critical reflection
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Critical Reflection. Divergent Cultures. William Kwok Enoch Ng Ainsley Hart Axel Durand-Smet Mahmoud Abu Hannoud Martina Nikic. Introduction to cross-cultural analysis Comparative analysis of assigned articles Contribution of other articles Hofstede’s Value Dimensions - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Critical Reflection
William KwokEnoch NgAinsley HartAxel Durand-SmetMahmoud Abu HannoudMartina Nikic
Divergent Cultures
1) Introduction to cross-cultural analysis2) Comparative analysis of assigned articles3) Contribution of other articles4) Hofstede’s Value Dimensions5) Importance of Hofstede’s model6) Improvements of Hofstede’s model7) Relation to Factbook – Banking Industry
Table of Contents
Introduction to cross-cultural analysis
• Also known as comparative analysis.• Crucial for identifying aspects of human culture.• Can aid in understanding of individual traits.• Statistical cross-cultural comparisons can be used to discovertraits shared between cultures.
Comparative analysis of assigned articles
1980
• Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
1988
• New value to Hofstede’s model (LTO)
1992
• Schwartz’ model
1993
• Trompenaars’ model
1999
• Improvement of Schwartz’ model
Contribution of other articles
• Importance of Hofstede’s theory and framework: Analysis of ethical policies in firms around the world
• Improvement of Schwartz’ methods: SVS PVQ
• Analysis within a culture: “Pancultural Analysis”• Location effect• Patterning effect
Contribution of other articles
Trompenaar Schwartz (PVQ)
Theories and Models
Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
Cultural Differences
Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
Individualism and
CollectivismMasculinity/
Feminity
Long-Term Orientation (Added in
1988)
Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
Source: http://geert-hofstede.com/switzerland.html
Importance of Hofstede’s model
• Many other theoretical models have been the product of Hofstede’s model.
• Provided numerous statistical results about culture.• Influenced Trompenaars’ model i.e. closeness of
collectivism vs. individualism of Hofstede and communitarianism vs. individualism of Trompenaars.
Improvements of Hofstede’s model – Trompenaar (1993)
CultureInner v. Outer directed
Universalism v. Particularism
Individualism v. Communitarism
Specific v. Diffuse
Affective v. Neutral
Achievement v. Ascription
Sequential v. Synchronic time
Improvements of Hofstede’s model – Schwartz (1992)
CulturePolar dimension
1
Openness to change Conservation
Polar dimension 2
Self-enhancement Self-transcendance
Improvements of Hofstede’s model – Schwartz (1999)
Culture
Polar dimension 1
Conservatism Intellectual Autonomy
Affective Autonomy
Polar dimension 2
Hierarchy Egalitarianism
Polar dimension 3
Mastery Harmony
Relation to Factbook – Banking Industry
Switzerland• Relatively risk averse• Score of 58 on Hofstede’s
scale.• Lower power distance• Score of 31 on Hofstede’s
scale.
Poland• More risk averse • Score of 93 on Hofstede’s
scale.• Higher power distance• Score of 68 on Hofstede’s
scale.
What effect will these differing scores have on how the banking sector operates in the different countries?
References
• A quarter century of Culture’s Consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s cultural values framework by Kirkman, Lowe and Gibson (2006)
• On the Empirical Identification of Dimensions for Cross-Cultural Comparisons by Leung and Bond (1989)
• Cultural Values and International Differences in Business Ethics by Scholtens and Dam (2007)
• A Theory of Cultural Values and Some Implications For Work by Schwartz (1999)
• Extending the Cross-Cultural Validity of the Theory of Basic Human Values with a Different Method of Measurement by Schwartz, Melech, Lehmann, Burgess, Harris and Owens (2001)
• National culture and the values of organizational employees: A dimensional analysis across 43 nations by Smith, Dugan and Trompenaars (1996)
THANK YOU