefe ludovikos» (Instructio ad Ludovicum regem; 878), «sasaxlis mowyobaze» (De ordine palatii; 882). mas aseve ekuTvnis mravali werili da «remigiusis cxovreba» (Vita Remigii).

Jan fuke, Sarl VI-is koronacia reimsSi (1380 w.).


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ebSi gavrcelebuli iyo azri imis Sesaxeb, rom monarqi mironcxebiT dabal saeklesio Cins — diakvans uTanabrdeboda.

mefeebi RvTis rCeulebi iyvnen. mironcxeba xelisufalT ubralo xalxze maRla aye-nebda, radgan isini am privilegias episkoposebTan da mRvdlebTan erTad iziarebdnen. ceremoniis Catarebis dros mRvdeli wamierad monarqze maRla idga, romelic morCilad iRebda misgan mirons. aqedan gamomdinare, imisaTvis, rom mefe taxtze asuliyo, mas mRvdeli esaWiroeboda.

am ritualma erTmaneTs Seaxvedra xelisuflebis es ori Sto da, imavdroulad, gar-kveulwilad gviCvena maTi urTierTmimarTeba: vin ufro maRla dgas? visi Zalauflebaa ufro mniSvnelovani — sasuliero Tu saero piris? erTi faqtia, saero xelisufalis, me-fis, monarqis mironcxebisa da koronaciis rituali warmoudgenelia sasuliero piris monawileobis gareSe, Sesabamisad, saero xelisufleba legitimuri ver gaxdeba sasulie-ro xelisuflebis Carevis gareSe; es faqti, TavisTavad, klerikalebs saero pirebze maR-la ayenebs. es rituali, romelic saero pirebze tardeba, naTlad gviCvenebs sasuliero pirTa did Zalauflebas maTze, magram aqve unda davamatoT, rom es privilegia droebi-Tia, mxolod ritualis Catarebis drosaa (da ra Tqma unda, rig SemTxvevebSi koronaciam-de) mniSvnelovani; xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac Semdgom saero xelisufalni uxe-Sad erevian sasuliero sakiTxebSi da am sferos sakuTari gavlenis qveS moqceva surT.

Tavis mxriv, klerikalebic cdiloben sakuTari Zalauflebis warmoCenas. «swored mironcxebas, episkoposis, sasuliero piris qmedebas, swored mis dalocvas da ara miwier Zalauflebas unda umadlodeT Tqven samefo Rirsebebs», — werda hinkmari 868 wels Sarl

melots (Bloch 1983: 45). misi azriT, namdvili mefe mironcxebis gareSe ar arsebobs, rac unda didi amqveyniuri pretenziebi hqondes mas. hinkmaris mier Sedgenil sent-makris ta-Zaris aqtebSi weria: `prelatebis Rirseba mefis Rirsebaze maRla dgas: radgan mefeni

prelatebisagan iReben kurTxevas~ (Bloch 1983: 49). hinkmari imeorebda, rom qristes mos-vlis Semdegom aravis SeeZlo erTdroulad mRvdelic yofiliyo da mefec. amdenad, hin-kmari ar uSvebs saero xelmwifis sasuliero pirze batonobisa da misi xelisulfebis upiratesobis ideas. 1198 wels papi inokenti III (1198-1216) sasuliero da saero xelisul-febas mzisa da mTvaris urTierTmimarTebas adarebs: — rogorc mTvare iRebs Suqs mzisa-gan, ise saero xelisuflebas legimtimacias sasuliero wodeba aniWebso. aseve cnobilia Sua saukuneebSi ganviTarebuli ori maxvilis Teoria, romelic saxarebiseul teqstebs eyrdnoba (luka 22, 38; romaelTa mimarT 13, 3-4) da romlis mixedviTac, eklesia RvTisa-gan orive maxvils iRebs, xolo Semdeg, Tavisi gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad, erT maxvils saero xelisuflebas gadascems. saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis araTanabari Zala gamovlinda inokenti III SedarebaSi, rodesac man eklesia suls Seadara, xolo saero xe-lisufleba — sxeuls. Sua saukuneebSi papobis TvalsazrisiT, sasuliero xelisufleba saeroze maRla idga.

imperatoris koronaciis aucilebeli moTxovna iyo misi romSi Catareba da ceremo-niis Tavad romis papis mier gaZRola. sainteresoa, rom ceremonialis dros imperators orjer unda ekocna papisTvis fexze, daedo sakoronacio fici (gansxvavdeboda mefeTa mier dadebuli ficisagan); xolo liturgiis dasrulebis Semdeg imperatori atarebda rituals saxelwodebiT `mejinibes samsaxuri~, mas unda daeWira im cxenis aRviri, romel-zec papi unda damjdariyo.1 amdenad, saero xelisufali am aqtebiT papis mimarT srul morCilebasa da pativiscemas, mis mimarT vasalur damokidebulebas uCvenebda.

mefis legitimaciisaTvis aucilebeli gaxda koronacia. Jana d’arki Sarl VII-es do-fins uwodebs, manam igi koronirebuli ar gaxdeba.koronacia aris saero xelisuflebis

1 bolo imperatori, romelic papma akurTxa 1433 wels, iyo sigizmundi, xolo bolo imperatori,

romelic italiaSi iyo koronirebuli — karlos V (1533).

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ganmtkicebis da politikuri reprezentaciis saSualeba. saeklesio mironcxeba icavs mo-narqs da xalxisaTvis cocxal simbolod aqcevs.

e. kantaroviCis azriT, mefisa da eklesiis urTierToba saboloo jamSi warmoSobda garkveul `hibrids~ orive fenaSi. adgili hqonda insigniebis, politikuri simboloebis urTierTsesxebas. magaliTad, papi Tavis tiaras oqros gvirgviniT amSvenebda, imperato-ri mewamul mosasxams icvamda, xolo imperatoris gvirgvinze miTra Cndeba da a.S. aseve

koronaciis dros, xelmwife, episkoposis msgavsad, beWeds iRebs (Kantorowitcz 1957). faqtia, rom Sua saukuneebis evropaSi Zlieri saero xelisuflebis ararseboba kle-

rikalTa poziciebis gaZlierebas iwvevs; am TvalsazrisiT koronaciis rituali simbo-lurad gamoxatavs sasuliero wodebis mniSvnelovan Tanamonawileobas saero mmarTve-lobaSi.


Bloch, M. Les Rois Thaumaturges: Etude sur le Caractère Surnaturel Attribue à la Puissance Royale Particulière-ment en France et en Angleterre, Paris: Gallimard, 1983.

Bruhl, C. Kronen-und Kronungsbrauch im fruhen und hohen Mittelalter. Historische Zeitshrift, Bd. 234, 1982. Kantorowitcz, E. The king's two bodies. A study in medieval political theology. Princeton, 1957. Джексон, Р.А. Коронация императоров и королей. Словарь средневековой культуры, М., 2003. Fisquet, H. La France Pontificale. Archidiocèse de Reims, Paris: E. Repos, 1864. Тейс, Л. Наследие Каролингов. IX-X века. Перевод с французского Т. А. Чесноковой. М: «Скарабей», 1993.

MANANA JAVAKHISHVILI

DISTRIBUTION OF POWER (The Ceremony of Coronation)

Summary

The ceremony of Coronation of a King or Emperor in Medieval Western Europe was a symbolic manifestation of legitimation of the rule of a monarch and representation of their regal power. At the same time, this was a place of meeting of the clergy and civilian society depicting most important aspects of interrelationships between these two groups.

The Western European tradition of Royal Coronation consists of four major elements: 1) Election; 2) Consent and Acclamation; 3) Greeting and 4) Coronation. All of these four elements first came together during the coro-nation of Charles the Great, which took place in Rome during the Christmas Liturgy in AD 800.

The terms ~Coronation” and ~Baptism” are classed as synonymous and denote a strictly formalised procedure of the Coronation. In Western Europe baptism possessed a function of conferring a confirmation to newly baptized people. The rite of baptizing was first established in VII century in the kingdom of West Goths (Spain) and later was introduced into the kingdom of the Franks. By locking the last representatives of the Merovingian Dynasty in a monastery, Pepin the Short thus took the royal power into his own hands in 751. In order to disguise this act of usurpation, Pepin relied on the reputation of the Church. The New Dynasty wished to acquire a legitimate status by means of the Biblical, Christian rite. Pepin became the first French king who was baptized by the highest Church dignitary. From VIII century this rite was introduced to England and Western Europe.

Kings were classed as God’s favourites and the ritual of baptizing put them above common people, as they were baptized by priests and archbishops. During the rite the priest stood higher than the monarch who timidly and obediently accepted chrism from him. Thus, in order to become a legitimate monarch, the future king needed a representative of the clergy.


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By the end of IX century, Hincmar, an archbishop of Reims, composed texts according to which the coronation was presented as a whole, ceremonial performance comprising several components. These texts (coronation rules – ordines) established the normative foundations of the Western European coronation ceremony. Nowadays, the script of English coronation includes hymns and prayers either composed or edited by Hincmar.

The Coronation became a church ritual and because of this ordines were mostly part of liturgical books, specifically, of benedictions, sacraments and pontifical. Other sources have not reached us. Later, the coronation ceremony became very festive and included hymns, prayers and the rite of baptism. In addition to this, it also included the ceremony of the transfer of the symbols of knighthood (spurs) as well as regal symbols (cloak, sword, signet, orb, sceptre and crown). This ceremony was followed by the mass and a royal feast. The crucial demand for the coronation of the Emperor was their arrival in Rome, which made it possible for the Pope to conduct the ceremony. As well as this, the Emperor was to kiss the Pope on his foot twice and make a coronation vow (which was different from the vow made by kings). After the liturgy, the Emperor conducted the traditional ceremony of ~the groom’s service” which meant that the Emperor had to hold the reins of the Pope’s horse.

The hierarchies of the Catholic Church wished to make the coronation a perfect prototype of Absolute Monarchy, which had sprung from a mystic background, whereas the State also desired to have the Church under control. In Medieval Europe the lack of strong secular government strengthened the position of the clergy. From this point of view, the ceremony of coronation symbolically manifests a significant participation of the clergy in the civil authority.


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nino mgalobliSvili

modis Teoriis klasikur koncefciaTa Taviseburebani

modis cneba adamianTa umravlesobisTvis asocirdeba drois patara monakveTSi gaba-tonebul Cacmis manerasTan, an kulturis garegnuli formebis erTi etalonis meoriT CanacvlebasTan. Tumca, dReisTvis modis fenomenis amgvari gaazreba Zalian viwro da arasrulyofilia. dRevandeli moda ar ifargleba mxolod tansacmliT an kulturis ga-regnuli formebiT. is SeWrilia adamianis cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, msWvalavs movlena-Ta ufarToes wres: ekonomikas, politikas, mecnierebas, musikalur da literaturul mimdinareobebs, qcevis maneras, metyvelebas, urTierTobaTa xerxebs. moda kulturis aucilebeli elementi da adamianTa cxovrebis wesis ganuyofeli nawilia. is sazogadoe-bis cxovrebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis adekvaturi reprezentaciaa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is iTavsebs socialur-kulturuli transformaciebis indikatoris funqcias. amav-droulad, moda aris is ena, romliTac yoveli kultura `saubrobs~ sakuTar Tavze. moda, rogorc fenomeni, rTuli da mravalwaxnagovania. misi masStabebi iseTia, rom `rTulia ar moinaxos socialur-ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli cxovrebis sfero, sadac Tavs ar

iCens misi gavlena~ (Гофман 2000: 4). amrigad, rogorc garkveuli periodis totaluri da dominanturi movlena, moda imsaxurebs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas. visac surs ama Tu im istoriuli epoqis Secnoba, ueWvelad unda dainteresdes modis SeswavliT. moda Tundac imis gamo imsaxurebs yuradRebasa da Rrma analizs, rom SeuZlia gavlena iqonios sazoga-doebis ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebaze. modis meSveobiT, Tu mas reklamis in-strumentad gamoviyenebT, SesaZlebelia produqciis warmoebis stimulireba da samom-xmareblo bazris struqturis srulyofa.

yovelive zemoTqmuli gviCvenebs, Tu ratom aris moda interesis sagani ara mxolod im adamianTaTvis, romelTac yoveldRiuri Sexeba aqvT masTan, aramed socialuri Tu hu-manitaruli sferos warmomadgeneli mkvlevrebisTvisac. moda, rogorc universaluri fenomeni, filosofosTa, sociologTa, ekonomistTa, kulturis mkvlevarTa, lingvis-tTa, fsiqologTa, istorikosTa da sxvaTa kvlevis obieqti gaxda.

modis fenomenis mravalmniSvnelovnebam ganapiroba misi Seswavlis gansxvavebuli me-Todologiuri midgomebi. zRvaris dadgena am midgomaTa Soris sakmaod rTulia. dayofa aq pirobiTia. amocanis gadaWras am TvalsazrisiT modis sociologia cdilobs.

erTiani msoflio modiს velis formirebaze dasavlur evropul faseulobaTa gav-lena istoriulad ganpirobebulia. modis internacionalizacias dasavlე თ evropam Cau-yara safuZveli.

Cven ar gvaqvs pretenzia, amomwuravad ganvixiloT dasavleli Teoretikosebis Sro-mebi, romelTac ase Tu ise gavlena iqonies modis Teoriis ganviTarebaze. Tumca, Sevec-debiT warmovadginoT sakvanZo momentebi da Teoriul-meTodologiuri principebi, romlebic saSualebas mogvcemen, gaverkveT modis, rogorc socialur-kulturuli mov-lenis `usasrulo kaleidoskopSi~. metadre, es problema ar aris gaSuqebuli kulturis kvlevaTa qarTul epistemaSi.

Tu CavatarebT istoriul eqskurss da gamovyofT modis analizis sxvadasxvagvar mi-dgomebs, aRmovaCenT SexedulebaTa saintereso evolucias. antikuri xanis filosofose-bi modis fenomens sakmaod kritikulad ganixilavdnen. Tumca, mkvlevrebi aRiareben, rom


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ukve Zvel romSi modas didi socialuri, kulturuli Tu ekonomikuri mniSvneloba hqon-da. is gavlenas axdenda cxovrebis yvela sferoze, warmoaCenda adamianebis statussa da Zalauflebas. magram antikur xanaSi misi gavlena gauazrebeli unda yofiliyo. arsebobs mosazreba, rom moda dasabams gvian Sua saukuneebSi iRebs, rodesac kapitalizmis Casax-vis procesis paralelurad didi kulturuli cvlilebebi mimdinareobda. swored am xa-nebSi aRmoaCines adamianebma, rom tansacmlis modifikaciebi garkveul logikas eqvemde-bareboda. ès cvlilebebi ar iyo iSviaTi da SemTxveviTi, isini ganuwyvetliv mimdinare-

obd~ (Svendsen 2004). SesaZlebelia visaubroT da vikamaToT Zv. romis protomodaze an mo-dis garkveul tendenciebze XV-XVIII saukuneebis evropis didgvarovanTa cxovrebaSi. Tumca, udavoa, rom modam garkveuli ganviTarebis istoriuli gza ganvlo, vidre socia-lur datvirTvas SeiZenda. modis saTave, savaraudod, industriuli sazogadoebis Camo-yalibebis, anu, ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi unda veZioT. modis, rogorc kulturuli fe-nomenis, Seswavla swored am droidan iwyeba. am xanebSi bevri filosofosi, istorikosi da xelovnebis Teoretikosi cdilobs axsnas am movlenis arsi, moiZios misi warmoSobisa da gavrcelebis mizezebi. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rom ukve XVII saukuneSi gamoCnda didi moazrovneebis naSromebi modis Sesaxeb. isini mxolod sakiTxis mimoxil-viT Semoifarglebian da ara mecnieruli analiziT. magram, vfiqrobT, es naSromebi Rire-bulni arian im TvalsazrisiT, rom gvacnoben, yuradRebas amaxvileben modis socialur aspeqtebze misi Casaxvis periodSi. amiT saSualeba gveZleva, ukeT CavwvdeT modis feno-menis geneziss. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT entoni eSli kuperis, Seftsberis mesa-

me grafis (Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671-1713) Semoqmedeba, romelic XVII-XVIII saukuneTa gasayarze modis problemebiT dainteresda. kamaTs ar iwvevs mosazreba Seftsberis gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebis Sesaxeb modis kvlevis sakiTxSi. man pirvelma SeniSna Tavis Tanamedrove kurtuazuli modis ambivalenturi xasiaTi. misi Sromebi ga-erTianebulia samtomeulSi àdamianebis, zne-Cveulebebis, azrTa da drois daxasiaTeba-ni~ da mieZRvna preindustriuli sazogadoebis eTikur, esTetikur, religiur da poli-tikur problemebs. niSandoblivia, rom am periodis sazogadoebas mecnierebi ganixila-ven, rogorc meqanikuri solidarobis sazogadoebas, romelsac axasiaTebs `msgavsebiT

gamowveuli solidaroba~ (Durkheim 1966: 138). bunebrivia, rom aseT sazogadoebaSi (sta-tikuri, arqauli da tradiciuli) ar arsebobda pirobebi modis, rogorc masiuri socio-kulturuli movlenis, ganviTarebisaTvis. es pirobebia: dinamikuroba, Riaoba, siuxve, mobiluroba. miuxedavad amisa, moda mainc Caisaxa da daiwyo mecnieruli diskusiebi mo-dis Sesaxeb.

amrigad, ukve XVII-XVIII ss. modas aRiqvamen rogorc kanonmdebels (lordi Seftsberi, a.smiti, e.kuperi, i.kanti, f.hegeli, frangi ganmanaTleblebi). am xanebSi moda iqca ara mxolod nimuSad, aramed normad, SeiZina imperatiuli xasiaTi, Camoyalibda gemovnebis Teoria. SesaZlebeli gaxda modis fenomenis gamoyenebiTi definiciebis gamokveTa, daxa-siaTeba iseTi socialuri Tvisebebisa, rogorebic aris: mimbaZveloba (elitis gansakuT-rebuli roli), cikluroba da cvalebadoba. am periodSi Seqmnili Teoriebis evristiku-li Rirebulebis miuxedavad, mainc naadrevia saubari modis Teoriuli koncefciebis Seqmnaze.

modis mecnieruli Seswavla mTeli seriozulobiT XIX saukuneSi daiwyo. am dros dam-kvidrda sociologia, rogorc mecniereba. gamoCnda modis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli Teoriu-li mosazrebebis mimarT yuradRebis pirveli niSnebi. àrsebobs yovelgvari safuZveli imis mtkicebisa, rom moda socialur mniSvnelobas evropul sazogadoebaSi XIX saukune-

Si iZens~ (Гофман 2003: 649). swored XIX saukuneSi gamoikveTa is faqtorebi, romlebic war-moqmnian modas: teqnikuri siaxleebis danergva, politikuri revoluciebi, urbanizacia, socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis masobrivi xasiaTis danergva.

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modernis epoqam modis Sesaxeb pirveli Teoriebis gamoCena ganapiroba — g.tardis, h.spenseris, g.zimelis, t.veblenis, h.blumeris, p.burdies da sxvaTa. es klasikuri kvle-vebia, sadac modis, rogorc adamianebis socialuri qcevis, sxvadasxva aspeqti ganixile-ba. ra Tqma unda, yovel Teorias aqvs Tavisi Rirsebebic da naklic. magram, mTavaria is, rom am naSromebma saTave daudes modis Tanamedrove Teoriebs. TiToeuli klasikuri ko-ncefcia asaxavda modis socialur arss ise, rogorc es mis Tanamedrove epoqas Seesaba-meboda. Tumca, es koncefciebi ver Camoyalibda `sistemur~ Teoriebad, romlebic mTli-anad moicavda da axsnida modis rogorc materialur, aseve aramaterialur aspeqtebs.

magaliTad, XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi mkvlevrebi modas, pirvel rigSi, ganixilavdnen, rogorc socialur fenomens. mecnierebi aanalizebdnen modis war-moSobis da ganviTarebis mizezebs, swavlobdnen agreTve misi zemoqmedebis Sedegebs so-cialur, kulturul da ekonomikur sferoze. swored amgvarma midgomam Seuwyo xeli mo-dis fenomenis Sesaxeb erTiani koncefciis SemuSavebas. Seiqmna pirobebi imisTvis, rom gasagebi gamxdariyo modis, rogorc sociokulturuli movlenis, WeSmariti arsi, misi warmoqmnis meqanizmi da funqcionireba sazogadoebaSi.

