Create More Sustainable and Resilient

Infrastructure

建设更可持续的高弹持能力的基础设施

John Crittenden

11/7/2016 ● 2

消除贫穷

可持续城市和市区

减少不平等

廉洁清洁能源

清洁饮水和卫生设施

性别平等

优质教育

健康与幸福

工业，创新和基础设施

体面的工作和经济增长

消除饥饿

和平，正义和强大的机构

陆地生物

水下生物

气候行动

实践目标的伙伴关系

可持续发展目标

负责任的消费和生产

11/7/2016 ● 5

• With 1 billion people using 78 Gt of materials, 13.4 Gtoe of energy, 3,906 Gm3 of water and emitting 10.3 Gt of Carbon per year globally to produce 71,000 G$ GDP, a shift of scale and paradigm is needed to address the issues of global sustainability.

• From an egalitarian point of view, we should increase this by a factor of 9 for 9 billion people in 2050, if every one has the same life style and uses today's technologies.

• 地球上的十亿城市人口每年正消耗着7800 亿吨资源、近4 万亿立方米的水、1340 亿吨原油当量的能源并产生 1030 亿吨的碳排放。从平等主义的角度来讲，如果2050 年世界人口增加至90 亿人，在相同的基础设施公共服务下，能源与资源消耗量将会是现在的九倍。

Carbon emissions

(Gt/yr)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Population (Total) Material Use (Gt/yr) Energy Use (ton ofoil equivalent)

Carbon from FossilFuels (Gt/yr)

Water Use (100Km^3/yr)

Passenger Cars(Total number of

units)

×10

9(G

IGA

-O

R B

ILLI

ON

)

renewable

non-renewable

7.4 billion

78 billion 28% renewable; 78 cu km;

13.4 billion18% renewable

~10 billion

3,906 billion m3

43% of available fresh water

1 billion

Carbon emissions (Gt/yr)

11/7/2016 ● 6

China’s Infrastructure Challenge中国基础设施面临的挑战

5 billion square meters of road will be paved

将会铺设50亿平方米的马路

170 mass-transit systems could be built

将会建设170个公共交通系统

40 billion square meters of floor space will be built in five million buildings

500万栋建筑将会建设超过400亿平方米的地面

Build between 700 and 900 Gigawatts of new power capacity

建设700到900兆瓦电厂能力

By 2025 到2025年:

11/7/2016 ● 8

Engineered System of Systems Vision: Improve the quality of life, human welfare, and the environment by providing design guidance for integrated sustainable, and resilient infrastructure.

愿景城市设计包括了：低影响开发（海绵城市）；智能交通；绿色建筑；可再生能源等Credit: http://www.terreform.org/

通过将城市各功能基础设施系统化，提高有限资源和能源的使用效率；为城市居民提供更宜居更舒适的生活环境的同时，减少城市基础设施在运行过程中对环境的影响；为未来建造可持续的、高弹持能力的基础设施提供设计和建议。

11/7/2016 ● 9

State of the Art: Integration has not yet come to infrastructure现状： 系统集成目前还没有被用于基础设施Solution: System of Systems Engineering Approach解决方案：城市各功能基础设施系统化

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11/7/2016 ● 10

• Infrastructure Ecology views the city as a complex adaptive ecosystem composed of physical, material, and human infrastructures. Our team will reorder this ‘system of systems’ to reduce energy and resource flows, and drive the creation of infrastructure to increase wealth and comfort, while fostering sustainable, equitable, and resilient cities.

New Transdiscipline --- Infrastructure Ecology新型交叉学科 --- 基础设施生态学

• 布鲁克贝尔可持续发展研究院的研究团队以基础设施生态学为理论基础，通过复杂的系统工程分析方法，整合不同的技术和管理措施优化水、能源、交通和土地利用之间的关联性，实现能源和资源的高效利用，在保证基础设施正常运转且促进社会经济发展的同时，降低基础设施系统对环境的影响。

11/7/2016 ● 12

GigatechnologyGigatech: The largest infrastructures in which humans manipulate matter and energy.Giga技术：人类目前运行、维护的最大的基础设施

BIG SCIENCE: Gigatechnology is a newly integrative and use-inspired science committed to the study of the interconnections and interdependencies among very large systems, and the properties that emerge from these interactions.