XX saukunis Sua wlebSi modis tendeciebis cvalebadobis Sesaxeb arsebuli pirveli Teoriebis revizia moxda. gamoCnda ramdenime axali varaudi, ratom da rogor cvlis axa-li moda Zvels.

modis sociologiuri analizi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri xdeba XX saukunis meore naxevridan. Camoyalibda simboluri faseulobebis msoflio da nacionaluri bazrebi, kulturis menejmenti da marketingi. ra Tqma unda, am fonze socialur-kulturuli kon-teqstis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe saubrebi modis arsis, misi mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb kvlavac zedapiruli msjelobis doneze rCeba. am dros, rogorc samarTlianad aRniSna-ven mkvlevrebi, arsebobs yvela obieqturi piroba imisaTvis, rom moda sociologiis sak-vlev privilegirebul obieqtad iqces. `pirvel rigSi, is qmnis koleqtiur fenomens, ro-melic ufro naTlad gvagrZnobinebs, rom moda Cveni qcevebis socialur Sinaarss Sei-cavs; meore mxvriv, igi gvevlineba konformizmisa da cvalebadobis dialeqtikad, rac

mxolod sociologiis safeZvelze SeiZleba aixsnas“ (Stoetzel 1963: 245). gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSive popularuli xdeba modisadmi sociosemiotikuri da postmodernis-tuli midgomebi. amgvari modgomebis naTeli magaliTebia roland bartisa da Jan bodri-iaris Sromebi.

xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom Tanamedrove moda specifikuri fenomenia, ramdenadac is industriis saxiT gvevlineba. moda, rogorc industria, — es aris Tanamedrove, origina-luri modelebis racionalizmis principze organizebuli warmoeba. did mniSvnelobas iZens imis gaazreba, rom iqmneba ara uSualod modeli, aramed moduroba. Sesabamisad, isini (modelebi) gamoxataven miswrafebas, erTi mxvriv, aravis hgavde, iyo individualu-ri, meore mxriv, fexi auwyo yvelasaTvis saerTo `epoqis suls~.

swored amitom iwvevs Cvens interess modis, rogorc socialur-kulturuli movle-nis, Seswavlisas uaRresad mniSvnelovani sociologiuri koncefciebi, romlebic XIX-XX ss. kvlevebSia warmodgenili. gansakuTrebiT gvainteresebda Sromebi, romlebSic modis koncefciebi ganixileba, rogorc socialuri da kulturuli fenomeni.

dReisaTvis erTiani kanonzomiereba, romelic modis cvlilebebs ganapirobebda, ar arsebobs, Tumca, moda ufro farTo socialur da kulturul konteqstSi ganixileba. Teoriis arasakmarisi sistemurobis pirobeSi, Cveni azriT, modis ganmartebis problema ufro xelSesaxebi xdeba. amitom saWiroa gavaanalizoT maT Soris yvelaze tipiuri kon-cefciebi.

gasaanalizeblad Cven SevarCieT yvelaze mniSvnelovani Teoriuli midgomebi da Se-vecdebiT CamovayaliboT maTi principuli debulebebi. modis fenomenis gaazrebisTvis


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SeiZleba pirobiTad oTxi midgoma gamovyoT, romlebmac arsebiTi gavlena moaxdines mis dRevandel ganmartebaze: — mibaZvis koncefcia (g.tardi, g.zimeli); — demonstratiuli qcevis Teoria (t.vebleni, v.zombarti, r.kunigi); — modis axsnis koncefcia, dafuZnebuli koleqtiur qcevebze (h.blumeri); — modis Seswavlis semiotikuri meTodi (r.barti, j.bodriiari, r.seneti).

modis yvela koncefciis saerTo niSania is, rom TiToeuli maTgani modas ganixilavs rogorc sociokulturul fenomens, romelic gavlenas axdens sociumze. amasTan, ro-gorc viciT, modis koncefcias safuZvlad sxvadasxva meTodologia udevs, rac ganapi-robebs kvlevis Sesabamis mimarTulebas. aqedan gamomdinare, modis socialuri fenome-nis axsnisas sxvadasxva Teoriis aqcentebi arsebiTad gansxvavebulia.

mibaZvis koncefcia. mniSvnelovania frangi sociologis gabriel tardis (Gabriel- Tarde, 1843-1904) pozicia modis sakiTxis Sesaxeb. g.tardi modis koncefcias aviTarebs Tavisi moZRvrebis — `sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Sesaxeb~ — CarCoebSi (aRsaniSnavia, rom igi `sazogadoebriv cxovrebad~ miiCnevda kulturas Tavis umaRles, maT Soris inteleq-tualur, gamovlinebebSi). mkvlevari iziarebs mosazrebas, rom modas safuZvlad udevs elitis mier gavrcelebuli nimuSebis mibaZvis meqanizmi. moda, g.tardis azriT, mudmivad modificirebadi sazogadoebivi Sinaarsis umartivesi, `wamieri~ formaa. amis miuxedavad, is (moda) aswrebs, garkveuli droiT `daafiqsiros~ adamianebis urTierTobisa da qcevis,

yofis garegnul formaTa da a.S. zogierTi arsebiTi momenti (Tarde 1901: 63). g.tardis az-riT, urTierTobis process safuZvlad ori movlena udevs: aRmoCena da mibaZva. mimbaZve-loba iyofa mibaZva-wes-Cveulebad da mibaZva-modad. Tu wes-Cveuleba winaprebis mibaZva-a, romelic TviT sazogadoebriobis CarCoebSia moqceuli, moda — aris TanamedroveTa mibaZva, romelic èqsteritorialur~ xasiaTs atarebs. mimbaZveloba, romelic tradici-ebis, wes-Cveulebebis, modis formiT arsebobs, xels uwyobs siaxleTa gavrcelebas da sa-

zogadoebis unifikacias (Tarde 1892: 360). g.tardi modis gavrcelebas ganixilavs, rogorc imitaciis erT-erT formas, rogorc erTi tipis pirovnebis asiaTasobiT aslad gadaqce-vis gzas, risi Sedegic ùniformasaviT~ erTnairi, garegnobiT erTiani sazogadoebis

Seqmnaa (Tarde 1892: 370). aqedan gamomdinare, Tu mivyvebiT mecnieris mier SemoTavazebul logikas, adamiani, rogorc socialuri arseba, yovelTvis mimbaZvelia. es daskvna aseve mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove postmodernistuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sociolo-giuri prognozebisTvis.

amas garda, g.tardma daamuSava modis ìdeologiuri mizezobriobis~ Teoria. ker-Zod, cdilobs ra daamkvidros Tavisi Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom `modas epoqis suli mar-Tavs’’, g.tardi mkiTxvels sTavazobs, XVIII-XIX ss. franguli kostiumebis cvlilebaTa is-toria Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT warmoidginos. amgvari metamorfoza, g.tardis az-riT, SeuZlebelia, `radgan Sexedulebebi da zne-Cveulebebi, romelTa garegnul gamov-lenas, garkveuli xarisxiT, kostiumi emsaxureba, lui XIV droidan moyolebuli, cnobil logikur kavSirs warmogvidgens. es kavSiri, iseve, rogorc mimbaZvelobis kanonebi, ar dauSvebs, es melodia, ase vTqvaT, piruku mimarTulebiT Sesruldes~. magram, aqve g.tar-di dasaSvebad miiCnevs qalis modis piruku mimarTulebiT ganviTarebas. anu, sruliad damoukideblad im Tanamimdevrobisgan, romliTac viTardeba ideebi da zne-Cveulebebi. amas mkvlevari imiT xsnis, rom qalebi ùmniSvnelo monawileobas iReben politikur da inteleqtualur cxovrebaSi. maTTvis yvelgan da yovelTvis umTavresia survili — fizi-

kurad moswondeT...~ (Tarde 1892: 364). amgvari msjeloba aSkarad araTanmimdevrulia. g.tardis mier aq moxmobili argumentebi, SesaZloa, zogad sociologiuri koncefciis dadasturebas emsaxurebodes, magram, amavdroulad, is gviCvenebs, rom mecnierisTvis

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sakuTriv moda, rogorc sociokulturuli fenomeni, damoukidebeli saxiT jer kidev ar arsebobs. Tavs nebas mivcemT aRvniSnoT, rom g.tardi modis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis erT-erTi gamovlinebis, ganxilvisas, zedmetad sworxazovania, roca acxa-debs, rom moda sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli ideebiT aris ganpirobebuli.

mibaZvis koncefcias iziarebda germaneli filosofosi da sociologiis Teoretiko-

si georg zimeli (Georg Simmel, 1858-1918). g.zimelma modas miuZRvna brwyinvale ese, rome-lic axlac inarCunebs aqtualurobas da ise ikiTxeba, TiTqos dRes iyos dawerili. g.zi-melma pirvelma gamoikvlia modis cikluri xasiaTi da miuTiTa mis kavSirze sazogadoe-bis ierarqiul struqturebTan. mecnieri yuradRebas amaxvilebs modis dualistur xasi-aTze da aRniSnavs, rom moda orgvar rols asrulebs: erTi mxriv, is socialuri `gamTa-nabrebelia~, xolo, meore mxriv, xorcs asxams pirovnebis miswrafebas sazogadoebis di-ferencirebisaken, individis saerTo masidan gamoyofisaken da individualurobis Se-narCunebisaken. g.zimelis individualizaciis ukiduresi magaliTia gabRenZili pewenika, romelsac individualuri stilis misaRwevad absurdamde mihyavs modis moTxovnebi da Tavs iwonebs moduri elementebiT gadatvirTuli tansacmliT: `Tu modaSi Semovida wvrilcxviriani fexsacmeli, misi fexsacmlis cxvirebi Subebs daemsgavseba, Tu maRali

sayeloebia modaSi, misi sayelo yurebs ebjineba~ (Simmel 1996: 277). pewenika `mTlad indi-vidualizebuli ramea~, magram amavdroulad igi iyenebs sazogadoebis garkveuli jgu-fisaTvis damaxasiaTebel nimuSebs. amrigad, gamodis, rom `wamyvani garkveulwilad way-

vanilad gvevlineba~ (Simmel 1996: 276). g.zimelis mixedviT, moda TavisTavad, `mocemuli nimuSis mibaZvas warmoadgens da amiT socialuri sayrdenis moTxovnilebas akmayofi-lebs... amave xarisxiT akmayofilebs igi gansxvavebulobis moTxovnilebas, diferencire-

bis, cvlilebebis, masidan gamorCevis tendenciebs~ (Simmel 1996: 267). g.zimelis Teoriac mibaZvis koncefcias esadageba. igi modis warmoSobas adamianis ormagi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis aucileblobas ukavSirebs: gamoirCeode sxvebisgan da hgavde sxvebs. mo-da rom individualizaciis gareSe SeuZlebelia, avtoriprimitiuli sazogadoebis cxov-rebis wesis magaliTiT asabuTebs, sadac socialuri erTgvaroba yvelas aTanabrebs da aravis uCens survils, gamoeyos masas. sxvaTa Soris, aseve iqceodnen mmarTveli oligar-qiis warmomadgeneli venecieli nobilebi. maT ar surdaT yvela danarCeni moqalaqis wi-naSe sakuTari gansakuTrebulobis demonstrireba da amitom mxolod Sav samoss atareb-

dnen (Simmel 1996: 273). g.zimelis modis Teorias bevri saerTo aqvs g.tardis koncefciasTan, magram misi Ta-

visebureba modis klasobrivi xasiaTis xazgasmaa. Tavis naSromSi `moda~ (1904) g.zimelma Camoayaliba modis klasobrivi Teoria, e.w. `elitaruli modis koncefcia~. g.zimeli am-tkicebda, rom modis erT-erTi Tavisebureba is aris, rom garkveul klass ekuTvnis. igi iziarebda damkvidrebul azrs prestiJuli fenebis rolis Sesaxeb modis tendenciebis CamoyalibebaSi. g.zimelma SemogvTavaza modis warmoSobis e.w. elitaruli Teoria, anu

`gaJonvis efeqtis~ koncefcia (`trickle-down theory~): moda vertikalurad viTardeba — sa-zogadoebis elitidan dabali fenebisaken. warmogidgenT g.zimelis msjelobas am sakiTx-Tan dakavSirebiT. g.zimeli Tvlida, rom sazogadoebis socialuri elita axal modas Ta-visi statusis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs, raTa xazi gausvas Tavis gamorCeulobas ubralo ada-mianebisagan. momijnave klasebis wevrebs surT sakuTari Tavis umaRles statusTan iden-tificireba. Tavisi survilis dakmayofilebis saSualebad modas miiCneven. g.zimelis koncefciis mixedviT, dabal fenebs, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro dabali fenebis wevrebi baZaven. am gziT elitaruli klasis ganmasxvavebeli gansakuTrebuli niSnebi gaiJoneba qveviT klasobrivi piramidis mTel siRrmeze. am viTarebaSi sruliad ikargeba modis siaxlis SegrZneba. moda masiur, `vulgarul~ xasiaTs iZens, xolo elituri klasi, kar-


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gavs ra Tavisi identobis niSnebs, iZulebulia moigonos axali ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi, romlebsac kvlav Seiwoven dabali fenebi da, amrigad, cikli meordeba. g.zimeli wers: `moda... yovelTvis klasobriv xasiaTs atarebs. umaRlesi fenis moda yovelTvis gansxvav-deba dabali modisagan. amasTan, maRali fena uswrafesad uaryofs mas, rogorc ki igi

dabal sferoSi SeRwevas iwyebs~ (Simmel 1996: 268). modis xibli imaSi mdgomareobs, miiC-nevs g.zimeli, rom is erTdroulad axalic aris da warmavalic. moda gvaZlevs dRevande-lobisa da drois msvlelobis SegrZnebebs. Tumca, ama Tuim konkretuli modis warmavali xasiaTis miuxedavad, is, TavisTavad, rogorc socialuri cxovrebis forma, mudmivia — yovelTvis arsebobs, yvela droSi. es procesi modis dausrulebeli cvalebadobis erT-erTi mizezia. aseTia, g.zimelis koncefciis mixedviT, modis buneba da misi funqcioni-rebis meqanizmi. sainteresoa, rom, ukve XX saukunis dasawyisSi SeniSna g.zimelma modis TandaTanobiTi gaiafebisa da aCqarebis erT-erTi meqanizmi. g.zimeli Tvlis, rac ufro swrafad icvleba moda, miT ufro unda gaiafdes nivTebi. nivTebis swrafi gaiafeba modis swrafi cvlilebebisaken ubiZgebs momxmareblebs, xolo mwarmoeblebs aiZulebs maT ga-moSvebas.

g.zimelisa da sxva, XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis avtorTa (ma-galiTad, t.veblenis, romelsac qvemoT ganvixilavT) Sromebi modis sociologiuri kvlevis pirvel mcdelobad miiCneva. swored maT scades pirvelad modis socialuri bu-nebis mecnieruli axsna. XX saukunis dasawyisSi, socialuri struqturis transformaci-isa da e.w. masobrivi sazogadoebis aRmocenebis gamo, am midgomebma mniSvnelovanwilad dakarga ganmartebis Zala da kritikis obieqtad iqca. aRmocenda ganmartebis axali mo-delebi.

demonstratiuli qcevis Teoria. g.zimelis paralelurad modis fenomenis Seswav-

liT iyo dakavebuli torstein vebleni (Thorstein Bunde Veblen, 1857-1929). amerikelma so-ciologma, ekonomistma da futurologma t.veblenma ganaxorciela modis funqcionire-baSi prestiJis, `saCvenebeli (demonstratiuli) moxmarebis~ rolis analizi. t.veblenis azriT, moxmarebis ZiriTadi motivia maRali socialuri statusis demonstrireba da zrunva reputaciaze. t.veblenma mecnierebaSi Semoitana iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa: `saCvenebeli (demonstratiuli) moxmareba~, `saCvenebeli (demonstratiuli) moclilo-ba~, `saCvenebeli (demonstratiuli) xarjva~.

demonstratiuli moxmareba — es aris `moxmarebis gamoyeneba imis dasamtkiceblad, rom simdidres flob; moxmareba, rogorc reputaciis SenarCunebis saSualeba~. moxmare-bis es stili, t.veblenis azriT, axlad gamdidrebul amerikelebs axasiaTebda, romlebic cdilobdnen, evropis maRali klasisTvis miebaZaT. magram, Tu XIX saukunis evropis aris-tokratia ara mxolod simdidriT iyo gamorCeuli, aramed gansakuTrebuli kulturiTa da etiketiTac, romelsac bavSvobidanve aswavlidnen, amerikel axlad gamdidrebulTa fenas ar moepoveboda es resursi da samomxmareblo sikeTeebis, maT Soris tansacmlis modis, demonstratiul gamoyenebas cdilobda. es saCvenebeli momxmarebloba axlad gam-didrebul amerikelebs saSualebas aZlevda, sakuTari Tavi amerikuli sazogadoebis elitad warmoeCina. amrigad, pativisa da Rirsebis uzrunvelyofa — modis latenturi funqcia aRmoCenili da aRwerilia t.veblenis mier. Tavis wignSi `uzrunveli klasisa da saCvenebeli moxmarebis Teoriebi~ (1899) t.vebleni wers: `amerikaSi modas gvTavazoben ara Zveli aristokratebi, aramed nuvoriSebi. isini xazs usvamdnen sakuTar, Tumca sul axlaxans mopovebul, maRal statuss... modasa da gemovnebas fulis kanonebi gansazR-

vravs. moduria da prestiJuli Zvirfasi nivTebis qona...~ (Веблен 1984: 118). amrigad, mim-baZvelobis Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, `demonstratiuli moxmarebis~ koncefciis mimdev-rebi modis, rogorc socialuri fenomenis, daxasiaTebas kidev erT mniSvnelovan Tavise-

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burebas amateben, kerZod, sazogadoebis maRali fenisadmi kuTvnilebis demonstrire-bas. unda aRiniSnos, rom t.vebleni uaryofda modis esTetikuri SesaZleblobebis ana-lizs, radgan Tvlida, rom `moda~ (cvalebadoba) da `silamaze~ gansxvavebul safuZvelze aRmocendnen.

daaxloebiT aseve, oRond cota gansxvavebul aspeqtSi, fufunebis koncefciis priz-maSi gavliT, ganixilavda modas XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisis germane-

li sociologi, filosofosi da ekonomisti zombart verneri (Sombart Werner, 1863-1941). z.verneri demonstratiuli mimarTulebis warmomadgenelia. am Teoriis avtorebis (z.verneri, t.vebleni, r.kunigi) SromebSi, mimbaZvelobis koncefciisgan gansxvavebiT, Zi-riTad meTodologiur konstruqtad `mibaZvis~ nacvlad `saCvenebeli (demonstratiuli) moxmareba~ da ìmiji~ gvevlineba. kapitalisturi sazogadoebis analizisas z.verneri mo-das ganixilavda, rogorc burJuaziul individualur imijs, romelsac SeuZlia xazi ga-

usvas klasobriv gansxvavebebs. Tavis naSromSi `Der moderne Kapitalismus~ (`Tanamedrove ka-pitalizmi~, 1902) avtori miuTiTebs, rom moTxovnileba pirdapir aris damokidebuli modis cvalebadobaze: `saukuneebSi Semonaxuli xalxis dayofa uZveles `fenebad~ — sa-suliero fena, raindebi da moqalaqeebi — moTxovnilebis stereotipulobaze mianiSnebs: rac ufro xarisxiania, miT ufro myaria, rac ufro nela icvleba adaT-wesebi jgufis

SigniT, miT ufro iSviaTad icvleba moda~ (Вернер 1903-05: 337 ). z.vernerma daamuSava modis ekonomikuri Teoria. igi modad miiCnevda yovelgavar

cvlilebas, romelic erTi Taobis cxovrebis manZilze iwvevda moTxovnilebebis cvale-badobas. XIX saukunis dasasrulis kapitalizms rom ikvlevda, z.vernerma moda ganixila kapitalizmis pirmSod, romelic kerZo mewarmeobis interesebs emsaxureboda da sazoga-doebaSi xelovnuri moTxovnilebebis gaCenas uwyobda xels. misi azriT, moda aiZulebs myidvels, SeiZinos meti nivTi, vidre realurad sWirdeba. mkvlevari kapitalizmis mono-polistur stadiaSi Sesvlas ukavSirebs àbsoluturad sayovelTao modis~ gaCenas. man

yuradReba miaqcia `modis cvalebadobis Tavbrudamxvev temps~ (Вернер 1905: 338), rogorc drois damaxasiaTebel niSans. am gziT migvaniSnebda mkvlevari modis ekonomikur mniS-vnelobaze, ramdenadac is (moda) gavlenas axdens moTxovnilebaze. amasTan, z.verneri cdilobda ganesazRvra modis mier gamowveuli cvlilebebis xangrZlivoba. igi Tvlida, rom sabazro ekonomikis meqanizmebi nivTebis dagegmil daZvelebasac iTavseben.