Engineering

Design & Planning

Computational Science

& Engineerin

gPolicy

Social Science

Environmental &

Climate Sciences

我们都知道纳米nanotechnology，是用单个原子、分子制造物质的科学技术，研究结构尺寸在1 至100 纳米范围内材料的性质和应用。同理Gigatechnologies，研究对象单位范围在10 亿级或千兆级以上，代表着人类创造的最大的工程系统—基础设施，包括：交通运输、能源供应、供水排水、邮电通信、环保环卫、食品供应。但是，Gigatechnology 不仅仅是设计、建造以及运行维护这些基础设施系统。更为重要的是，研究并理解这些大型的系统与系统之间的关联性、复杂性和协同关系，以及它们对人类社会、经济和自然环境系统的影响。

环境和气候科学

工程学

城市设计和规划

计算机工程

政策分析

社会科学

11/7/2016 ● 14

We Can Build Infrastructures that: 我们可以建造：

(1) Are More Sustainable and Resilient 更可持续的高弹持能力的基础设施

(2) Create More Wealth and Comfort创造更多的财富和舒适度

But How? 但是怎么做？

11/7/2016 ● 15

Engineered Urban Infrastructures城市基础设施管理

Buildings

Ener

gy Water

Smog

Global Warming

Community

EconomyQuality of Life

Good | UndesirableEmergent Properties | Emergent Properties

Flooding

Waste

Manage Infrastructures as a Whole for Better Future整体化管理城市基础设施

好处

社区福利

更好地生活质量

经济增长

全球变暖

洪水

烟雾

坏处

Water, Nutrient Recovery, Energy

Recovery, Recreation, Heat Island

Mitigation, Air Quality Improvement and

Transportation

Low Impact Development (Reducing Storm Water Runoff, Erosion and Surface Water Contamination) -LID Best Management Practices (BMPs)

Interdependency between Water Infrastructure and Socio-Economic Environment

Source: Philadelphia Water Department (2009) Philadelphia combined sewer overflow long term control plant update, supplemental document volume 2; Triple bottom line analysis

Philadelphia case– LID (low impact development) options instead of

storage tunnel for CSO (combined sewer overflow) control in watershed areas;

– Total net benefit over the 40-year projection : 2 billion (LID for 25 % runoff), 4.5 billion (LID for 100 % runoff), 2009 USD.

Advance Planning Group

Xiamen Transit-Oriented Development| Xiamen, China

11/7/2016 ● 22

Advance Planning Group

Xiamen Transit-Oriented Development| Xiamen, China

11/7/2016 ● 23

Advance Planning Group

Xiamen Transit-Oriented Development| Xiamen, China

Same Size Waste Water Treatment Plant

Smaller Flow, More Concentrated; Smaller Plant: Better energy and nutrient recovery.

Water Flows with LID and Grey Water Reclamation:2-story Apartment in Atlanta, GA (Gal/Capita-day)

Smaller Water

Treatment Plant

Potential of off-grid water

supply

Water & Wastewater• Stormwater

management• Stormwater treatment• Water recharge

Social Benefits• Well-being• Public health• Property values• Urban gardens

Green Infrastructure

• Rainwater• Surface water• Groundwater• Reclaimed water

Water Resources• Storm sewers• Combined sewers• Wastewater systems

Wastewater/Stormwater

System-based Benefits of LID Best Management Practices

Reduced/Delayed FlowWater Retained/Slowedby Green Infrastructure

Enables:• Energy Efficiency and

Recovery (reduces energy demand)

• Nutrient Recovery (can be utilized for green infrastructure projects)

More Concentrated Wastewater

• Pedestrian walkways• Cycling

Transportation Infrastructure

Can EnhanceOther Infrastructures

• Urban agriculture

Food Infrastructure

• Reduced heat island

Energy Infrastructure

Transportation, Land Use, Water

Water for Mobility Network: Metro Atlanta, 2010 and 2030 Conditions

Source: Jeffrey Yen (2011) A system model for assessing water consumption across transportation modes in urban mobility networks, Masters thesis

The Impact of the Hierarchy of Transportation Network On Land Development and Transportation Carbon Emissions

3,258 Person Per Square Mile1.07 metric ton per capita per year

Structural Fractal Dimension = 2.80

1,378 Person Per Square Mile1.52 metric ton per capita per year

Structural Fractal Dimension = 3.36

The geometric form of road network is similar between Washington DC and Atlanta. The difference in the hierarchy of transportation network accounts for 30% of density difference and 20% of carbon difference between Washington DC and Atlanta.

0.60000.80001.00001.20001.40001.6000

2.400 2.800 3.200 3.600 4.000

Car

bon

Per C

apita

(M

etric

tons

2005

)

Structural Fractal Dimension

2 miles

42% More Water For Transportation!

The Connection between Autonomous Vehicles, Green Space and Water80% penetration of

autonomous vehicles

28% of the cars we have today

At least 72% reduction in parking space

24.7% reduction of impervious area and stormwater runoff

Additional 17% of city land for green space and

stormwater management

Energy and Water

Recapturing Lost Heat in Combined Heat & Power System

Air-cooled Microturbine

Absorption Chiller

Electricity

Heating

Cooling

Decentralized Energy Production at Perkins + Will, Atlanta Office

• Air Cooled Microturbines are used to for heating and cooling using Absorption Chillers and supply 40% of the total electricity.

Adsorption Chiller 65 kW Microturbine Perkins+Will Office Building

Water Reduction: >50%CO2 Reduction: 15 - 40%NOX Reduction: ~90%

Adding Distributed Generation as part of the Grid:

Water as a Heat Source: False Creek Neighborhood Energy Utility Vancouver, BC

Sewage heat recovery supplies 70% of annual energy demand and reduces GHG emission by 50%

Agriculture: Urban Farming

Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) Hydroponic Indoor Farms vs. Traditional Field

Growth CEA Fresh Farms Romaine

(Local Grown, Georgia)Filed-Growth Romaine

(California)

Land Requirements 20 Acres 620 Acres

Leafy Green Production Yields Per Year 33 Million Heads 33 Million Heads

Fossil Fuel used during Growth Cycle (not including crop transport) 200 Gallons equiv. Diesel 3,720 Gallons Diesel

Food Miles 100 miles/truckload 2,577 miles/truckloadFossil Fuel to Transport 100 Miles or CA

to Local Markets 22,200 Gallons Diesel 571,000 Gallons Diesel

Carbon Footprint 3,000 metric ton CO2 12,000 metric ton CO2

Fresh Water used during Growth Cycle 1.2 Gallons per Head 9-42 Gallons per Head

Fresh Water Used to Wash Lettuce per heat for market 0.7 One Water per Head 2.5 Three Washings per Head

Total Fresh Water Annually 64 Million Gallons 0.3-1.5 Billion GallonsTime from Harvest to Market 6-12 Hours 4-7 Days

Source: CEA Capital HoldingsCaveat: CEA have not build the farms at scale. The optimistic yields and operational parameters need verification.

[13] D. Despommier, The Rise of Vertical Farms, Sci. Am. (2009) 80 – 87. http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v301/n5/box/scientificamerican1109-80_BX3.html (accessed December 6, 2015).[14] M. Al-Chalabi, Vertical farming: Skyscraper sustainability?, Sustain. Cities Soc. 18 (2015) 74–77. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2015.06.003.[15] SkyGreens, Singapore - http://www.skygreens.com/[16] VertiCrop, Vancouver, CA - http://www.verticrop.com/[17] Farmed Here, Chicago, IL - http://farmedhere.com/

[16]

[17]

Vertical FarmingWhat is Vertical Farming:• Produce grown in racks with natural or artificial light• Hydroponic or Aquaponic

Produce: leafy greens, fruits, vegetables, microgreens• Claim 90 - 97% less water• Serve local regions → smaller carbon footprint from

transportation• 75% less labor• Smaller impact on land use• Grow year-round

Current Investigations:• Production capacity• Nutrient, Energy, Emissions, and Water (NEEW) Flows• Economic viability• Impact on urban system resilience and sustainability• Relationship with food supply and availability