yuradRebis miRma ver davtovebT XX saukunis germaneli sociologis rene qionigi

(Rene König, 1906-1992) koncefcias modis Sesaxeb, warmodgenils `demonstratiuli moxma-rebis~ Teoriis CarCoebSi. sakuTari Teoriis agebisas avtori iyenebs `statusis~ cnebas: `moda — es statusis koduri maCvenebelia~. r.qionigi Tvlis, rom àdamianebi ufro io-lad aRiareben sakuTar seqsualur saidumloebebs, vidre TavinT dabal socialur sta-tuss. danaSaulis grZnoba imis gamo, rom sakmaod maRali socialuri statusi ar gagvaC-

nia, wamoSobs Cvens survils, mivdioT modas~ — amtkicebs r. qionigi (König 1973: 217). igi modas uwodebs universalur princips, romelsac Seswevs Zala warmoaCinos sxeuli yvela SesaZlo gamovlinebaSi.

modis axsnis koncefcia, dafuZnebuli koleqtiur qcevebze. koleqtiuri qcevis koncefcia Cvens gamokvlevaSi amerikeli sociologisa da socialuri fsiqologis her-

bert blumeris (Herbert Blumer, 1900-1987) SromebiT aris warmodgenili. h.blumeri g.zime-lis socologiuri koncefciis memkvidred gvevlineba. am droisaTvis (XX saukunis Sua wlebi) mrewvelobis zrdam da masobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebam kardinalurad Secvala moduri tendeciebis ganviTarebisa da danergvis konteqsti. g.zimelis Teoria kritikis obieqtad iqca, ramdenadac: XX saukuneSi sazogadoebis socialuri struqtura ufro moZravi gaxda da TiTqmis waiSala mkveTri sazRvrebi klasebs Soris. amerikeli marketo-


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logi, doqtori Carlz u. kingi (Charles W. King) sakuTari marketologiuri gamokvleve-

bis safuZvelze gvTavazobs axal koncefcias — masobivi bazris Teorias — Trickle-across an mass market theory (King 1963: 108-125). am koncefciis mixedviT, moda horizontalurad vi-Tardeba — erTdroulad yvela socialur wreSi ikidebs fexs. amasTan, TiToeul socia-lur klass hyavs Tavisi liderebi da mimdevrebi, xolo momxmarebeli Tavad ayalibebs sa-kuTar stils, romelsac SemoTavazebuli kostiumis stilebsa da variantebis simravli-dan irCevs; 1960-ian wlebis bolos quCuri moda, kerZod, axalgazrdobis wreSi stiqiu-rad Casaxuli `hipebis~ stili, aSkarad mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens maRal modaze da tansacmlis mwarmoeblebze. yovelive es aiZulebs mecnierebs gadaxedon damkvidrebul

meqanizmebs. ase, magaliTad, 1970 wels amerikeli mkvlevari jorj fildi (George Field) Tavis naSromSi `cvalebadi statusis fenomeni. zeviT mimarTuli inovaciebis difuzia~

(`The Status Float Phenomenon. The Upward Diffusion of Innovation~) warmoadgens hipoTezas modis

gavrcelebis Sebrunebuli wesis Sesaxeb (Trickle-up Theory). am Teoriis mixedviT sazogado-ebis elita imitirebas ukeTebs dabali fenebis stils.

swored am ideebis gagrZelebasa da ganviTarebas emsaxurebah.blumeris SromebSi warmodgenili mosazreba, rom moda cvalebad samyaroSi axali sociokulturuli forme-bis danergvisa da maTTan adaptaciis saSualebaa. h.blumerma pirvelma im sociologTa Soris, vinc safuZvlianad swavlobda modas, gamoikvlia profesiuli modis industriis praqtika. empiriuli faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT h.blumeri modis ganviTarebasa da moZ-raobaSi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas rigiT publikas aniWebs. moduri Cvenebebis auditori-asTan Catarebuli eqsperimentis monacemebze dayrdnobiT mkvlevari akeTebs daskvnebs

quCis wamyvan rolze Fashion-tendenciebis CamoyalibebaSi. modis gavrcelebis kataliza-torad SeiZleba mogvevlinos rogorc elita, aseve sazogadoebis `qveda fenebi~, darw-munebulia mkvlevari.

modis formirebisa da gavrcelebis procesi, h.blumeris mixedviT, or fazas gadis: inovaciasa da SerCevas. qalis modis gamokvlevis Sedegad man gaakeTa daskvna, rom modis damkvidreba an gansazRvra sinamdvileSi SerCevis intensiuri procesis gavliT xdeba. magram, ratom aris, rom momxmareblis arCevani mxolod ramdenime models emTxveva? `... myidvelebis mier erTgvarovani arCevanis gakeTebis mizezebis garkvevam migviyvana im daskvnamde, rom myidveli imyofeba zogadi samyaros mier Seqmnil uaRresad intensiuri stimulirebis sivrceSi. igi dapyrobilia imis gacxarebuli garCeva-ganxilviT, Tu ra xdeba qalis modaSi da ra iwereba modis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebul publikaciebSi... sicxadiT davinaxe, rom am samyaroSi Rrmad Caflul myidvelebs sabolood saerTo aRqma da erTma-

neTis msgavsi Sefasebebi uviTardebaT...~ (Blumer 1969: 134-135). amasTan erTad, h.blumeri garkveulwilad axSobs modis analizis stratifikaciul

aspeqts (prestiJuli fenebi — dabali fenebi, romlebic eswrafvian daemsgavson presti-Jul fenebs). h.blumeri Tvlis, rom XX saukuneSi gaizarda saSualo klasis mniSvneloba da axali modis warmoSoba xSirad mis wiaRSi xdeba (tango, jazi, jinsebi). misi TqmiT, pir-vel fazaSi (inovacia) sxvadasxva, erTmaneTis metoqe kulturuli nimuSebis SemoTavaze-ba xdeba, meore fazaSi yvela socialuri jgufi axorcielebs koleqtiur SerCevas, ris Sedegadac mowonebuli nimuSi sayovelTaod aRiarebul normad iqceva.

amrigad, h.blumeri, g.zimelisagan gansxvavebiT, fiqrobda, rom elituri jgufebis prestiJi sulac ar ganapirobebs modis tendenciebs. sxva klasebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic Segnebulad mihyvebian modas, ase imitom iqcevian, rom es modaa da ara elitu-ri jgufebis gansakuTrebuli prestiJis gamo. `moda~ kvdeba ara imitom, rom elituri klasis mier aris ugulebelyofili, aramed imis gamo, rom is gzas uTmobs axal nimuSs, ukeT morgebuls ganviTarebul gemovnebaze. moda ganpirobebulia ara klasobrivi dife-

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renciaciis an klasobrivi mibaZvis moTxovnilebiT, aramed im survilis dasakmayofileb-lad, rom iyo moduri, idge im simaRleze, rasac mosawonad miiCneven, gamoxatavde axal

gemovnebas, cvalebad samyaroSi rom ibadeba~ (Blumer 1969: 137). sxva koncefciebisgan gansxvavebiT, `koleqtiuri qcevis~ TeoriaSi modis procesebi

warmoCindeba rogorc `brbos qcevis elementaruli formebi~ (Блумер 1994: 38-46). `myid-velebi moduri publikis uneblie surogatebad gadaiqcevian. maTi warmateba da profe-siuli iRbalic ki damokidebulia unarze, amoicnon mimarTuleba, saiTac midis am publi-

kis gemovneba~ (Blumer 1969: 134-135). 1960-iani wlebis dasasruls h.blumerma `socialur mecnierebaTa saerTaSoriso en-

ciklopediaSi~ (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences) warmoadgina modis socialuri funqciis sxvadasxva ganmartebis Sejerebuli Sedegi; mas Semdeg sakiTxis SeswavlaSi ra-dikaluri cvlilebebi ar momxdara. h.blumeri Tvlis, rom mTlianobaSi modis socialu-

ri rolis sakiTxze damakmayofilebeli pasuxi ar arsebobs (Blumer 1968: 289-290). mkvlevari gvTavazobs modis socialuri funqciis SedarebiT tipuri ganmartebis

klasifikacias: kulturul nimuSebSi erTgvarovnebisa da mravalgvarobis Seqmnisa da SenarCunebis funqcia; inovaciuri funqcia; komunikaciis funqcia; socialuri diferen-cirebisa da nivelirebis funqcia; socializaciis funqcia; prestiJis funqcia; fsiqofi-ziologiuri gantvirTvis funqcia.

zogadad, rogorc h.blumeri aRniSnavs, modis socialuri roli mdgomareobs imaSi,

rom `xeli Seuwyos cvalebadi samyarosadmi koleqtiur Seguebas~ (Blumer 1968: 343). modis socialuri funqciis gaanalizebisas h.blumeri xazs usvams modis meqanizmis mniSvnelo-van Strixebs, kerZod, Tanamedroveobas, modis istoriul memkvidreobiTobas da modis funqcionirebaSi koleqtiuri gemovnebis rols. h.blumeri asaxelebs aseve modis Semdeg socialur funqciebs: fantaziis, axirebisa da kaprizis funqcias, wes-CveulebaTa tira-niaze uaris Tqmis funqcias, siaxlis sferoSi konvenciurad SeTanxmebuli mizandasaxu-li SeWris funqcias, sakuTari `me~-s demonstrirebis funqcias, seqsualuri interesebis SeniRbulad gamoxatvis funqcias, elituri klasebis gamocalkevebis funqcias, dabali klasis statusis mqone adamianebis maRali statusis jgufebTan xelovnuri identifika-

ciis funqcias (Blumer 1968: 343). h.blumeris mier SemoTavazebuli modis funqciebis ganxilvisas SeniSnavT, rom zogi-

erTi maTgani mTeli sazogadoebis doneze moqmedebs (rogorebicaa kulturul nimuSebSi erTgvarovnebisa da nivelirebis funqciebi), xolo funqciaTa nawili ki adamianis indi-vidualuri socialuri moTxovnilebebis doneze vrceldeba (socializaciis, prestiJis, agreTve fsiqofiziologiuri gantvirTvis funqciebi). aqedan SeiZleba gamovitanoT daskvna: modis socialuri funqciebi sagrZnoblad aRemateba disfunqciebs, rac gvaZ-levs uflebas vTqvaT, rom moda Seesabameba socialuri organizmisa da misi calkeuli qvesistemebis, maT Soris ekonomikisa da kulturis, siRrmiseul moTxovnebs.

ZiriTadi daskvnebi socialuri klasebis, tansacmlisa da modis Sesaxeb mocemulia

Tanamedrove sociologis pier burdies (Pierre Bourdieu, 1930-2002) monografiSi `Distinction: a Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste~ (`gansxvaveba: gemovnebis gansjis socialuri kriti-ka~), romelic 1963-68 wlebSi daiwera da 1979 wels gamoica. maRali modis ganxilvas eZR-

vneba, aseve, eseebi `Le couturier et sa griffe: contribution a une theorie de la magie~ (1975) (`kuturie

da misi xelmowera: wvlili magiis TeoriaSi~) da `Haute Couture – Haute Culture~ (1993) (`maRa-li moda — maRali kultura~).

modis analizisas p.burdie iyenebs sakuTari `velis koncefcias~. konstruqciuli struqturalizmis farglebSi modis `warmoebis velsa~ da `moxmarebis sivrces~ igi gani-xilavs, rogorc poziciebis struqturul sivrceebs, vinaidan TiToeul pozicias kapi-


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talis garkveuli moculoba Seesatyviseba. `warmoebis velSi~ iwyeba iq moqmedi agente-bis brZola yvelaze saxarbielo, didi resursis mqone `prizisaTvis~, anu kapitalisTvis, romelic mocemul velSi mniSvnelovnad miiCneva. magaliTad, modis SezRuduli `warmoe-bis velSi~ misi yvela monawile faseulad miiCnevs imis aRiarebas, rom mwarmoebels aqvs kargi gemovneba, romelic xels uwyobs Semoqmedi talantis moZiebaSi. es Sefaseba mwar-moeblis kolegebis mxridan xdeba da mas (mwarmoebels) `gulwrfelobis uflebas~ aZ-levs. es garemoeba, Tavis mxriv, ZalauflebiT uzrunvelyofs mwarmoeblis mier aRiare-bul kuturies, romelsac eZleva SesaZlebloba am velSi moqmedi sxva dizainerebis ge-

movneba aRiaros (Bourdieu 1993). moTamaSeebi, romlebic erTmaneTs metoqeoben prizisaT-

vis `Haute Couture~ — dizainerebi arian. isini or jgufad iyofian, romelTagan erTi nawi-li dominirebs, anu flobs didi odenobis kapitals, rac maT leibls magiur Zalas ani-Webs, xolo qmnilebebs — solidur fass. meore nawilis kapitali ki gacilebiT naklebia. p.burdies mixedviT, eseni arian metiCrebi, axalbedebi an uiRbloni. es ukanasknelni do-minanti poziciis dasakaveblad brZolis provocirebas axdenen. maT surT Secvalon ie-rarqia da amisaTvis Zlierebis mier gamoyenebuli konservaciis winaaRmdeg damxobis strategias irCeven, rac epataJSi, avangardul modur mimarTulebebSi realizdeba. `ve-lis dinamika brZolaSia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, am velis ganviTarebis meqanizms warmoad-

gens. brZola gzas uxsnis siaxles: axal adamianebs, axal modas~ (Bourdieu 1993). unda aRiniSnos, rom p.burdiem maRali modis `warmoebis velis~ koncefcia safrange-

Tis magaliTze SeimuSava. am koncefciis relevanturobis sakiTxi sxva konteqstSi Ria rCeba.

modis `momxmareblis sivrce~ ki msgavsi logikiT funqcionirebs sxva konteqstSic. misi monawileebi qmnian calkeul jgufebs, romelTac kapitalis moculobisa, struqtu-ris da aseve gemovnebis Sesabamisad sxvadasxva pozicia ukaviaT aRniSnul arealSi. agen-tebis gemovnebis homologias XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis safrangeTSi safuZvlad udevs iseTi kriteriumebi, rogorebicaa warmomavloba da ganaTleba, razec p.burdie saubrobs

kvlevaSi `gansxvaveba~ (Bourdieu 1984). gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom am faqtorebs (warmomavloba da ganaTleba) p.burdie klasebis Semqmnel niSnebad miiCnevs. maSasadame, p.burdies az-riT, modis `momxmarebelTa arealSi~ moTamaSed klasebi gvevlinebian: samosi maT `ekuT-vniT~, igi maTi `markeria~. agenti tansacmlis SerCevisas sakuTar gemovnebas eyrdnoba, romelSic misi aRzrdis, ganaTlebisa da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis ganumeorebeli koncefciaa Cadebuli.

`momxmarebelTa sivrcis~ struqturis (anu sxvadasxva socialuri klasis) kvlevis safuZvelze burdie miuTiTebs, rom TiToeul klass praqtikuli saSualebebi da meTo-debi aqvs. magaliTad, muSebi irCeven funqciur nivTebs da modurad Cacmaze Tavs ar iwu-xeben. burJuazia aseve flobs privilegias `ar izrunos gansxvavebul ierze~. am fenis ba-tonobas, pirvel rigSi, ganapirobebs maTi ekonomikuri kapitali da aseve pretenziebi gansakuTrebul gemovnebaze xelovnebaSi, mxatvruli, musikaluri da sxva legitimuri kulturuli kapitalis sferoebSi. amiT burJuazia emijneba `yovelive uferuls~. am ori klasisagan gansxvavebiT, modis mimarT gaZlierebul interess iCenen saSualo klasi da nuvoriSebi — umaRlesi klasis aradominanti fraqciis warmomadgenlebi (axlad gamdid-rebuli adamianebi, romlebic umaRles fenebSi SeRwevisken iswrafvian). am jgufebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia aqtiuri `TvalTmaqcobis~ strategia. anu, maTTvis mniSvnelovania,

`gamoiyurebodnen ufro medidurad, vidre sinamdvileSi arian~ (Bourdieu 1993). p.burdies azriT, aravis SeuZlia subieqtis klasificireba imaze ukeT, vidre Tavad

subieqts, roca igi gadawyvetilebas iRebs, ra Caicvas, rogor moiqces da isaubros, sad

gaataros Tavisufali dro da a.S. (Bourdieu 1984).

nino mgalobliSvili

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es Tezisebi t.veblenis ideis msgavs mosazrebas Seicavs, romlis Tanaxmadac samosi statusis simbolod aris ganxiluli. magram, 1960-iani wlebis franguli sazogadoebis-Tvis statusi ukavSirdeboda ara ekonomikur kapitals, rogorc t.veblenis droindel amerikul sazogadoebaSi, aramed gemovnebas, romlis ukanac ganaTleba da warmomavloba idga.

yvela Tanamedrove koncefcia, garkveulwilad, statiaSi moyvanil modis klasikur Teoriebs efuZneba, romlebsac aqtualoba dRemde ar daukargavT.

XX saukunis bolo wlebSi upiratesi mniSvneloba mieniWa modis, rogorc socialur-kulturuli movlenis, regulaciis meqanizmebis Seswavlas. moda mWidro kavSirSi ganixi-leba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mTavar faseulobebTan da tendenciebTan. moda gaiazreba, rogorc ideologia, romlis translireba moduri JurnalebiT xdeba. masze saubroben ise, rogorc industriaze, romlis farglebSic sxvadasxva agentis mcdelobebiT mimdinareobs modis warmoeba, win wamoweva da gavrceleba.

rogorc modis industriis, aseve mimbaZvelobis, demonstraciuli moxmarebisa da socialur-kulturuli normebis ganaxlebis meqanizmis koncefciebs gamoyenebis saku-Tari sferoebi aqvT. Tumca, mainc SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom mimbaZvelobisa da demon-straciuli moxmarebis koncefciebi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba, rogorc Tanamedrove kvleve-bis meTodologiuri safuZveli, xolo modis industriis koncefcia ufro meti popula-robiT sargeblobs.

modis fenomenisa da mis ganmartebaTa kompleqsur analizs mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom mravalricxovani kvlevebi ver uzrunvelyofen konceptualur mTlianobas modis gaazrebaSi. rodesac Catarebuli kvlevebis mecnierul Rirebulebaze vsaubrobT, auci-leblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom zogierTi daskvna da debuleba, SemoTavazebuli menierebi-sa da specialistebis mier, saWiroebs Semdgom Teoriul da praqtikul gavrcobas. zogi mecnieruli debuleba ki modis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze koreqtirebas moiTx-ovs, rac socialur-ekonomikuri viTarebis cvlilebebiT aris ganpirobebuli.


Blumer, H. `Fashion: from Class Differentiation to Collective Selection~. The Sociological Quarterly. Vol.10. N3. 1969.

Blumer, Н. Fashion. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. N.Y., Vol.5. 1968, p.289-290, 343. Bourdieu, P. Distinction: a Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste.USA: Harvard University Press.1984. Bourdieu, P. `Haute Couture – Haute Culture~. Sociology in Questions. London: Sage Publications, 1993. Durkheim, E. The Rules of Sociological Method. 8th ed. Edited by George E.G. Catlin. Glencoe, III: Free Press.

First published in French,1895 English-language translation by John Irons, British Library Cataloguing in Pablication Data 2006.

Field, G. `The Status Float Fenomenon. The Upward Diffusion of Innovation~. Business Horizons. 1970. № 13 (August), p. 45–52.

King, Ch.W. `Fashion Adoption: A Rebuttal to the `Trickle Down Theory~. Toward Scientific Marketing. Edited by S. Greyser. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1963.

König, R. On the Social Psychology of Fashion. New York, Seabury, 1973. Stoetzel, J. La Psychologie sociale, Paris, Flammarion, 1963. Svendsen, L. Fashion: A Philosophy/Mote: Et Filosofisk Essay Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 2004. Shaftsbury, A. Characteristics of men, manners, opinions, times cte. L., 1900.vol.1. Simmel, G. Soziologie: Untersuchungen uber die Formen der Vergesellschaftung. Leipzig: Verlag von Duncker &

Humblot, 1908.


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Блумер, Г. Коллективное поведение. Американская социологическая мысль. М., 1994. Веблен, Т. Теория праздного класса. М., Прогресс. 1984. Вернер, З. Изменчивость потребления. Современный капитализм, т.2, М.: 1905. Гофман, А. Мода и люди, или новая теория моды и модного поведения. М., Агентство «Издательский

сервис», 2000. Гофман, А. Классическое и современное: Этюды по теории социологии. М., Наука, 2003 Зиммель, Г. Мода. Георг Зиммель. Избранное. Т.2. Созерцание жизни. М., Юрист, 1996. Зомбарт, В. „Изменчивость потребления“. Современный капитализм, т.2, М., 1905. Тард, Г. Законы подражания. СПб., 1892. Тард, Г. Социальные законы. СПб., 1901.

NINO MGALOBLISHVILI

FEATURES OF CLASSICAL CONCEPTS OF THE THEORY OF FASHION

Summary

The main categories in the initial discussions of fashion (from the 18th to the end of the 19th centuries) are the concepts of `imitation~ and `isolation, maintaining their elite group distinctiveness from other layers~.

In the 20th century, in connection with the transformation of social structure and the rise of the so-called mass society, these approaches largely lost the explanatory power and were criticized when new explanatory models appeared. The concept of `Production Mode~ still took effect in the first half of the 20th century. There were changes only in the image of the elite. Thus, according to the theory of the leisure class and conspicuous consumption, the old aristocracy in the US were no longer fashion founders, this was done by nouveau riches who had recently acquired their status.

The situation has changed dramatically since the 1950's. In the sociology of fashion the winner was the so-called `Theory of collective decision~ of fashion standards. In accordance with this theory, the elite were no longer fashion leaders, fashion standards were formed by the masses. Fashion was becoming an industry, fashion standards were duplicated and distributed to the masses. The development of mass communications could impose the same model to millions of customers.

In this study, we have tried to present the evolution of the theory of fashion, specific methodological tools of the theory of mode, pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial society and, correspondingly, show how they reflect the dynamics of fashion and fashion behavior in different periods of human history. It is particularly interesting to track how the theoretical and methodological approaches in the analyzed fashion were developing. Their study is interesting as the point of view of the history of social thought, which saw the fashion as a very important factor of human social interaction and a new interpretation of previous judgments about fashion in the context of modern ideas about its phenomenon, about the increasing complexity of the dynamics of transition from closed to open society, from simple to complex self-organized systems.

In our work, we are particularly interested in the works which deal with the concept of fashion as a social and cultural phenomenon. In this context, the works of G. Tarde, G. Simmel, W. Sombart, Herbert Spencer, H. Blumer are particularly interesting. They are the first in the history of sociological and socio-psychological knowledge who identified the trends of mass processes of nucleation, the approval and change of stereotypes, which is typical of the fashion world. We have analyzed the characteristics of fashion in the works of T. Veblen, P. Bourdieu, Anthony Ashley Cooper Shaftesbury, I. Kant and E. Durkheim.


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oleg kapanaZe, nunu kapanaZe

orenovani germanul-qarTuli paraleluri xeebis bankis Sesaxeb

1. Sesavali

paraleluri xeebis bankebi moicavs Targmnili (paraleluri) dokumentebidan aRe-bul sintaqsurad anotirebul winadadebebs or an met enaze. amasTan, ori Sesabamisi wina-dadebis sintaqsuri xeebi urTierTSeTanadebulia sityvis, frazisa da Semadgeneli wina-dadebebis doneebze.

mraval enaze bunebrivad warmodgenili teqstebi maTi lingvisturi struqturis Sesa-bamisad aris anotirebuli. erTenovani xeebis banki warmoadgens teqstis korpuss raime enaze, romelSic yoveli winadadeba sintaqsuri struqturis mixedviT aris anotirebuli. lingvisturi xeebis banki TiToeuli winadadebisaTvis aRwers winadadebebis struqtu-rul sqemas, romelic sintaqsur da zogjer semantikur informacias moicavs. Cveulebriv, sintaqsuri struqtura warmodgenilia e.w. `orientirebuli grafis~, anu xis formiT, rac ganapirobebs aseTi resursebis saxelwodebas `xeebis bankis~ terminis saxiT.

xSirad xeebis bankebi im korpuszea daSenebuli, romelic ukve anotirebulia metyve-lebis nawilTa mixedviT (POS – part-of-speech tags). anotireba SeiZleba xdebodes SemadgenelTa, damokidebulebaTa an sxvadasxva donis lingvisturi analizis Sesatyvis gramatikul struqturaTa mixedviT. amdenad, xeebis bankebi SeiZleba bevr SemTxvevaSi Sevsebuli iyos semantikuri an sxva lingvisturi informaciiT.

SesaZloa, xeebis bankebi mTlianad xeliT aigos da lingvistma Seasrulos yvela wina-dadebis anotireba misi Sesabamisi sintaqsuri struqturis mixedviT; sxva SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivi enis lingvisturad damuSavebisaTvis gankuTvnili kompiuteruli produqti (parser) yoveli winadadebisaTvis avtomaturad gansazRvravs sintaqsur struqturebs, rac Semdeg Semowmdeba da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Seswordeba lingvistis mier.

xeebis bankebi Tanamedrove lingvisturi kvlevis fasdaudebel bazebad iqca. maTi gamoyene-ba SeiZleba mTargmnelobiT mecnierebaSi, korpusis lingvistikaSi – sintaqsuri fenomenebis Se-saswavlad, kompiuterul lingvistikaSi – bunebrivi enis teqnologiis sxvadasxva kompiute-ruli sistemisa da margi qmedebis korpusis struqturuli da statistikuri monacemebis mixe-dviT Sesafaseblad an lingvisturi damuSavebis programuli produqtebis (parser) Sesaqmne-lad da maT Semdgom dasaxvewad (training); amasTan, xeebis bankebi qmnis monacemTa bazas mTargmneli mexsierebis sistemebisTvis, romlebic multilingvur sainformacio teqno-logiebis sferoSi wamyvan pozicias ikavebs bolo aTwleulSi.

mas Semdeg, rac xeebis bankebis didi raodenoba aigo, popularuli gaxda paraleluri (ori an meti enisaTvis) xeebis bankebis SemuSaveba. ukanasknel aTwleulSi paralelur kor-pusze da xeebis bankebze warmoebulma kvlevam gezi paraleluri xeebis bankebisken aiRo.

rogorc specialur literaturaSi aRiniSneba (Samuelsson/Volk, 2006, 2007), xeebis ban-kebi sadReisod lingvisturi kvlevebis aucilebel safuZvels / baziss qmnis. bunebrivi enis teqstis mravali paraleluri korpusi, romelic 90-ian wlebSi Seiqmna, ganivrco xee-bis bankebis saxiT.

sagulisxmoa, rom qarTuli naklebad gavrcelebuli enaa masze molaparake adamianTa SedarebiTi simciris gamo da, amasTanave, misTvis naklebad moipoveba kompiuteruli re-sursebi bunebrivi enis manqanuri damuSavebis TvalsazrisiT. amdenad, msgavs enebs pro-fesiul wreebSi `mcireresursian~ (less-resourced) enebs miakuTvneben.


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statiaSi aRvwerT Cvens muSaobas paraleluri xeebis bankis Sesaqmnelad tipologi-urad gansxvavebuli enaTa wyvilisaTvis, rogoricaa qarTuli da germanuli. xsenebul orenovan xeebis bankSi warmodgenili winadadebebi sintaqsurad aris gaanalizebuli. paraleluri winadadebebi da sityvebi urTierTSeTanadebulia.

2. sakvlevi enobrivi masala

bilingvuri/orenovani xeebis bankebis SesamuSaveblad saWiro paraleluri teqstebi sakmaod cotaa, gansakuTrebiT kompiuteruli TvalsazrisiT mcireresursiani enebis-Tvis, romlebsac ganekuTvneba qarTuli ena.

kvlevisaTvis gamoyenebuli paraleluri korpusi Sedgeba germanuli winadadebebisa da maTi Sesatyvisi qarTuli Targmanebisagan, romelic Seiqmna GREG proeqtisaTvis (Ka-panadze et al., 2002) (Kapanadze O. 2010a).

GREG leqsikoni moicavs germanuli, rusuli, inglisuri da qarTuli enis zmnebisaT-vis xeliT urTierTSeTanadebul sintaqsur da semantikur valentur monacemebs, romle-bic sintaqsuri qvekategoriebis CarCoebiT da e.w. `siRrmuli brunvebis~ momniSvnelebis saxiT aris warmodgenili (Baker et al., 1998). GREG multilingvuri leqsikoni gavrcobilia winadadebebis magaliTebiT oTx enaze. es magaliTebi xsnis TiToeuli saleqsikono erTe-ulis SesaZlo mniSvnelobebs da saTargmn ekvivalentebad aris miCneuli mocemuli wina-dadebebisaTvis. bilingvur qveleqsikonTa zoma sxvadasxvaa enaTa wyvilebis mixedviT da meryeobs 1200-dan 1300 erTeulamde; gansxvavdeba qveleqsikonze darTul winadadebebis nimuSTa raodenobac. magaliTad, GRUG proeqtisTvis (http://fedora.clarin-d.uni-saarland.de/-grug/) gamoyenebuli germanul-qarTuli qvekorpusi Seicavs daaxloebiT 2600 winadadeba-Ta wyvils, rac sxvadasxva sintaqsur qvekategoriaTa CarCoebs Seesabameba.

3. erTenovani xeebis bankis SemuSaveba 3.1. morfologiuri analizi

qarTuli aglutinaciur enebs ganekuTvneba, romelic iyenebs rogorc sufiqsur, aseve prefiqsul warmoebas.

qarTuli enis morfologiuri analizisaTvis, Tegirebisa da lematizebis proce-durebisaTvis gamoviyeneT sasruli mdgomareobis avtomatTa meTodi, romelic XEROX FST programul pakets eyrdnoba (Kapanadze O., 2009), (Kapanadze O. , 2010b). qarTuli teq-stis morfologiuri anotacia efuZneba NEGRA xeTa bankis proeqtisTvis SemuSavebul Tegebis sias, romelic gavrcobil iqna qarTuli morfologiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis Sesabamisad.

qarTuli FST morfologiuri gadamsaxavi (trsansducer) iyenebs formalizmebis mTel wyebas, XEROX CALCULUS programul xelsawyoebze (toolkit) dayrdnobiT (Beesley / Karttunen, 2003). leqsikonis modelirebisa da morfosintaqtikis aRsaweri wesebis realizaciis miz-niT gamoyenebulia leqsikonis specifikaciis formaluri ena lexc. qarTuli enis morfo-logiuri gadamsaxavi Sedgeba 7 modulisagan: arsebiTi saxelebis, zedsarTavi saxelebis, nacvalsaxelebis, zmnizedebis, zmnebisa da mcire metyvelebis nawilebisTvis (e.w. sinse-mantika). amJamad xelmisawvdomia qarTuli FST transduseris ori versia, kerZod, MS Windows platformaze da LINUX UBUNTU versiaSi.

3.2. sintaqsuri anotacia

sintaqsuri anotacia iyenebs monacemebs metyvelebis nawilebis, morfologiuri ma-xasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb da sintaqsuri damokidebulebis funqciebs. ivaraudeba, rom yo-vel winadadebas aqvs Tavi, xolo yvela sxva danarCeni tokeni (sityvaforma), garda wina-


78

dadebis Sesatyvisi aRniSvnisa, warmoadgens Tavis pirdapir an irib dependentebs. mono-lingvuri bazebi warmodgenilia XML-formatSi aRwerili failebis (script) saxiT.

morfologiurad anotirebuli bilingvuri korpusisa da GREG leqsikonis monace-mebze dayrdnobiT germanuli da qarTuli winadadebebi manualurad aris anotirebuli. am mizniT gamoyenebulia programuli paketi Synpathy (http://www.lat-mpi.eu/tools/synpathy/), romelic maqs plankis fsiqolingvistikis institutis mier iqna SemuSavebuli holandi-aSi (Synphaty: Syntax Editor – Manual – Nijmegen: Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 2006).

is efuZneba TIGER kvleviTi proeqtisaTvis (Institut für Maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung, Uni-versitÄt Stuttgart) Seqmnil SyntaxViewer programul pakets. dawvrilebiTi informacia aRniS-nuli kompiuteruli produqtis Sesaxeb ganTavsebulia maqs plankis fsiqolingvistikis institutis vebgverdze: http://www.mpi.nl/tools/synpathy.html.

monolingvuri xeebis bankebi, romlebic TIGER-XML formatSi aris konvertirebuli, warmoadgens mZlavr, monacemTa bazaze orientirebul grafis msgavs struqturebs. TIGER-XML xis grafSi yovel `foTols~ (=sityvaforma) da yovel kvanZs (=lingvisturi Semadgene-li) aqvs sakuTari, yvelasgan gansxvavebuli saxelwodeba (identifier). es unikaluri saxelwode-ba gamoyenebulia ori enis frazebisa da sityvebis urTierTSeTanadebisas TargmniT ekviva-lentebSi. Tu calkeuli enis xeebis Sesabamisi kvanZebi da sityvebi mxolod miaxloebiT gad-moscemen erTmaneTis mniSvnelobas, maTi urTierTSeTanadeba miCneulia `aramkacr/aramka-fio~ TargmniT Sesatyvisobad da isini wiTeli wrfeebiT aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.

TiToeuli winadadebisaTvis TIGER-XML formatis Sesatyvisi programuli faili Sedgeba `Tavisa~ da `sxeulisagan~. `Tavi~ moicavs metainformacias, rogoric aris, mag., korpusis saxelwodeba, TariRi, avtori. aseve Seicavs axsna-ganmartebebs gamoyenebuli Tegebis Sesaxeb da a.S. `sxeulis~ nawili moicavs: (1) terminalur erTeulebs (xis `foT-lebs~), romlebic warmodgenilia calkeuli sityvebiT, metyvelebis nawilebis TegebiT da saTanado maxasiaTeblebiT atributebis saxiT; (2) araterminalur erTeulebs, romle-bic Sesabamis kvanZebs da kvanZebs Soris damakavSirebel xazebs aRweren.

konkretuli enobrivad anotirebuli winadadebebis magaliTi, romelic momzadebu-lia Synphaty programuli paketiT TIGER XML-formatSi (.tig gafarToebiT), SeiZleba mo-nitoris fotoaslis (screenshot) meSveobiT vaCvenoT:

sur. 1. TIGER XML-formatSi kodirebuli winadadeba


79

Tavad anotireba 2 safexurisagan Sedgeba: 1) yovel sityvas miesadageba gramatikuli informacia, romelic Seicavs misi Sesatyvi-

si metyvelebis nawilis aRmniSvnel Tegs Sesabamisi Tegebis simravleSi (Tagset): 2) sintaqsuri struqtura kodirebulia xis msgavsi grafis formiT, kvanZebiTa da xaze-

biT, romlebic TiToeuli lingvisturi erTeulisaTvis iqmneba. 1. germanuli xis bankebis anotacia mihyveba TIGER proeqtis anotaciis sqemas (Brants

/Hansen 2002), (Skut et al., 1998), (Smith 2003). Synphaty-isaTvis gamoiyenes NEGRA xeebis

bankisaTvis SemuSavebuli Tegebis simravle (Stuttgart-Tübinger Tagset, STTS), romelic

moicavs 11 ZiriTad sintaqsur kategorias: Nouns N Adverbs ADV Verbs V Conjunctions KO Articles ART Adpositions AP Adjectives ADJ Interjections IT Pronouns P Particles PTK Cardinal Numbers CARD

am ZiriTad kategoriebs eqvemdebareba qvekategoriebi. qvekategoriebi zmnebisaTvis Semdeg cxrilSia naCvenebi:

Part of Speech Typ des Verbes Finiteness Beispiele V A Auxiliar FIN finit

INF infinit IMP imperativ PP Partizip Perfekt

VVINF have VAIMP be VAPP had

M Modal FIN finit INF infinit PP Partizip Perfekt

VMFIN könnte VMINF können VMPP gekonnt

F Full FIN finit INF infinit IZU Infinitiv mit zu IMP imperativ PP Partizip Perfekt

VFFIN gibt … ab VFINF abgeben VFIZU abzugeben VFIMP gib … ab VFPP abgegeben

cxrili 1. zmnis qvekategoriebi

POS-Tegirebas (terminaluri erTeulebisaTvis) winadadebis doneze gamoxatavs Sem-degi magaliTi:

Jetzt solle erneut eine Erklärung abgegeben werden . ADV VMFIN ADJD ART NN VVPP VAINF $. Tegirebul terminalur erTeulebs miekuTvneba Sesabamisi atributebi saTanado ma-

xasiaTeblebiT. Semdegi cxrili uCvenebs im atributebs da maxasiaTeblebs, romelTa mi-

Rebac maT SeuZliaT POS-TegebTan erTad:

Genus Masc, Fem, Neut ADJA, ART, APPRART, NE, NN, PDS, PDAT, PIAT, PIS (teilweise), PPER, PPOSAT, PPOSS, PRELS, PRELAT, PWAT, PWS

Kasus Nom, Gen, Dat, Acc. ADJA, ART, APPRART, NE, NN, PDAT, PDS, PIAT, PIS, PPER, PPOSAT, PPOSS, PRELS, PRELAT, PRF, PWAT, PWS

Numerus Sg, Pl ADJ, ART, APPRART, NE, NN, PDAT, PDS, PIAT, PIS, PPER, PPOSAT, PPOSS, PRELS, PRELAT, PRF, PWAT, PWS, V.FIN, V.IMP

Grad Pos, Comp, Sup ADJA, ADJD


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Person 1, 2, 3 VVFIN, VAFIN, VMFIN, PPER, PRF Tempus Pres, Past VVFIN, VAFIN, VMFIN Modus Ind, Subj VVFIN, VAFIN, VMFIN Nichtfinitheit Inf, Psp, Imp, Infzu VVINF, VAINF, VMINF, VVPP, VAPP, VMPP, VVIMP, VAIMP,

VVIZU

cxrili 2. SesaZlo POS-Tegebis nusxa Sesabamisi atributebiTa da maxasiaTeblebiT

anotaciisaTvis TIGER–XML Tegebis cxrilSi germanul enaSi ararsebuli gramatiku-li kategoriebisaTvis gamoiyeneba laTinuri aRniSvnebi. aseTi enobrivi sxvaobis Tval-

saCino magaliTia brunebis sistema: arsebiTi saxelebis brunebis sistema qarTulSi 7 brunvisagan Sedgeba, germanulSi ki mxolod 4-sagan. amitom, aseT SemTxvevebSi, gamoiye-

neba kategoriebi: `casus instumentalis~, `casus ablativus~, `casus vocativus~. anotirebuli winadadebebisa da xis grafebis Sesaxeb informaciis vizualizacia

TIGER-XML formatSi (.tig gavrcobiT) Synphaty-is analizis Sedegad monitorze miRebuli gamosaxulebis saSualebiT SeiZleba:

sur. 2. Synphaty-s meSveobiT holandiuri winadadebis monitorze vizualizaciis magaliTi

rogorc suraTze naTlad Cans, sityvebi winadadebaSi Tegirebulia POS-is saSuale-biT. xis kvanZebi moniSnulia Semadgenlebis sintaqsuri kategoriebis safuZvelze. xaze-bis moniSvna xdeba gramatikuli funqciebis meSveobiT Sesabamis mSobel-kvanZebTan mi-marTebaSi.

sintaqsuri anotaciis gamosavali Sedegi TIGER XML-formatSi gveZleva. TIGER XML-formatze dayrdnobiT sintaqsuri anotaciis vizualizacia aseve SeiZleba TIGER Search programis meSveobiT, romelic warmogvidgens damokidebulebaTa grafebs da qarTuli winadadebebisaTvis naCvenebia mesame suraTze.