[15]

Water, Energy, Cost and Air Quality

11/7/2016 ● 49

Big Data for Social Decision and Urban Complexity Modeling

基于社会导向和城市系统复杂度模型的大数据分析

Topic Modeling

Collect收集

•Social Media社交媒体

•Blogs博客

•Twitter推特

•News新闻

•Product Reviews产品评价

Analyze分析

•Enrich and prepare social media content with metadata丰富并尽量收集海量数据

Modeling建模

•Agent-based urban model and visualizationAGI建模

SPATIAL DATABASES FOR URBAN MODELING - 1

The SMARTRAQ project

Supports research on land use

impact on transportation and air

quality

1.3 million parcels in the 13

metropolitan Atlanta non-

attainment counties

RESIN Meeting Sept. 24, 2009

SMARTRAQ DATA AND ATTRIBUTES Address Road Type City Zip Code Owner Occupied Commercial/Residenti

al Zoning Sale Price Sale Date Tax Value Assessed Value Improvement Value Land Value Year Built No. of Stories Bedrooms Parking Acreage

Land Use Type Number of Units X,Y Coordinate

Estimated Sq Feet

Total Sq Feet

11/7/2016 ●

Impact of CCHP on Two urban Growth Scenarios: A Case study of Atlanta不同城市扩张形式下分布式能源对环境的影响：亚特兰大案例

正常城市扩张 紧凑型城市扩张

Reference Case:参照

BAU with no CCHP forboth new and existingbuilding正常城市扩张，并且没有分布式能源的情况下。

RetrofitImprovements provided to new andexisting buildings （before 2005）对新的及现有建筑的分布式能源系统改造(2005年之前)

MCG no CCHP BAU with CCHP MCG with CCHP

CO2 <1% 49% 49%

NOx <1% 60% 64%

Water Consumption 12% 78% 78%

Reduction of Impact Compared to the Reference Case

Emergent Property: Ozone in ATL

Credit: Ted Russel

11/7/2016 ● 57

Synergistic Effects of “InfrastructureEcology”基础设施生态的系统协同效应

11/7/2016 ● 58

Multidisciplinary Decision Optimization

多学科领域研究系统优化

• Looking to identify the optimum combinations of technologies for given objectives找到最佳的绿色技术组合方案

• Identify interactions among Water-Energy-Transportation infrastructures研究并明确水-能源-交通等基础设施之间的协同关系

11/7/2016 ● 67

Georgia Tech Clough Undergraduate Learning Commons学生中心

11/7/2016 ● 68

Green roof garden绿色屋顶花园

Landscape paving design reduces island heat effect特殊景观设计降低热岛效应

Smart lighting systems智能灯光系统

1.4 million gallon cistern140万加仑蓄水箱

89% projected waterreuse水会用率89%

Solar array太阳能电池组

Radiant floor heatingsystems辐射采暖地面

Fully enhanced measurement and verification program完善

的测量检验体系

Locally sourced materials建材使用当地材料

39 species of native plants used for landscaping39种当地植物的景观设计

Rooftop design maximizes watercollection利于雨水收集的屋顶设计

360 photovoltaic panels produced by Suniva360个太阳能发电板

30 solar thermal panels30太阳热能板

Sustainability at Clough Commons

11/7/2016 ● 72

Advance Planning Group

Tsinghua Finance + Sci-Tech Park Master Plans | Changchun, China

11/7/2016 ● 73

Advance Planning Group

Tsinghua Finance + Sci-Tech Park Master Plans | Changchun, China

This new innovation district will be a financial ecosystem creating a diverse, resilient cycle of environment and enterprise, culture and commerce. The TsinghuaFinancial District will become one of the first cutting-edge Innovation Districts in China. Surrounding the confluence of activity will be innovative businesses andinstitutions transitioning to hospitality and mixed-use development. The proposed walkable urbanism intends to mitigate the project’s impact on the localenvironment and the Yitong River watershed.

MASTER PLAN概念总规设计Changchun, China中国鑖擼Size 53.1 hectares 占地53.1公顷