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4. monolingvuri germanuli da qarTuli xeebis bankebis urTierTSeTanadeba paralelur xeebis bankSi

germanuli da qarTuli ekvivalenturi winadadebebi manualurad aris urTierTSeTa-

nadebuli maTi lingvisturi anotaciis mixedviT Stockholm TreeAligner-is meSveobiT

(Samuelsson /Volk, 2006), (Samuelsson /Volk, 2005). Stockholm TreeAligner-i uzrunvelyofs grafe-bis struqturebis SeTanadebas sityvis SeTanadebasTan erTad, rac, rogorc misi Semqmne-

lebi acxadeben, erTaderTi SemTxvevaa (Samuelsson /Volk, 2006) msgavsi kompiuteruli saSu-alebebis praqtikaSi.

frazebis urTierTSeTanadeba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc informaciis damatebi-Ti monakveTi sintaqsuri struqturis Sesaxeb. is uCvenebs, Tu germanuli winadadebis romeli nawili aris qarTuli winadadebis Sesabamisi nawilis Sesatyvisi. es ki miiRweva

Stockholm TreeAligners-is grafikuli interfeisis daxmarebiT. urTierTSeTanadebis xazebi xeliT aris daxazuli winadadebas, frazasa da sityvaTa wyvilebs Soris paralelur sin-taqsur xeebSi.

am proceduris mizans war-moadgens winadadebis calkeul nawilebs Soris ekvivalentobis Cveneba. frazebi SeiZleba urTi-erTSeuTanaddes, Tu sityva-formebi (tokenebi), romelTac isini moicaven, imave mniSvnelo-bas warmoadgenen da TargmniTi erTeulebis saxiT funqcioni-reben winadadebis aqtualuri konteqstis miRma.

suraTi 4 uCvenebs qarTuli winadadebis SeTanadebis vizua-lizacias mesame suraTidan ekvi-valentur germanul winadade-basTan. Cven SeZlebisdagvarad bevri winadadebis urTierTSe-Tanadebas vgegmavdiT, romlis mizans mTargmnelobiTi ekviva-

sur. 3. Synphaty-is analizis gamosavlis magaliTi qarTuli winadadebisTvis

sur. 4. Targmanis ekvivalentobis magaliTi sityvaTwyobis mixedviT


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lentebis Cveneba warmoadgens. frazebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSia urTierTSeTanadebuli, Tu sityvaformebi (tokenebi), romelTac isini moicaven, imave mniSvnelobas gadmoscemen da isini SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes TargmniT erTeulebad.

frazebis gramatikuli formebi ar saWiroeben sxva konteqstebTan misadagebas, maT-ze morgebas, gansxvavebiT mniSvnelobisagan.

Stockholm TreeAligner-is Semqmnelni urTierTSeTanadebis or formas ganasxvaveben, rac sxvadasxva feriT aris naCvenebi. kvanZebi da sityvebi, romlebic zustad msgavs mniSvne-lobas gadmoscemen, urTierTSeTanadebulia, rogorc zusti TargmniTi Sesatyvisoba, rac mwvane xaziT aris naCvenebi.

Tu kvanZebi da sityvebi mxolod miaxloebiT mniSvnelobas gadmoscemen, maSin isini, rogorc `susti~ TargmniTi ekvivalenti, wiTeli xazebis meSveobiT aris SeTanadebuli.

germanuli enis preskripciuli gramatika adgens Semdeg sityvaTwyobas: subieqti, obieqti, formacvalebadi zmna, aseve predikativis funqciiT gamoyenebuli mimReobebi. amis sapirispirod qarTulSi sityvaTwyoba SedarebiT Tavisufalia da ZiriTadad wina-dadebis funqcionaluri perspeqtiviT aris ganpirobebuli, romelsac ori aRiarebuli

Teoria udevs safuZvlad: 1) sametyvelo aqtebis Teoria, romelic amtkicebs, rom Cveni

gamonaTqvamebi garkveul nebelobiT gansazRvrul qmedebebs mihyveba (Austin 2005), (Searle 2005); 2) Tema-remis Teoria, romelic im mosazrebas efuZneba, rom winadadebis elemente-bis wrfivi Tanmimdevroba Cveni azrovnebis mimarTulebas eqvemdebareba, moZraobs `cno-

bilidan~ (Thema) `ucnobisaken~ (Rhema) (Lutz 1981) da iseTi faqtorebis meSveobiT imarTe-ba, rogoricaa: sakomunikacio situacia, enobrivi konteqsti, producenti-recipienti mimarTeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, warmatebuli komunikaciis uzrunvelsayofad aucile-beli pirobaa.

sur. 5. gansxvavebebi sityvaTwyobis doneze


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sqesi, rogorc gramatikuli kategoria, qarTulSi ar arsebobs. mis saidentifikacio, individualizaciisa da ganmazogadebel funqcias Tavis Tavze iReben rogorc leqsiku-ri (nacvalsaxelebi), aseve gramatikuli saSualebebi (formis mawarmoebeli morfemebi).

sur. 6. gansxvavebebi sintaqsuri struqturis doneze

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTuli brunebis sistema arsebiTi saxelebisaTvis 7 brunvisagan Sedgeba: saxelobiTi, moTxrobiTi, micemiTi, naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi, vi-TarebiTi, wodebiTi. amis gamo, germanuli windebuliani damatebebi micemiTsa da bral-debiTSi, romlebic mimarTulebisa da instrumentalisis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba, gad-moicema Sesabamisi ekvivalenturi pirdapiri da iribi, aseve windebuliani obieqtebis meSveobiT micemiTSi, naTesaobiTSi, instrumentalissa da viTarebiTSi:

Dt.: „mit den Fingern“, Geo.: Instrumental „TiTebiT~; Dt.: „auf den Tisch“, Geo.: Akkusativ+Postposition `magidaze~.

sur. 7. gansxvavebebi enis sinTezuri struqturis doneze


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germanul winadadebas sami Tavisebureba axasaiTebs: 1. orwevrianoba (ori mTavari wevri: subieqti da predikati); 2. zmnuri buneba (predikati, maT Soris saxeladic, romelSic yovelTvis zmna aris CarTuli); 3. predikatis myari adgili winadadebis tipis mixedviT (TxrobiTi winadadeba, kiTxvi-

Ti winadadeba, brZanebiTi winadadeba).

am wesTagan arc erTia savaldebulo qarTulisaTvis. amitom qarTulSi predikati SeiZle-ba arazmnuri saSualebebiT gamoixatos an sxva struqtura hqondes. qarTulSi swor winadade-bebad iTvleba Semdegi winadadebebi:

Geo. „cxela.~ – Dt. *„ heiß+ist“ statt „Es ist heiß.“ Geo. „es magidaa~. – Dt. *„Dies Tisch+ist“ statt „Das ist ein Tisch.“ sur. 7-ze predikati qarTulSi srulmniSvnelobiani zmniT aris gamoxatuli, germa-

nul winadadebaSi ki damxmare zmnas + zedsarTavi saxeliT. Geo. „avadmyofobs~ – Dt. „krank ist“. sur. 8 uCvenebs, rom zogierTi qarTuli zmna germanulad gadmoicema ars. saxel-

s+zmna: Geo. „erTiandebian“ – Dt. „Verbindungen eingehen“; aseve, piriqiT: Geo. „agitacias ewevian“ – Dt. „agitieren“.

sur. 8. gansxvavebebi predikaciis doneze

kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli germanulSi gamoxatavs kuTvnilebas, mikuTvnebas da da-kavSirebulobas. is arsebiTi saxelis win dgas da mougebs SekiTxvaze: `visi? risi?~ yovel piris nacvalsaxels Seesatyviseba kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli, romelic mis win mdgom arsebiTs brunvaSi, ricxvsa da sqesSi uTanxmdeba. garda amisa, is ibrunvis. qarTulSi kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli aseve ibrunvis, mas aqvs Sesatyvisi piris nacvalsaxelebi, magram, arc piris da arc kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi ar gamoxataven sqesis gansxvave-bas mxolobiTi ricxvis mesame pirSi. amasTan, mogvepoveba ori damoukidebeli sityva


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msgavsi semantikiT — `Tavisi~, romelic warmoebulia refleqsuri nacvalsaxelisagan

`Tavi~ (Tavis Sercxvena — Tavi Seircxvina/sich blamieren; Tavis Sewirva – Tavi Seswira/sich opfern):

Geo.: `misi~, `Tavisi~ – Dt. „sein“, „ihr“, „sein“. magram nacvalsaxeli `misi~ orazrovania da me-9 winadadebis msgavs SemTxvevebSi miu-

TiTebs ara mxolod subieqtisadmi, aramed aseve mesame obieqturi pirisadmi kuTvnile-bas. imisaTvis, rom kuTvnileba mkafiod subieqtis kuTvnilebas miuTiTebdes, saWiroa sxva kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis, kerZod, `Tavisi~ gamoyeneba.

sur. 9. gansxvavebebi predikaciis doneze

sur. 10. gansxvavebebi kuTvnilebis gadmocemis doneze


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uaryofa (Negation) germanul winadadebaSi mravalnairi leqsikuri saSualebebiT gad-moicema: 1. uaryofiTi nawilakiT „nicht“; 2. uaryofiTi artikliT „kein/keine/kein“; 3. ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxelebiT: „keiner/keine/keins“, „niemand“, „nichts“; 4. zmnizedebiT: „nirgends“, „niemals“, „nie“, „nimmer“, „nirgendwo“; 5. kavSiriT „weder...noch“; 6. uaryofiTi prefiqsebiT: „un-“, „miss-“, „a-“, „il-“ da a.S. 7. winadadebis ekvivalentebiT: „nein“, „doch“.

qarTulSi umetes SemTxvevaSi ekvivalentebi gvaqvs, magram, arc ormagi uaryofaa ga-moricxuli uaryofis gasaZliereblad:

Geo. `aravin ar“ – Dt. „niemand/keiner nicht“.

sur. 11. gansxvavebebi uaryofis doneze

zogierT SemTxvevaSi Cveuli formulirebebi orive enaSi imdenad gansxvavebulia, rom ekvivalenturi leqsikuri saSualebebiT maTi gadmocema SeuZlebelia da mniSvnelo-bis gadmosacemad samizne enaSi sxvagvarad unda iqnes formulirebuli. aseTi magaliTia mocemuli sur.11-ze:

miuxedavad gansxvavebebisa morfologiis, sintaqsisa da semantikis doneze, bunebri-

vi enebis dasamuSaveblad gankuTvnili xelsawyoebi Synpathy da Stockholm TreeAligner SeiZ-leba warmatebiT iqnes gamoyenebuli germanul-qarTuli enebis wyvilisaTvis xeebis ban-kis asagebad, Tumca, zogadad iseTi struqturis enebis damuSavebisaTvis, romelsac ga-nekuTvneba qarTuli, isini ar moiazrebodnen.


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sur. 12. gansxvavebebi pirobiTi enobrivi gamoxatvis doneze

5. daskvna

warmodgenili eqsperimentis sawyis etapze SeviswavleT gamocdileba, romelic dag-rovilia gansxvavebuli struqturis mqone enebisaTvis paraleluri xeebis bankis Seqmnis

praqtikaSi (Megyesi/Dahlqvist, 2007), (Megyesi et al., 2006), (Grimes 2011), (Rios et al., 2009). magali-TisTvis, orenovan keCua-espanur paraleluri xeebis bankis SemTxvevaSi, monolingvuri xeebis banki keCua enisaTvis, misi mkacri aglutinaciuri xasiaTis gamo, anotirebul iqna ara sityvebis, aramed morfemaTa doneze. aman avtorebs saSualeba misca morfologiuri informacia daekavSirebina mis Sesabamis amosaval erTeulebTan. garda amisa, avtorebis Tanaxmad, frazis struqturis xis aRwera keCua enis winadadebaze dayrdnobiT ar asaxavs am enis arsebiT struqturul maxasiaTeblebs. amdenad, mis aRsawerad upiratesoba mieca

`rolebisa da maxasiaTebelTa gramatikis~ (Role and Reference Grammar) gamoyenebas, romlis saSualebiT da kvanZebis, pirveladi/meoradi ferdebis gamoyenebiT warmodgenili iyo `rolebisa da maxasiaTebelTa gramatikis~ sintaqsis yvelaze niSandoblivi aspeqtebi ke-

Cua enis winadadebisaTvis (Rios et al., 2009). miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli aseve aglutinaciuri enaa, ar aris aucilebeli misi

xeebis bankis anotaciisaTvis morfemaTa donemde dasvla. qarTuli enis sintaqsi sakmaod kargad SeiZleba iqnes warmodgenili sintaqsur damokidebulebebze dayrdnobiT, Tumca, qarTul enaSi sintaqsuri anotaciisaTvis aseve aucilebelia martivi winadadebis speci-fikuri struqturis zusti aRwera, vinaidan qarTuli martivi winadadeba warmoadgens sityvebis simravles, romelic efuZneba kopulatiuri zmnisa da saxelTa rigis SeTanxme-basa da marTvas (Ciqobava1928).

sintaqsuri mimarTebebis tipebi qarTul martiv winadadebaSi mniSvnelovnad gan-sxvavdeba indogermanul da sxva enebSi arsebulisagan. inglisur enaSi gvaqvs zmnebis mcire ricxvi, romlebic marTaven arsebiT saxelebs, dakavSirebulni arian ra maTTan

iribi aqtantebis saxiT da moiTxoven, rom es arsebiTi saxelebi irib brunvaSi idgnen (e.-g. John believes him to be innocent).

amas garda, es aqtantebi ar iwveven cvlilebas zmnur formaSi. piriqiT, polivalen-tur qarTul zmnaSi aqtantebi specifikuri afiqsebiT zmnaSive aris markirebuli. umTav-


88

resi gansxvaveba indoevropuli sintaqsuri mimarTebebis modelebis struqturisgan mdgomareobs imaSi, rom qarTul martiv winadadebaSi arsebobs marTvis da SeTanxmebis urTierTmimarTebebi, an ormxrivi SeTanxmebis fenomeni zmnur predikatsa da saxelad aqtantebs Soris, romelTa raodenoba nebismier martiv winadadebaSi SeiZleba aRwevdes sams. es gulisxmobs nominaluri brunvis formebis kontrols zmnis meSveobiT, maSin ro-desac, zmnebi Tavis mxriv imarTeba saxelis mier gramatikuli piris gaTvaliswinebiT.

amdenad, ar. Ciqobavas mosazrebas Tu gaviziarebT, qarTuli enis sintaqsur aRweraSi umjobesia, nacvlad subieqtisa da obieqtis cnebebisa, gamoviyenoT maRali da dabali Se-Tanxmebis cnebebi. aqedan gamomdinare, irib obieqts, rogorc subieqtze (ufro dabal koordinats) ufro maRal koordinats, garkveuli sematikuri tipis zmnur formebSi upiratesoba aqvs zmnur formebSi misi markirebis TvalsazrisiT.

miuxedavad amisa, keCua enisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli enis sintaqsi sakmaod kargad SeiZleba aRiweros damokidebulebebis mimarTebebis meSveobiT da ar aris saWiro, gamo-yenebul iqnes gansxvavebuli midgomebi qarTuli enis struqturuli Taviseburebebis gadmosacemad.

erTi da mravalenovani xeebis bankebis msgavsi lingvisturi resursebis Seqmnas didi mniSvneloba aqvs swavlebis, kvlevis da praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis profesiul cxov-rebaSi:

swavlebaSi SeiZleba maTi gamoyeneba sademonstracio masalis saxiT, radgan es sfero ukve warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove efeqturi vizualizaciisa da TvalsaCinoebis meTo-debis gareSe. – kvleviT proeqtebSi SesaZlebelia maTi bazisis saxiT gamoyeneba enis teqnologiis

sistemebisaTvis maTi Semdgomi srulyofisa da gavrcobis mizniT. – TargmanisaTvis xeebis bankebs statistikuri xasiaTis `mTargmnel-mexsierebasTan~

(Translation Memory) SedarebiT, sagrZnobi upiratesoba aqvs, radgan masSi lingvisturi inteleqtis sakmao elementia CarTuli. es ki mniSvnelovnad xarisxian Sedegs ganapi-robebs manqanuri TargmanisaTvis Sesabamisi lingvisturi resursebis gamoyenebis kuTxiT. amasTanave, am gziT SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovani wvlili SevitanoT saTar-gmni teqstebis agebis, standartizaciisa da orazrovnebis aRmofxvris Tvalsazri-siT.


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COLING-ACL, Montreal, Canada. Beesley K. R. and L. Karttunen. (2003). Finite State Morphology. CSLI Publications. Brants S. and S. Hansen (2002). Developments in the TIGER Annotation Scheme and their Realization in the Corpus.

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Treebank Corpora at LDC. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Annotation and Exploitation of Parallel Corpora. The 8th International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP 2011). Hissar, Bulgaria. 2011.

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OLEG KAPANADZE

NUNU KAPANADZE

ABOUT A BILINGUAL GERMAN-GEORGIAN PARALLEL TREEBANK

Summary

Naturally-occurring texts in many languages are annotated for linguistic information. A Treebank is a text corpus in which each sentence has been annotated with syntactic structure. They have become valuable resources as repositories for linguistic research.

In this paper, we describe outcomes of an undertaking on building a parallel Treebank for a lesser-resourced Georgian language and German, one of the `major~ languages in the NLT world. The aim of the mentioned under-taking was, starting with simple sentences, – to tag and lemmatize manually terminal nodes; – to produce syntactic parses for monolingual parallel German and Georgian texts; – to establish compatible tagsets for Georgian and, if necessary, to introduce the new syntactic phrasal categories.

On the ground of the developed monolingual resources, the further objective of the experiment anticipated: – producing the parallel trees from bilingual resources; – aligning the German-Georgian parallel trees; – determining “good” and “fuzzy” matches between the nonterminal nodes (resp. phrases) across the syntactic

structures of the languages involved;


90

– making general conclusions concerning the development of the full-scale Treebank resources for the mentioned language pair. Using the morphologically annotated bilingual corpus, both the German and the Georgian sentences were

syntactically annotated manually. For this purpose, the Synpathy was used, which is a tool for syntactical anno-tation developed at Max Plank Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. The German Treebank annotation follows the TIGER annotation scheme. T he Georgian Treebank was annotated according to the adapted version of the German TIGER guidelines with the necessary changes relevant to the Georgian grammar formal description. The output of the syntactic annotation is in the TIGER-XML format.

The alignment of monolingual German and monolingual Georgian Treebanks into a parallel Treebank was done with the help of the Stockholm TreeAligner, a tool for work with parallel treebanks which inserts alignments between pairs of syntax trees. The Stockholm TreeAligner handles the alignment of tree structures, in addition to word alignment, which – according to its developers – is unique.

The German-Georgian parallel Treebank can be used in translation studies, in corpus linguistics for studying syntactic phenomena, in computational linguistics as evaluation corpora for different NLT systems or for training and testing parsers and as a database for Translation Memory systems.


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Targmani jon brili

John Breuilly

nacionalizmi da nacionaluri warsulis Seqmna

NATIONALISM AND THE MAKING OF NATIONAL PASTS

wignidan: Nations and their Histories. Constructions and Representations.

Ed. by Susana Carvalho and François Gemenne. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p.7-28

istoriebidan istoriamde

drois sxvadasxva koncefciis ganxilvisas, Carlz tailorma miiCnia, rom avgustines mier drois cnebis `sekularuli~ gageba Seesabameba miwieri qalaqis ideas, Tumca gada-farulia zeciuri qalaqis ufro maRali koncefciiT. tailori (2007, 56) wers, rom:

...warsuli da awmyo SekavSirdeba momavlisaTvis. warsuli, romelic òbi-eqturad~ aRar arsebobs, aris aq, Cems awmyoSi; is ayalibebs am moments, romel-Sic me viqcevi momavlad da romelic òbieqturad~ jer ar damdgara, magram aq aris rogorc momavlis proeqti.

nacionaluri istoria warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis Tavmoyris erT-erTi gzaa. mis gasaazreblad Tavdapirvelad unda aRvweroT im ideis aRmoceneba, romlis Tanaxmadac ìstoria~ iyo drois Tavmoyris mTavari da erTaderTi xerxi.

Zvel samyaroSi saistorio mwerlobis mTavari gamarTleba, ucxo da egzotikuri xalxebis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvareobis dakmayofilebis garda, pragmatuli da moraluri momentebi iyo, es ki unda miRweuliyo diadi gmirobebisa da adamianebis xsovnis ukvdav-yofiT. Tukidides aSkarad pragmatuli mizani hqonda. misi naratuli istoria, moicavs ra gadamwyvet momentebSi wamyvani figurebis gamosvlebis rekonsturqcias, aRwers lo-gikas, romliTac gonier, magram mgznebare adamianebs mosdiT konfliqti da gaucnobie-reblad iwveven katastrofas an triumfs. es gakveTilia STamomavlobisTvis:

rac moxda warsulSi, SeiZleba, adre Tu gvian, umetesad imave saxiT, moma-valSi ganmeordes. Cemi naSromi ar emsaxureba axlandeli sazogadoebis gemov-nebis dakmayofilebas, aramed Seqmnilia, raTa samudamod iarsebos.

Tukidide inteleqtualuri winaparia makiavelisa, romelic werda romael istori-kos liviusze da romelmac Seqmna mTavari (realisturi gzamkvlevi mmarTvelebisaTvis); hobsisa, romelmac inglisurad Targmna Tukidide; dRevandeli `realisti~ studentebi-sa, romlebic saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs swavloben.

amis sapirispirod, romaeli istorikosebi, gansakuTrebiT liviusi, werdnen Tavian-Ti qalaqis, adamianis istoriaSi udidesi imperiis Semqmnelisa da centris, xangrZliv is-torias, aRwerdnen Zlierebasa da dacemas, Rirsebasa da xrwnas. amgvari istoria warmoa-Cenda damokidebulebas moralur da materialur miRwevebs Soris. is aCvenebda ciklur tendencias, sadac warmateba ganapirobebda keTildReobas, am ukanasknels ki mosdevda daqveiTeba da dacema, ufro energiuli da martivi saxelmwifos saxiT.

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ebraelebis mier sakuTari istoriis warmoCena, rogorc RvTis rCeuli xalxis isto-riisa, aseve emyareboda Rirsebasa da naklis, agreTve maTi winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegebis, gaazrebas, magram aq istoria warmodgenili iyo ara rogorc Zlieri an susti qmedebis (iRblisa da RmerTebis mcire CareviT) Sedegi, aramed rogorc erTi WeSmariti RmerTis jildo an sasjeli, romelTanac ebrael xalxs gansakuTrebuli urTierToba hqonda. berZnulma da romaulma poliTeizmma Seqmna istoriis mravali gansxvavebul xedva; ebra-ulma monoTeizmma ki — winapiroba universaluri istoriisaTvis, romelic, amave dros, mcire sazogadoebaze iyo fokusirebuli. am istoriaSi Tavisi adgili hqondaT: asure-lebs, sparselebs, babilonelebs, romaelebsa da sxvebs, rogorc rCeul xalxze movleni-li RvTis risxvis iaraRebs.

qristianobaSi istoriis wanamZRvari mkafiod universalizebuli iyo, vinaidan erTi WeSmariti RmerTi gadaiqca yvela xalxis RmerTad. magram universaluri istoriis SesaZ-lebloba gaCenisTanave daeqvemdebara religiur msoflmxedvelobas. kacobriobis isto-riis epoqebi am msoflmxedvelobidan aRmocenda: qristes Sobamde da qristes Sobis Sem-dgom (Tumca, aseve danaxuli, rogorc imperiebis Tanmimdevroba), Semdeg ki — momavali, roca istoria dasruldeboda meored mosvliT. apokalifsma da rwmenam Camoayaliba is-toriuli codna. istoriis pragmatuli da moraluri miznebi SeizRuda — rogorc avgus-tines naazrevSi miwieri qalaqis Sesaxeb, magram aqcenti SezRudvebze keTdeboda.

ideebi, Tu rogor unda SekavSirebuliyo dro, Tavdapirvelad SeTvisebuli iyo ara istoriidan, aramed sxva wyaroebidan, upirvelesad — religiisa da filosofiidan. Tum-ca konkretuli sazogadoebebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki maTi wera-kiTxvis armcodne wev-rebisTvis, Taobidan TaobisaTvis ambebis gadacema, albaT, koleqtiuri mexsierebisa da identobis Camoyalibebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gza iyo.

nacionalurma istoriam mniSvneloba SeiZina, rogorc drois SekavSirebis gzam, rac Tan axlda moralisa da pragmatulobis, warsulis religiuri da filosofiuri Sexedu-lebebis Canacvlebas da koleqtiuri mexsierebis dakninebas. maT nacvlad ganviTarda xa-zovani da sekularuli istoriis idea. miuxedavad imisa, rom am elementebis SemCneva me-17-18 saukuneebSic SeiZleba, warsulis amgvari koncefcia mniSvnelovani gaxda 1750-1850

wlebSi, romelsac reinhart kozelekma (Reinhart Kosellek) `RerZuli epoqa~ uwoda. kozeleki yuradRebas amaxvilebs im ideis gavrcelebaze, rom momavali ar iqneba war-

sulisa da awmyos msgavsi. es aisaxeba progresis ideaSi, romelic Zirs uTxris xedvebs ka-cobriobis istoriis ciklurobisa da mudmivobis Sesaxeb. roca momavali warmodgenilia rogorc radikalurad axali ram, es cvlis warsulis xedvas. igi veRar asrulebs pragma-tuli da moraluri gzamkvlevis funqcias. warsulidan gadmocemul ambebze dafuZnebul koleqtiur mexsierebas naklebi kavSiri aqvs awmyo realobasTan. qalaqSi axalCamosuli imigranti SeiZleba CaebRauWos amgvar ambebs nugeSisa da simxnevis mosapoveblad, magram axal samyaroSi gzis gasakvalad maTi mniSvneloba unda Seicvalos.

warsuls mniSvneloba ar daukargavs, aramed misi mniSvneloba Seicvala. kacobriobis ganviTareba aRqmuli iyo, rogorc gansazRvruli, aRmavali xazi, romelic raRac eta-pebs gadioda. sxvadasxva sazogadoeba sxvadasxva etapze imyofeboda. SesaZlebelia uni-versaluri/sakacobrio istoriis warmodgena rogorc mimarTulebis mqone mTlianobisa. istorikosis movaleobaa, gamoaaSkaraos Zalebi, romlebic ubiZgebs progresul cvli-lebas. aRniSnulma xedvam aseve gavlena iqonia warmodgenaze, Tu rogor unda imoqmedo momavalTan mimarTebaSi, magaliTad, ecado daaCqaro an Seanelo cvlileba. amgvarma xed-vam warmoSva frazebi ìstoriis Seqmna~, an ìstoriis samsaxuri~ (rogorc bebiaqali em-saxureba dabadebas), maTi dagmoba, `vinc istorias gadaeRoba~ da, Sesabamisad, visac ìs-toriis sanagveze~ moisvrian.


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Tumca universalur istoriasac, romelsac hqonda dasasruli da romelic warmoad-genda progress gonis epoqisaken, aseve hyavda mowinaaRmdegeebi. erT-erTma maTganma, na-cionaluri istoriis midgomam, SeinarCuna warsulisa da istoriis es axali koncefcia, magram sxva mimarTuleba misca mas.

nacionaluri istoriis inteleqtualuri safuZvlebi

ganmanaTleblobis istoria operirebda progresis cnebiT, sadac adamianis gonma da Tavisuflebam miaRwia mudmivad mzard gavlenas. es warmodgenili iyo, rogorc `sazoga-doebis~ an `samoqalaqo sazogadoebis~ istoria, romelsac xSirad miesadageboda termi-ni èri/(nacia)~. maSin is moicavda mxolod Tanamedrove elitas; jer kidev didi gza iyo gasavleli xalxis umravlesobis ganaTlebamde. 1750-1850 wlebSi, politikuri gadatria-lebis, omisa da ekonomikuri transformaciis paralelurad da mis Semdeg, progresis idea gadamuSavda, diferencirda da kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadga. is aseve asocirdeboda so-cialur konfliqtTan (magaliTad, klasebs Soris), politikur aqtorebsa (revolucio-nerebi, reaqcionerebi) da meqanizmebTan (revolucia, reforma). ideam istoriis Sesaxeb, romelic warsulis konkretuli saqmeebis Sesaxeb Canawers ki ar warmoadgens, aramed aris Zala, romelic adamianis meSveobiT moqmedebs, sruli gamoxatuleba hegelTan pova.

ganmanaTleblebTan da hegelTan istoriis progresul svlaSi arsebobda wamyvani elementi. es SeiZleba yofiliyo civilizacia (evropuli qristianuli samyaro), saxel-mwifo (safrangeTi, britaneTi), socialuri jgufi (burJuazia, muSaTa klasi) an `msof-lio-istoriuli~ individi (napoleoni). istoriis aseTi koncefcia misaRebi iyo, ra saxi-Tac ar unda yofiliyo warmodgenili wamyvani elementi. am SexedulebiT, sxvaTa bedi iyo qceuliyvnen iseTebad, rogorebic Tavad iyvnen, mas Semdeg, rac daeqvemdebarebodnen maT progresul da civilizaciis momtan Zalauflebas. inteleqtualebs, romlebic Tavs daqvemdebarebulTa warmomadgenlebad Tvlidnen, araerTgvarovani reaqcia hqondaT am xedvaze.

pirvel rigSi, isini pretenzias acxadebdnen istoriul procesSi maTi eris ufro mniSvnelovan rolze. isini ar eZebdnen erovnuli gansxvavebis saidumlos `garegan~ Za-lebSi, rogorebicaa klimati an institutebi; Tvlidnen, rom èrovnuli xasiaTi~ `Signi-dan~ yalibdeboda da Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda. erovnuli xasiaTi aixsneboda kul-turiT, eniT, CveulebebiT, saerTo warmomavlobiTa da rasiT. Sinagani unikalurobis ideas mosdevda progresis universalisturi ideis uaryofa, romelic gulisxmobda uf-ro dawinaurebuli eris gzis mibaZvas. es gadajaWvuli iyo emociis, identobis, gansakuT-rebulobisa da mravalferovnebis xazgasmasTan, ganmanaTleblebis mSrali xedvis sapi-rispirod, romelic emyareboda warmodgenas gonze, adamianis universalur bunebasa da erTian momavalze. es alternatiuli Sexeduleba efuZneboda miTebsa da mexsierebas, an maT konstruirebas, kulturuli stereotipebis SemuSavebas da mtkicebas, rom ìstori-a~ ar aris gonad wodebuli eqstra-istoriuli Zalis obieqti, romlis aRmoCenaze pre-tenziasac ganmanaTlebeli mwerlebi acxadebdnen. amasTanave, am inteleqtualebs undo-daT progresis nayofis miRebac, pragmatuli TvalsazrisiT — Zalauflebis misaRebad, romelic mas unda mohyoloda, agreTve imitomac, rom bevri miRweva TavisTavad mimzid-veli Canda.

aman safuZveli Cauyara warsulis `nacionalur miTvisebas~, ramac miiRo ara marto warsuli movlenebis aRweris, aramed enisa da literaturis, xelovnebisa da arqiteqtu-ris, samarTlisa da institutebisadmi istoriuli midgomis saxe. universaluri istoria erovnulma istoriam Caanacvla. es samuSao inteleqtualuri gulwrfelobiT srulde-

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boda, Tumca gadajaWvuli iyo nacionalur proeqtebTan, zogjer Semoifargleboda kulturuli ganaxlebiT an gamoRviZebiT, magram ufro metad iswrafoda politikuri av-tonomiis an damoukideblobis miRebisaken. aq minda SemogTavazoT warsulis~ naciona-luri miTvisebis~ organizebis gzebi, gansakuTrebiT nacionalizmis politikur aspeq-tTan mimarTebaSi.

nacionaluri istoria er-saxelmwifomde

viwyeb aSkara paradoqsiT. eri — istoriuli kategoria, romelsac nacionalistebi upirispireben universalur, aistoriul racionalizms. Tumca, nacionalizmis yvelaze mniSvnelovani adreuli formebi (Tu amaSi vigulisxmebT teritoriuli avtonomiis moTxovnas jgufis saxeliT, romelsac èri~ ewodeba) aRmocenda universaluri formiT,

erovnul istoriaze apelirebis gareSe. doili (Doyle) xazs usvams peinis (Paine) naSrome-bis gavlenas da mis arguments, rom amerikelebma universalur principebze dafuZnebu-li axali eri Camoayalibes, romelsac danarCeni kacobriobisTvis Suquris roli unda

Seesrulebina. gildeas (Gildea) Tanaxmad, analogiuri argumenti SeiZleba vipovoT iako-

binur nacionalizmSi, agreTve, breidingis (Brading) azriT, amerikaSi espanuri mmarTve-lobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul adreul ajanyebebSi.

Tumca, saWiroa zogi ram davazustoT. TiToeuli am moZraobis warmodgeniT, war-sulSi maT erebs Tavs moaxvies Zveli reJimebi. breidingi ixseniebs (exeba) 1821 wlis meq-sikuri damoukideblobis aqtSi gacxadebul mtkicebas actekebis eris samaswliani isto-riis Sesaxeb. zogierTi frangi radikalis azriT, galebi warmoadgendnen mesame wodebas, romlebic frankTa mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. Tumca, im dros aseTi ideebi marginaluri iyo, CrdiloeT amerikaSi ki saerTod ar arsebobda. amis nacvlad, iqauri istoria efuZneboda kontrastebs: — dacemasa da Rirsebas, asaksa da axalgazrdobas, privilegiebsa da Tanasworobas Soris.

arsebobda eTnikuri da rasobrivi gansxvavebebi: amerikaSi — mkvidr amerikelebsa da Savkanian monebs, samxreT da dasavleT safrangeTSi —arafrangulenovanebs Soris. damo-ukideblobis moZraobebi ar aRiarebdnen me-18 saukuneSi modur `samoqalaqo respubli-kis~ Temebs da amtkicebdnen, rom komercia, momxmarebloba da saxelmwifosgan Tavisuf-lebis idea arbilebda da asustebda im moqalaqeTa Rirsebas, romelTac sajaro cxovre-baSi unda mieRoT monawileoba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, samxedro kuTxiTac da Zalisxme-va ar daeSurebinaT saxelmwifoSi Tavisuflebis misaRwevad. am argumentebs SeeZlo epi-Tetebis Seqmna, rogorebicaa: àristokrati~, `moRalate~ da `kontrrevolucioneri~, `patriotisa~ da `moqalaqis~ sapirispirod. es epiTetebi iqceodnen stereotipebad fi-zikuri (eTnikuri?) maxasiaTeblebiT, rogoricaa: Cacmuloba, manerebi, metyveleba da ga-regnobac ki, rac masobrivi Zaladobis gasamarTlebad gamoiyeneboda.

evropaSi opoziciuri moZraobebi Tavidanve iyvnen CarTulni gansxvavebuli erovnu-li warsulis konstruirebaSi. saistorio mwerlobas Tan axlda erovnuli folklorisa da folkloruli simRerebis Segroveba, erovnuli eposebis àRmoCena~, erovnuli enebis gramatikebisa da leqsikonebis Sedgena. amis magaliTia berZnebisa da Turqebis SemTxve-

vebi, romlebic gaanalizebulia ozkirimlisa (Özkirimli) da sofosis (Sofos) mier. mmarTvel dinastiasTan dakavSirebul oficialur saistorio Txzulebebs alternativebi gauCnda. klasikuri berZnuli modelebi upirispirdeboda berZnul orTodoqsuls; Turquli Ri-

rebulebebi — otomanizms; slavuri saTnoeba — habsburgTa germanul dinastias (Germanic Habsburg). otomanebis, habsburgTa da romanovebis imperiebi imave rols asrulebdnen axa-li, nacionaluri proeqtebis winaaRmdeg, rasac daqveiTebuli, `Zveli~ britanuli, fran-guli da espanuri Zalaufleba meTvramete saukunis revoluciuri moZraobebisTvis. ga-


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li (Gal) aCvenebs, rogor cvlian sionistebi me-19 saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis da-sawyisSi ebraelTa tanjvisa da RvTis wyalobis imedis Temas heroizmisa da winaaRmdego-bis TemiT (samsoni, makabelTa ajanyeba, masada). SeiZleba sxva magaliTebis dasaxeleba — berZnebis, me-20 saukunis dasawyisis samxreT afrikis axalgazrda nacionalistebis. ko-loniuri reJimisadmi winaaRmdegobis faqtebis Zieba damaxasiaTebeli iyo aziisa da af-rikis sxva nacionalur istoriografiebisTvisac.

winaaRmdegobisa da damoukideblobisadmi aseTive damokidebuleba SeiniSneba me-19

saukunis evropis opoziciur nacionalur istoriografiaSi. palackisa (Palacky) da sxva Cexi nacionalistebisaTvis yuradRebis centrSi husitebis moZraoba idga. litveli na-cionalisti istorikosebi yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen lublinis uniamdel (1569) damou-kideblobaze Sua saukuneebSi. poloneli istorikosebisaTvis SeiZleba amosavali yofi-liyo brZola poloneTis saboloo dayofis winaaRmdeg me-18 saukunis bolos, magram isi-nic Sua saukuneebis monarqiebSi eZebdnen sawyisebs. rumineli istorikosebi kidev ufro Sors midiodnen — winaromaul an romaul xanaSi, slavebis Tavdasxmebamdel periodamde.

nacionaluri istoriografiis es faza ar iyo myarad institucionalizebuli. es iyo inteleqtualebis patara qselis naSromebi, romelTa nawili gadasaxlebaSi moRvaweob-da, nawils ki winaaRmdegobis pirobebSi uxdeboda saqmianoba. gadasaxlebulebs hqondaT erTmaneTTan kavSiri, xSirad isini erTsa da imave imperiuli reJims upirispirdebodnen, rac maT saqmianobas transnacionalur xasiaTs aniWebda. isini, iseve rogorc yvela dev-nili fanatikosi, Tanmimdevruli da Zalze individualuri figurebi iyvnen. am adreul periodSi ar arsebobda myari warmodgena imaze, Tu ra iyo nacionaluri, Tavisi warsuli-TurT, da rogor unda gagebuliyo is.

opoziciuri nacionalisti istorikosebi, inteleqtualuri muSaobidan politikur agitaciaze gadasvlisas, maT xelT arsebuli masalisa da maT winaSe mdgari problemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, weris sxvadasxva stils iyenebdnen. berZen, polonel, germanel, un-grel da italiel nacionalist istorikosebs SeeZloT dayrdnobodnen maRal kulturas (bolos da bolos, saliteraturo enas), romelic dakavSirebuli iyo iseT instituteb-Tan, rogoricaa: privilegirebuli eklesia, adgilobrivi (Tu ara saxelmwifo) xelisuf-leba, warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi. am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda `istoriuli~ eris cneba; is unda gaTavisuflebuliyo reaqciuli dinastiisagan, romelic xSirad ufro `primitiuli~ erebis mier imarTeboda. amgvari stili axlos iyo `civilizebul~ da `progresul~ nacionalur diskursTan, romelic gabatonebuli iyo britaneTsa da saf-rangeTSi da aSkara simpaTiiT sargeblobda am qveynebSi.

gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen is istorikosebi, romelTa erebi moklebuli iy-vnen saliteraturo enas an mniSvnelovani institutebis kontrolos SesaZleblobas. zogjer es istorikosebi safuZvlianad amtkicebdnen, rom es yvelaferi arsebobda war-sulSi, magaliTad, CexebisaTvis — Sua saukuneebis bohemiaSi. xandaxan isini emyarebodnen daqvemdebarebul institutebs, magaliTad, rumineli nacionalistebi — marTlmadideb-lur an uniatur eklesiebs. sadac arc es arsebobda, nacionalistebi mimarTavdnen enas, folklorsa da folklorul Cveulebebs, rogorc litvuri da Turquli (gansxvavebiT otomanTa) nacionalizmis SemTxvevaSi. me-20 saukuneSi, antikoloniuri nacionalizmis zrdasTan erTad, opoziciuri moZraobebi eyrdnobodnen yvela am Temas, Tumca, amasTa-nave, maT xelaxla Semoitanes `samoqalaqo~ sakiTxi, evropuli imperiuli Zalebis kraxis ukeT warmosaCenad, sakuTari idealebis xorcxSesasxmelad da teritoruli politikuri erTeulis damoukideblobaze yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad.

istoriaze gavlena moaxdina politikuri moZraobebis saxemac. es iyo umTavresi gan-sxvaveba nacionalizmisken Semobrunebul imperiul elitasa (Turqebi otomanTa imperia-

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Si, germanelebi habsburgTa imperiaSi) da nacionalistebs Soris, romlebic gamoxatav-dnen ZiriTadad glexobis interesebs, romlebic eTnikurad gansxvavebul mmarTveli klass upirispirdebodnen (ruminelebi transilvaniaSi, rusebi an ukrainelebi polonur galiciaSi). elitis warmomadgeneli nacionalistebisaTvis Zneli iyo socialuri prog-ramebis miReba, magaliTad glexTa gaTavisuflebis, maSin roca, klasobriv-eTnikuri moZraobebi xSirad swored amgvari programebis garSemo mobilizdebodnen (magaliTad

ix. Kai Struve, 2001, gv. 347–371). bunebrivia, yovelive aman gavlena moaxdina warsulis wa-kiTxvaze, imaze, Tu romeli periodebi da socialuri jgufebi iyo aqcentirebuli.

SevajamoT zemoT moyvanili argumentebi. daaxloebiT 1800 wlisaTvis moxda inte-leqtualuri revolucia, romelmac istoria dainaxa rogorc erTiani Zala sakuTari logikiT da ara warsuli movlenebis aRwera.

am istoriis bunebis wvdoma adamianis mdgomareobis gagebis ukeTes saSualebas iZle-oda, vidre filosofia da religia. istoriam daiwyo mexsierebis jgufuri gadacemis, rogorc koleqtiuri identobis ZiriTadi wyaros, Canacvleba. amgvari ideebi aitaces na-cionalistma inteleqtualebma. magram is, Tu rogor gamoixateboda es ideebi, damokide-buli iyo konkretuli istoriuli moTxovnebis safuZvlianobaze, agreTve imaze, Tu ra politikur winaaRmdegobebs awydeboda moZraobebi, romelTac inteleqtualebi ayali-bebdnen. opoziciur periodSi aman ganapiroba mdidari da mravalferovani istoriogra-fiebis Seqmna, romlebic jer ar iyo institucionalizebuli da, Sesabamisad, arc warsu-lis orTodoqsuli xedva arsebobda.

nacionaluri istoria axal er-saxelmwifoSi

eri-saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba arasworxazovani da xangrZlivi iyo. britaneTi da safrangeTi 1800 wlisaTvis ukve didi xania eri-saxelmwifoebi iyvnen, Tumca, frangi re-volucionerebi amas uaryofdnen da sakuTar Tavs erisa da saxelmwifos SemakavSireb-lad da gamaerTianeblad aRiqvamdnen. pirveli `axali~ eri-saxelmwifoebi evropis gareT Camoyalibda, britanul da espanur imperiul mmarTvelobasTan TeTri amerikelebis da-pirispirebiT. evropaSi, napoleonis moRvaweobis zogierTi Sedegi nacionalur saxelebs an mniSvnelobebs atarebda (italiis samefo, varSavis didi sahercogo, iliriis provin-ciebi). Tumca, nacionalur brZolasTan asocirebuli pirveli eri-saxelmwifoebi 1820-iani wlebis bolos Camoyalibda (belgia da saberZneTi). germanuli da italiuri saxel-mwifoebis gaerTianebam 1859-1871 wlebSi radikalurad Secvala centraluri evropis ruka da waaxalisa sxva nacionaluri proeqtebi. balkaneTis qristian mosaxleobaze oto-manTa imperiis kontrolis TandaTanobiTma Sesustebam warmoSva ramdenime eri-saxel-mwifo: serbia, rumineTi, bulgareTi. amerikis kontinentze samoqalaqo da saxelmwifo-TaSorisma omebma saxelmwifoebs axali an reformirebuli, aSkara nacionaluri saxe mis-ca, iseve rogorc iaponiaSi meijis aRdgenam. otomanebis, romanovebis, habsburgTa da germanuli imperiebis ucabedma da srulma daSlam 1918-1920 wlebSi dasabami misca axali eri-saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas, ramac legitimuri saxe miiRo vudro uilsonis erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis principis wyalobiT. aman warmoSva nacionaluri molodinebi gamarjve-

bul qyveynebSi evropaSi, aziasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi (manela (Manela), 2007). Tumca, am imperiebis sruli ngreva mxolod 1945 wlis Semdeg daiwyo, ramac piks 1960-ian da 70-ian wlebSi miaRwia. ukanasknel wlebSi, centralur evropaSi sabWoTa komunizmis ngrevis Semdeg, evropas eri-saxelmwifoebis formirebis axalma (saboloo?) talRam gadauara.

eri-saxelmwifoebis formirebis daaxloebiT oraswlovan process axlda uzRvavi raodenobis nacionaluri istoriebi, romlebic cdilobdnen, aexsnaT da legitimuroba mieniWebinaT miRwevebisTvis. Tumca, yvelaferi gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre `erTi


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axali eri-saxelmwifo — erTi axali nacionaluri istoria~. eri-saxelmwifoebis Camoya-libebis erTma talRam biZgi misca axal nacionalur pretenziebsa da warsulis konstru-irebas; erTma miRweulma nacionalurma mizanma xeli Seuwyo opoziciuri nacionalizme-bis warmoSobas, warsulis sakuTari versiebiT. ufro metic, Seicvala inteleqtualuri stili da midgomebi, iseve rogorc istoriis weris instituciuri konteqsti da teqnika.

nacionalisti inteleqtualebi, istorikosebis CaTvliT, xSirad mTavar rols Tama-Sobdnen eri-saxelmwifos formirebis politikaSi, ara marto rogorc publicistebi da ideologebi, aramed rogorc praqtikosi politikosebi. Cveulebriv, warmatebiT Tav-brudaxveulni, isini eri-saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas istoriis dasasrulad xedavdnen,

romelic Tavad erma moitana. iakob burkhardtma (Jakob Burkhardt) mwuxarebiT iwinaswar-metyvela, rom germaniis istoria amieridan warmodgenili iqneboda rogorc 1871 wlamde mimavali gza. am winaswarmetyvelebis ganzogadeba yvela axal er-saxelmwifoze SeiZleba. sxvebis TvalTaxedviT, axali eri-saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba mxolod pirveli nabiji iyo eris formirebis rTul gzaze, rasac mohyveboda ara mxolod italiis, aramed itali-

elebis Seqmna, rogorc masimo d’aZegelio (Massimo D’azegelio) SeniSnavda. eris mSeneblo-bis erT-erTi saxe iyo nacionaluri warsulis saWiro gagebis konstruireba da erisTvis misi mowoneba. saxelmwifos resursebi, romlebic sakmaod aRemateboda opoziciuri na-cionalizmis resursebs, amis saSualebas iZleoda.

axla ukve SesaZlebeli iyo nacionaluri istoriis akademiuri damuSavebis xelSewyo-ba, rogorc es xdeboda berlinisa da aTenis universitetebSi, romlebic gaxdnen wamyvan-ni nacionaluri istoriis xedvis damkvidrebaSi. ozkirimlim da sofosma aCvenes, rogor

Seurwya erTmaneTs paparigopolusma (Paparrigopoulos) (aTeni) Tavis istoriaSi elinuri da

berZnul-marTlmadidebluri elementebi. misma berlinelma kolegebma — sibelma (Sybel) da triCkem (Treitschke) ki erTmaneTTan daakavSires prusiuli saxelmwifosa da germanuli

nacionaluri sulis istoria. bergerma (Berger) Seiswavla evropaSi nacionaluri `master narativebis~ Seqmnis mcdelobebi, am gzaze arsebuli problemebi da maTi daZlevisaTvis

moZebnili gzebi. velingma (Welling) aCvena, rom mtkiceba, TiTqos avstralia mxolod TeT-rebis mier misi aRmoCenis Semdeg `CaerTo~ msoflio istoriaSi, safuZvlad daedo master narativs, romelic am procesis miRma tovebda adgilobriv mosaxleobas. Zalian sainte-resoa misi Semdgomi msjeloba imis Taobaze, rom istorikosTa nawilisaTvis problemu-ria am Sexedulebis gadasinjva ara imitom, rom es gamowveva iqneboda moTxrobisaTvis TeTri adamianis Sesaxeb, aramed imitom, rom ver xerxdeba alternatiuli narativis Se-moTavazeba. Tu nacionaluri istoria ar aris moTxroba, is ar aris nacionaluri isto-ria.

oficialuri, akademiuri nacionaluri master narativebi TiTqmis yvela axal er-sa-xelmwifoSi Seiqmna. bergeri gamoyofs master narativebs Soris arsebuli sxvaobebis mi-zezebs. aq SevCerdebiT konfliqtis kidev erT wyaroze: debatebze, romlebic mimdinare-obs erTi nacionaluri istoriografiis farglebSi.

SeiZleba gamoiyos ori saxis uTanxmoeba. pirveli dakavSirebulia opoziciidan xe-

lisuflebaSi gadasvlasTan. n’sudu (N’Soudou) saubrobs mTavrobis mcdelobaze, moipo-vos nacionaluri legitimuroba nacionalistur ZalebTan konfliqtisas, romlebic opoziciad rCebian. TiToeuli mxare qmnis gansxvavebul istorias, romelic, pirvel rig-Si, erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopovebazea fokusirebuli, da nacionalizmis gamarjveba Tu damarcxeba am ori perspeqtividan aixsneba. opozicioneri nacionalistebi xSirad ufro utopiurni arian, vidre xelisuflebaSi myofni, akritikeben kompromissa da ko-rufcias, romlebic, maTi azriT, mosalodneli iyo damoukideblobisTvis brZolisas. garibaldim dagmo safrangeTsa da kaTolikur eklesiasTan dadebuli garigebebi (Tumca,

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raRac periodSi is egueboda pirvel maTgans) (Riall, 2007). imedgacruebuli nacionaliste-bi axal afrikul qveynebSi brals sdebdnen neokolonializms, romlis proeqti jer ki-dev koloniur periodSi Seiqmna. oficialurma nacionalistebma daaknines masobrivi wi-naaRmdegobis moZraobaTa roli, kritikulad ganwyobilebma ki gaazviades igi. meore Sem-

TxvevaSi, rogorc reinjeri (Ranger) aRniSnavs namibiis magaliTze, reJimi da misi oponen-tebi winaaRmdegobis sxvadasxva tradicias irCeven. mau-maus aqtivistebi keniaSi Tavs warmoaCendnen TavisuflebisTvis namdvil mebrZolebad, romlebmac britanelebi aiZu-

les ukan daexiaT, mTeli sargebeli ki kolaboracionistebma moimkes. reinjeri (Ranger) Tavis eseSi amtkicebs, rom am winaaRmdegobis daZlevisaTvis keniaSi warsulis ignorire-bas mimarTes. zogjer problemebs, romlebsac nacionalistebi warsulTan dakavSirebiT awydebian, mohyveba ufro istoriis marginalizacia, vidre istoriiT manipulireba. zim-babveSi, rogorc reinjeri gvaCvenebs, mugabes reJimi istoriiT manipulirebas mimarTavs antikoloniuri brZolis gagrZelebis dasasabuTeblad.

oficialuri master narativebi xSirad moicaven iseT elementebs, romlebic opozi-ciuri nacionalizmis miRma idga an, sulac, ewinaaRmdegeboda mas. zemoT naxsenebi iyo berZnuli oficialuri istoria, pozitiuri damokidebulebiT berZnuli marTlmadideb-lobisadmi da, Sesabamisad, distancirebiT adreuli nacionalistebisagan, magaliTad,

koraisisagan (Korais), romelmac, rogorc prodasavlurma elinistma, iseve mkacrad dagmo berZnuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia, rogorc otomanTa imperia da isini erTmaneTis mokavSireebad miiCnia. ufro iSviaTad, oficialuri nacionalizmi axdens Tavisi poli-tikisa da, masTan erTad, istoriis radikalizacias, Tavisi Zalauflebis konsolidaciis mizniT, rogorc, magaliTad, axali TurqeTis respublikam uaryo ara marto otomanTa imperia, aramed islamTan dakavSirebuli sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebic. aseTi radika-luri sekularizmiT xasiaTdeba franguli da italiuri, agreTve pan-arabuli nacio-nalizmi.

meore saxis uTanxmoeba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli pirvelTan, Tumca gansxvavdeba misgan. isini warmoiSoba maSin, roca axali eri-saxelmwifo upiratesobas aniWebs garkve-ul interesebs, sxvaTa xarjze. germanuli da italiuri nacionalizmis kaTolikuri kri-tika gaizarda oficialur antiklerikalizmTan dapirispirebis Sesabamisad. regionul-ma dayofam, romelic yovelTvis ar iyo gamoxatuli eTnikuri terminebiT, dasabami misca

dapirispirebul istoriul interpretaciebs. haieris (Hyer) esesTan dakavSirebiT, edu-

ard fridmani (Friedmann) asabuTebda, rom sun-iat-seni samxreTuli, mao Ze duni ki Crdi-

louri nacionalizmis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen (Friedmann, 1995; 2008). igive SeiZleba iT-qvas italiis konfliqtur aRqmaze, romelic emyareba CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris

arsebul gansxvavebebs da romelic grZeldeba axlandel CrdiloeTis ligaSi (Sciantino, 1999); me-19 saukunis Sua wlebis aSS-Si arsebul urTierTdapirispirebul nacionaliz-

mebze, romelTa kulminacias samoqalaqo omi warmoadgenda (Grant, 1996). igive SemTxvevaa prusiuli `mcire-germanuli~ nacionalizmis dapirispireba avstriul `did-germanul~

nacionalizmTan, rac ukavSirdeba germaniis gansxvavebul istoriografiebs (Breuilly, 1996). naTqvami exeba aseve 1960-iani wlebis samoqalaqo omis mimdinareobisas nigeriis is-toriis biafrul (samxreT-aRmosavleT nigeria) versias. reinjeri igives amtkicebs Crdilo namibiis centralur da samxreT namibiasTan dapirispirebis ganxilvisas. SeiZ-leba kidev bevri magaliTis moyvana. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, amas mivyavarT secesiur moZ-raobebTan; am SemTxvevaSi, secesiuri moZraobebis mier warsulis nacionaluri aRqma im-denad dascilda oficialur nacionalizms, rom daiwyo saubari sxva, gansxvavebuli is-toriis mqone naciaze, rogorc, magaliTad, es moxda baskebTan da katalonielebTan espa-neTSi.


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ramdenad aisaxeba es gansxvavebebi akademiur istoriografiaSi, damokidebulia ara marto arsebul gansxvavebebze, aramed saxelmwifos organizebis saxeze. liberaluri sa-xelmwifo da decentralizebuli sauniversiteto sistema (rogorc germaniis meore im-periaSi) oficialuri nacionalizmis alternativebis gamoxatvis saSualebas iZleva. oficialuri istorikosebis upiratesoba Semoifargleba imiT, rom maT xeli miuwvdebaT saxelmwifo arqivebze, dafinansebasa da patronaJze. avtoritaruli da centralizebu-li xelisufleba, rogorc adreul TurqeTis respublikaSi, Trgunavs oficialuri Sexe-dulebisadmi dapirispirebul Tvalsazrisebs.

Zalian kargia STambeWdvi akademiuri istoriuli legitimaciis qona, magram saxel-mwifosTvis ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom farTo mxardaWera hqondes mosaxleobaSi. sa-

xelmwifos xelSi arsebuli erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri iaraRi ganaTlebis sistemaa. is me-tad mravalferovani saxiT arsebobs. zog SemTxvevaSi ganaTleba SezRudulia da xeli-suflebas ar ZaluZs misi farTod gavrceleba siRaribisa da masobrivi gulgrilobis (gansakuTrebiT — agrarul sazogadoebebSi) gamo; ganaTleba, warsulis amgvari naciona-luri xedvis Tanaxmad, elitis saqmed da misTvis xelsayrel sferod moiazreba.

da, mainc, zogadi tendencia mimarTuli iyo universaluri da savaldebulo dawyebi-Ti, xSirad aseve saSualo ganaTlebis Camoyalibebisken, romelic garantirebuli an sru-lad uzrunvelyofilia saxelmwifos mier. erT-erTi mkafio politikaa oficialuri na-cionaluri xedvis ganmtkiceba skolebSi istoriis swavlebiTa da saxelmZRvaneloebiT.

kadoTi (Cadot) gvTavazobs me-19 saukunis amerikuli skolis saxelmZRvaneloebis aRwe-ras; aq mTavari politikuri aqtori saxelmwifoa da ara federaluri mTavroba. aqcentis gadatana kolumbidan norvegielebze rogorc `aRmomCenebze~, kadoTis azriT, miuTi-Tebs survilze, gaimijnon TeTrebi da Savebi, anglo-saqsebi da evropelebi, gansxvavebiT adrindelisagan, roca mkafiod imijnebodnen evropelebi da mkvidri amerikelebi. axali naciebic ki swrafad aqceven istorias nacionalisturi cnebebis CarCoSi.

er-saxelmwifoebSi movlenebi ar aris statikuri. problemebi, romlebic mniSvnelo-vani iyo eri-saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebisas, Semdgom, axali sakiTxebis gaCenasTan er-Tad, marginaluri gaxda. 1770-ianebidan 1814 wlamde amerikis SeerTebuli Statebs mTava-ri konfliqti britaneTTan hqonda. rasobrivi an eTnikuri, lingvisturi an kulturuli cnebebis CarCoebSi moqceul istorias amgvar konfliqtSi arafris SeTavazeba SeeZlo. me-19 saukunis Sua wlebidan situacia Seicvala. axla es cnebebi gamoiyeneboda Tanamed-rove konfliqtebze reagirebisa da momavlis xedvisaTvis, Sesabamisad — gansxvavebuli warsulis konstruirebisaTvis. breidingi gvTavazobs meqsikis istoriis `kreoluri~ xedvidan `metisur~ xedvaze gadasvlis aRweras, rac gadajaWvuli iyo rasisa da socia-luri darvinizmis axal ideebTan da ayalibebda meqsikuri istoriis eTnikur reinter-pretacias. reinjeri imowmebs arguments, rom mTeli rigi saxelmwifoebi afrikaSi cdi-loben, xelidan gamoglijon akademiur sferoSi moRvawe istorikosebis warsulis domi-nanturi interpretaciebi da, Tavis mxriv, Secvalon maTi toni da Sinaarsi. indoeTSi hindus nacionalisturi partiis xanmokle mmarTvelobam ganapiroba axali saskolo is-toriebisa da induri warsulis saxalxo versiebis Seqmna.

er-saxelmwifoebSi saskolo istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis kvlevas SeuZlia gamoav-linos nacionaluri warsulis oficialuri xedvebi da droTa ganmavlobaSi maTSi mom-

xdari cvlilebani (magaliTad, bergani da Sisleri (Berghahn and Schissler) 1987). ufro rTu-lia SevafasoT, rogor da ramdenad efeqturad gamoiyeneboda isini skolebSi. zogierTi istorikosi skolis disciplinur gavlenas (da samxedro valdebulebas) ufro mniSvne-lovnad miiCnevs, vidre nacionaluri istoriis indoqtrinacias. es Seesabameba damkvid-

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rebul azrs, gansazRvravs daswrebas, ganamtkicebs kanonebs da gascems momavali karie-risaTvis saWiro serTifikatebs, rac warmoSobs met morCilebas da pativiscemasac ki, vidre, ubralod, ambebi warsulis Sesaxeb. magram moswavleTa Cvenebebis gareSe bevri ram spekulaciad rCeba.

rogorc akademiuri istoriis SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT pluralizmis xarisxi. erTi ukiduresobis SemTxvevaSi, iswavleba konkurentuli nacionalisturi an antinacionalisturi Sexedulebebi, rogorc iq, sadac kaTolikuri an sxva eklesiebi inarCuneben wamyvan rols ganaTlebis sistemaSi da upirispirdebian saxelmwifos. opozi-ciuri masobrivi moZraobebis (magaliTad, muSaTa moZraobis saxiT organizebulis) Sem-TxvevaSi, maT SeiZleba yavdeT sakuTari istorikosebi, romlebic nacionaluri warsu-lis oficialurisgan gansxvavebul xedvas warmoaCenen. eri-saxelmwifo SeiZleba `moi-cavdes~ am alternativebs, ise rom germanelma da frangma socialistebma gamoxaton sia-maye TavianTi erovnuli mikuTvnebulobis gamo da socializms ganmasxvavebeli naciona-luri forma miscen. Tumca, amave dros, orive maTgani mkveTrad ganasxvavebs erTmaneTis-gan ersa da reJims, xazs usvams, rom arsebuli mTavroba antinacionaluria, ers ki muSaTa masebTan aigivebs. ukiduresobis meore mxares, avtoritaruli, ufro metad ki meoce sau-kunis totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi sajaro sferos Tavs axveven erT xedvas da intensi-urad uweven mas propagandas. saWiroa ganvasxvavoT sastiki avtoritaruli reJimebis unari — CaaxSos warsulis alternatiuli reprezentaciebi da kidev ufro didi SesaZ-leblobani, romelic saWiroa mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilisaTvis erTi oficialu-ri Sexedulebis Tavs moxvevisaTvis.

eri-saxelmwifoebi cdiloben TavianTi gavlenis gavrcelebas skolebs miRma, sazo-gadoebis ufro farTo fenebze. isini aweseben dResaswaulebs nacionaluri istoriis mniSvnelovani movlenebis aRsaniSnavad; dgamen nacionalur monumentebs; irCeven nacio-nalur somboloebs — droSebsa da himnebs, markebsa da banknotebs, bevri maTgani asaxavs da gadmoscems istoriul informaciasa da Sexedulebebs. rogorc skolis SemTxvevaSi, aqac ufro advilia miznebis Seswavla, vidre Sedegebisa. zogierTi TariRi kargavs popu-larobas, magaliTad, sedanis dRe germaniaSi, romelic aRniSnavda frangebze samxedro gamarjvebas 1870 wels. xandaxan kontrfaqtebi masobriv mxardaWeras moipoveben, magali-Tad, muSaTa moZraobis mier dafuZnebuli mSromelTa saerTaSoriso dRis aRniSvna.

erma-saxelmwifom SeiZleba daasrulos nacionalizmi, romelmac Tavad is warmoSva. siZulvilma britanuli da franguli imperializmisadmi da am ukanasknelTa arakeTli-sindisierebam arabi mokavSireebisadmi otamanTa imperiis winaaRmdeg 1914-18 wlebis omis dros xeli Seuwyo mobilizacias panarabuli nacionalizmis mxardasaWerad. es sru-lad Tanxvdeboda sxva pannacionalizmebs, romlebic im periodSi ayvavda, da uzrunvel-

yofda ormxriv pativiscemasa da gavlenas (Aydin, 2006). arabuli nacionalizmi mkafiod sekularuli iyo (libanelma qristianebma didi roli iTamaSes misi ideebis Camoyalibe-baSi) da, islamis marginalizebasTan erTad, upirispirdeboda erayis, siriis, libanis, pa-lestinisa da saudis arabeTis axal warmonaqmnebs, romelTac imperiis marionetebad mi-iCnevda. amave dros, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda am arealebsa da araotomanur arabul regionebs Crdilo afrikaSi. TiToeulma am saxelmwifom moipova damoukidebloba da ma-Ti reJimebi yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen sakuTar interesebze. israelTan brZolaSi katas-trofuli damarcxebis Semdeg 1948 da 1967 wlebSi, yuradReba teritoriuli saxelmwi-fosken gadaixara. axali tipis nacionalizmi unda Camoyalibebuliyo warsulis gansxva-vebul xedvis safuZvelze. am saxelmwifoebis marcxi SeiZleba dakavSireboda axali is-lamizmis aRmocenebas, romelic aRmofxvrida nacionalizmis sekularul tons. warsu-lis nacionaluri xedva isev icvleba, iseve rogorc awmyo situacia da momavlis suraTi.


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warsulis nacionaluri xedvis naturalizeba

erisa da erovnuli warsulis raobis irgvliv mudmivi kamaTidan gamomdinare, yalib-deba ufro mdgradi Sexedulebebi. es aris warmodgena ersa da misi warsulze, rogorc mimdinare politikisa da ideologiis miRma arsebul fenomenze, rogorc raRac natura-lurze/bunebrivze, romelic sadRac `iq~ aris. am gagebis gasaRebs warmoadgens xarisxi imisa, Tu ramdenad iqceva saxelmwifo adamianebis cxovrebis `sacavad~. nacionaluri is-toriis detalebze msjeloben sxvadasxva politikuri da socialuri Zalebi; isini Tan-xmdebian imaze, rom arsebobs myari da gangrZobadi nacionaluri istoria, imis miuxeda-vad, rom zogi ar eTanxmeba mis zogierT maxasiaTebels. Tumca es, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva gziT moxdes.

pirveli gza dakavSirebulia uwyvetobis ideasTan — rogorc eri-saxelmwifos insti-tutebTan, aseve erovnuli warsulis CarCosTan mimarTebaSi. amis naTelsayofad sakmari-sia ramdenime mokle magaliTi. Tanamedrove er-saxelmwifoTa Soris, centraluri poli-tikuri institutebis uwyvetobis yvelaze maRal maCvenebels inglisi/britaneTi amJRav-nebs. gasakviri ar aris, rom es warsulis nacionaluri xedvis mTavar maxasiaTeblad iqca. radganac istorikosis profesia me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi — warsulis mkafio naciona-luri xedvis aRmocenebis periodSi — Camoyalibda, centraluri politikuri institu-tebis uwyvetad arseboba am ideis mTavari mamoZravebeli gaxda. es iyo, umTavresad, in-glisuri xedva, radgan uwyvetoba Sua saukuneebis parlamentidan da monarqiidan ufro mogviano anglosaqsur institutebamde mxolod ingliss miesadageboda. warsulis bri-tanuli xedva aSkarad ufro sinkretuli, mokle, myife da sadavoa. uwyvetoba gulis-xmobda ara mxolod xangrZlivobas, aramed imis gancdas, rom TandaTanobiToba cvlile-bis principuli forma iyo, empiricizmi da etapobrivi reforma ki — politikuri kultu-ris dominanturi maxasiaTebeli. es debuleba SeiZleba gamowvevis winaSec dgeboda (war-matebuli Semoseva 1066 da, albaT, 1688 wels; me-17 saukunis Sua wlebis revolucia; so-cialuri ukmayofileba da transformacia me-18 saukunis bolos; istoria, romelic, ar-sebiTad, globaluri eqspansiis, da ara kunZulis, uwyvetobaa), magram uwyvetobis Tezisi sakmaod myari iyo saimisod, rom gabatonebuli adgili daemkvidrebina erovnuli warsu-lis akademiur, politikur da popularul koncefciebs Soris.

franguli istoriografia SeiZleba dayrdnoboda uwyvetobis gancdas teritoriasa da saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi, swored es gaxda nacionaluri istoriis gabatonebuli idea da gaziarebul iqna politikuri speqtris mier. Tumca, 1789 wlis warmatebulma re-voluciam Ziri gamouTxara politikuri institutebis uwyvetobas da saistorio mwer-loba, xSirad, am konfliqtis an erT, an meore mxares iWerda.

am orive SemTxvevaSi `saxelmwifo~ an, inglisur termins Tu gamoviyenebT, `konsti-tucia~ uzrunvelyofda fokusirebas grZel, uwyvet istoriaze, imis miuxedavad, rom am ideis gavrcoba saxelmwifodan sazogadoebaze frangi istorikosebisaTvis ufro Zneli iyo, vidre ingliselebisaTvis. germanelebisa da italielebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo saerTod ar arsebobda. SeiZleba, prusias Seesrulebina es roli, magram es aSkarad ara-damakmayofilebeli da sadavo iyo. italiis SemTxvevaSi ki aseTic araferi moiZebneboda, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac antiklerikaluri nacionalizmi italiis erT eqstensiu-ri instituts, papobas daupirispirda. istorikosebs uwevdaT nacionaluri istoriis sxva CarCoebis moZebna, magaliTad, erovnuli kulturis an `sulis~, romlebic Znelad Tavsdeba istoriis narativSi, aseve politikuri da samxedro RonisZiebebis formatSi. Tumca, am istorikosebisaTvis dasayrdenis rols asrulebda ramdenime instituti (ro-mis saRvTo imperia, italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebi) da gangrZobadi `nacionaluri~ arse-

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boba miwaTmflobelobaSi, urbanul marTvasa da saeklesio saqmeebSi. rodesac saqme mid-geboda damorCilebul kulturul jgufebze dafuZnebul nacionalizmze, nacionaluri istoriis mamoZravebeli Zala kidev ufro bundovani xdeboda. Tumca, imis gancda, rom ers unda hqondes istoria, niSnavda, rom uimedo masala saTanado formas miiRebda.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania uwyvetoba Tavad eri-saxelmwifos arsebobaSi. revoluci-ebi ara marto angreven warsulis xedvas, maT SeiZleba mohyves arsebuli universitete-bis, skolebisa da sxva institutebis `wmenda~, rogorc, magaliTad, 1945 wlis Semdeg ev-ropis did nawilSi komunizmis mier Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebisas da adreul 1990-ian wlebSi misive kolafsis Semdeg. amas mohyveba samecniero da popularuli istoriis in-terpretaciis CarCos wyveta. magaliTad, aRmosavleTgermaneli istorikosebis swrafma marginalizebam 1990 wlis Semdeg daaCqara germanuli warsulis marqsistuli xedvis

ukugdeba, Tumca, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es isedac moxdeboda (Fulbrook, 1997). eri-saxelmwifos, rogorc `sacavis~ es uwyvetobebi muSaobda istoriuli refleqsi-

is doneze. sxva safexurze `sacavis~ gancda dakavSirebulia rutinizaciasTan; eri-sa-xelmwifo ganixileba rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianobis, socialuri da kulturuli sa-kiTxebis yovlismomcveli CarCos uzrunvelmyofi. es argumenti naTlad Camoayaliba bi-

ligma (Billig, 1995) wignSi banaluri nacionalizmis Sesaxeb. rogorc biligi aRniSnavs, es ar aris ara imdenad is droSa, romelsac amayad atarebs patriotTa jgufi, ramdenadac droSa, romelic nebismier samTavrobo Senobasa da skolaze frialebs. es aris implici-turi kontrasti `Cvensa~ da `maTs~ Soris, da ara nacionaluri istoriis SemuSavebuli eqsplicituri Txroba. kultura, rogorc ernest gelnerma aRniSna, niSnavs imas, rom ar giwevdes fiqri, an, rogorc nicSe ambobs:

WeSmaritebebi iluziebia, romelTa iluziuri buneba daviwyebulia; meta-forebi, romlebic gacvda, romelTac dakarges zegavlena da axla moqmedeben, rogorc, ubralod, metali da ara rogorc monetebi.

es aris banaluri nacionalizmis buneba, romelic Zalas aZlevs mas. rodesac kriziss `cxeli~ nacionalizmis (rogorc biligi uwodebs) aRorZineba mohyveba, aqac moiZebneba argumenti da azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, maSinac ki, Tu banaluri nacionalizmi wveT-wveTad qmnis `cxeli~ nacionalizmis safuZvels.

`warsulis es xedva~, dakavSirebuli eris naturalizebul xedvasTan, ar yalibdeba iRebs mkafio istoriuli argumentis saxiT. amgvar Sexedulebas argumenti yvelaze nak-lebad sWirdeba. nacvlad amisa, ingliseloba ukavSirdeba ara politikur sferos, ara-med, magaliTad, inglisur sauzmes, romlis Sesaxebac o’konori wers. erTiani narativis nacvlad, Cvens xelT aris xatebi da zedapiruli STabeWdilebebi, magaliTad, jorj oru-

elis (George Orwell), jon bejemenis (John Betjeman) an T.s. eliotis (T.S Eliot). amgvari xatebi fragmentuli da cvalebadia, isini dRes naklebad sarwmunoa, vidre maSin, roca Seiqmna

(1940-ianebSi). rodesac 1990-ianebSi jon meijorma (John Major) laparaki daiwyo Tbil ludze, kriketsa da bindSi velosipediT moseirne Sinaberebze, pasuxad ufro dacinva miiRo, vidre pativiscema. rogorc ki es xatebi ganxilvisa da kamaTis sagnad iqceva, isini kargaven Zalas. aseT `naturalur~, `arapolitikur~ xatebs, TiTqos, aranairi kavSiri ar aqvT nacionalizmTan — Tu maT aRviqvamT, rogorc raRac xmaurians, aqtiursa da sakama-

Tos, rac xSirad warmoadgens nacionalizmis alternativas (Echternkamp, 2002). aseTi xatebi ganamtkiceben TavdacviTs, `SigniT mayurebel~ nacionalizms, romel-

zec gildea saubrobs safrangeTSi Catarebuli referendumis mier evropeizmis uaryo-fis axsnis mcdelobisas. es axsna ekonomikuri politikis pragmatul SiSze ufro Rrmad midis. vfiqrobT, raRac msgavsis povna SeiZleba dasavleT evropis nebismier qveyanasa da


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msoflios sxva ganviTarebul nawilebSi, sadac awuxebT masobrivi imigracia an gamowve-vebi — dabali xelfasebidan dawyebuli, umuSevrobis maRali maCvenebliT damTavrebuli. manugeSebeli banalobebi da xatebi SiSisa da eqskluziis gasamarTleblad iqceva xolme.

Semajamebeli punqtebi

axal er-saxelmwifoebSi master narativebis kostruirebis meSveobiT opoziciuri nacionalizmis mier SemuSavebuli istoriuli xedvidan, romelic mimarTuli iyo kul-turuli ganaxlebisa da politikuri avtonomiis mopovebisaken, Camoyalibebul er-sa-xelmwifoebSi banaluri nacionalizmis xatebis upirobo miRebamde grZeli da rTuli gzaa gasavleli. am gzis dasasrulisaTvis mcire azriRa rCeba ìstoriisaTvis~, romelic orientirebulia erTobaze da mxardaWerilia universalitebisa Tu nacionalisturi moZraobebis mier. es gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa am moZraobaTagan gansakuTrebiT utopiur-Ta — komunizmis, faSizmisa da antikoloniuri nacionalizmis — damarcxebis Semdeg, ro-melTac Tan sdevda masobrivi Zaladoba. fukuiamam (1992) daufiqrebeli gabeduleba ga-moiCina, roca, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, hegelze dayrdnobiT, ìstoriis dasas-ruli~ dawera. magram ùtopia~ realoba aRmoCnda, ramdenadac arsebuli kapitalizmi, liberaluri demokratia, iseve rogorc zomieri triumfalizmis grZnoba, daqveiTda.

dRes nacionalizmi negatiuri konotaciis Semcveli sityvaa. vinc xazs usvams eris Rirebulebebsa da erovnuli warsuliT siamayes, sxva saxelebs eZeben — magaliTad, pat-riotizms da samSoblos. axla opoziciuri moZraobebi, eTnikuri an erovnuli gansxvave-bebis nacvlad, aqcents akeTeben adamianis uflebebsa da demokratiul institutebze, acnobiereben ra im enaze saubris saWiroebas, romelic yvelaze misaRebia saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobisaTvis. Tumca, amave dros, isini xSirad saubroben imaze, rom erebis an eTnikuri jgufebis uflebebi irRveva da isini moklebuli arian demokratiuli monawi-leobis saSualebas. eris/naciis cneba kvlav fokusirebulia kulturul Rirebulebebsa da politikur uflebebze.

zogierTi analitikosi Tvlis, rom globalizacia da evrokavSiris msgavsi suprae-rovnuli institutebi Slian nacionalizms da TandaTan aRmofxvrian mas. Tu Seiqmneba awmyosa da momavlis gansxvavebuli, aranacionaluri xedva, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es aseve migviyvans warsulis aranacionalur gaazrebamde. istoriuli kvlevis sferoSi amis niSnebi SeimCneva. ganaxlebuli msoflio istoria aRar emyareba civilizaciaTa aR-mavlobis ideas, romelic `dasavleTis aRzevebiT~ dagvirgvinda. globaluri qselebi da transnacionaluri kavSirebi ganixileba rogorc xangrZlivi istoriis mqone movlenebi da ara rogorc bolo drois cvlilebebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen didi xnis win Seq-mnil naciebze. muSavdeba regionuli, lokaluri da `mikro-istoriebi~. ufro metic, es istoriebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia, magaliTad, specifikur sazogadoebebze Sore-uli migraciebis gavlenisa da erovnuli sazRvrebis gadamkveTi regionuli kavSirebis kvleviT. Tavad nacionalizmi da eri-saxelmwifos formireba aRiqmeba ara rogorc TviTkmari istoriebis seria, aramed rogorc lokaluri da globaluri Zalebis urTier-Tqmedebis Sedegi. istorikosebisaTvis, romelTa kvlevis sagania masobrivi migraciebi, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri istoria da garemo, warsulis nacionalur xedvas mcire Ri-rebuleba aqvs.

Tumca, arsebobs bevri sawinaaRmdego argumenti, romelic amtkicebs, rom naciona-lizmisa da eri-saxelmwifos ugulebelyofa aseTi advili ar iqneba. eri-saxelmwifo rCeba Zlevamosil institutad. bevri amtkicebs, rom swored eri-saxelmwifos ganmtki-ceba aniWebs mas demokratiul legitimurobas, romelsac verc erTi gamowveva ver Seed-

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reba (Calhoun, 2007). misi warmateba damajereblobas aniWebs missave istoriul TviTaR-qmas. is faqti, rom saistorio mwerlobis profesionalizacia eri-saxelmwifos Camoya-libebisa da Rrmad gamokvleuli, safuZvlianad argumentirebuli master narativebis konstruirebis paralelurad mimdinareobda, arTulebs warsulis amgvari xedvis ngre-

vas (Berger, 1999). akademiuri istorikosebis umravlesoba umetes qveynebSi agrZelebs sa-kuTari qveynis istorikosad yofnas. maSinac ki, roca istorikosebi msjeloben kritiku-lad da antinacionalisturad, isini amas akeTeben erovnuli warsulis sxvadasxva xedvis warmodgeniT da ara misgan gamijvniT. rogorc gildea aCvenebs, TviT im azrsac ki, rom nacionalizmi SeiZleba gadailaxos, SeuZlia nacionalizmis axali talRa warmoSvas. na-cionaluris naturalizacia mas argumentebisa da uaryofis miRma ayenebs.

warsulis nacionaluri xedvebi pirobiTi da konstruirebulia, mudmivad icvleba diplomatiuri da samxedro konfliqtebis Sedegebis, socialur da ekonomikur struq-turebSi momxdari cvlilebebis, istorikosebis mier gamoyenebuli idiomebisa da meTo-debis Sesabamisad. isinic sakamaToa, rogorc konfliqtur nacionalizmTan mimarTebaSi da `igive~ nacionalizmis farglebSi. magram es ar niSnavs, rom yvela amgvari istoriuli Txroba araferia, garda nacionalisturi politikis ideologiuri anareklisa. mecnie-ruli da obieqturi istoriuli muSaoba unda daiwyos kiTxvis dasmiT, Tvalsazrisis Ca-moyalibebiTa da meTodebis dadgeniT. mniSvnelovania is, Tu ramdenad uSvebs kiTxva, Tvalsazrisebi da meTodebi safuZvliani da dasabuTebuli mtkicebulebis gamoyenebas. magram, xSirad nabiji safuZvliani istoriuli argumentidan ideologiur mtkicebisaken idgmeba da saWiroa yuradRebiT Seswavla imisa, Tu rodis da rogor keTdeba es.

rogoric ar unda iyos konkretuli istoriuli naSromis xarisxi, arsebobs ufro farTo CarCo, romelSic isaa Seqmnili. es CarCo aris `drois Tavmoyris~, warsulis, aw-myosa da momavlis dakavSirebis esa Tu is forma. axal droSi Camoyalibda gansxvavebuli CarCo, romelic istorias xedavda rogorc progresisken mimarTul, erTian, sekularul Zalas. nacionalistebma uaryves am gagebis universalisturi forma da is nacionalur istorias moarges. amitom mniSvnelovani gaxda master narativis formiT warmodgenili WeSmariti erovnuli istoriis gageba da misi dakavSireba dRevandelobasa da momavlis xedvasTan. warsulis am nacionalisturma konstruqciebma bevri sxvadasxva forma miiRo; isini Seicvala opoziciidan eri-saxelmwifos formirebaSi gadasvlidan da eri-saxel-mwifos Semdgomi stabiluri arsebobidan gamomdinare. aseTi erovnuli konstruqciebi, adreuli utopiuri asociaciebis uaryofis pirobebSic, rogorc Cans, kvlav inarCuneben mTavar adgils akademiur, politikur da popularul diskursSi.

Targmna da referati moamzada TamTa sixaruliZem

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avtorebi

nino qimeriZe, asocirebuli profesori, evropuli enebis da literaturis instituti, germanuli filologiis departamenti, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

nino kereseliZe, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis doqtoranti, sent endrius universiteti, didi britaneTi

nino daraselia, asocirebuli profesori, evropuli enebis da literaturis instituti, inglisuri filologiis departamenti, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

lado vardosaniZe, profesori, arqiteqtor-urbanisti, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

manana javaxiSvili, asocirebuli profesori, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti

nino mgalobliSvili, doqtoranti, kulturis kvlevaTa instituti, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

nunu kapanaZe, asocirebuli profesori, evropuli enebis da literaturis instituti, germanuli filologiis departamenti, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

Targmani

jon brili, nacionalizmisa da eTnikurobis profesori, londonis ekonomikisa da politikis mecnierebaTa skola

TamTa sixaruliZe, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studenti

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AUTHORS

Nino Kimeridze, Associate Professor, Institute of European Languages and literature, Department of German Philology, Iv.javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Nino Kereselidze, PhD Candidate in International Relations, University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom Nino Daraselia, Associate Professor, Institute of European Languages and literature, Department of English

Philology, Iv.javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Lado Vardosanidze, Professor, Architect, Urbanist, Technical University of Georgia Manana Javakhishvili, Associate Professor, Ilia State University Nino Mgaloblishvili, PhD Candidate, Institute of Cultural Studies, Iv.Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Nunu Kapanadze, Associate Professor, Institute of European Languages and literature, Department of German Philology, Iv.javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Translation

John Breuilly, Professor of Ethnicity and Nationalism, London School of Economics and Political Science Tamta Sikharulidze, Student, Iv.Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

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