「持續發展」知多d (july 20 version).pdf

8/13/2019 D (July 20 version).pdf

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20 July 2012 20 July 2012

From a latent goal to a planned approachFrom a latent goal to a planned approach


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Definition of SustainabilityDefinition of Sustainability1.1. The capacity to The capacity to maintain servicemaintain service coverage at a level coverage at a level

that will provide continuing control of a specific that will provide continuing control of a specific domain of concerndomain of concern

2.2. The capacity of a project to continue to deliver its The capacity of a project to continue to deliver its intended intended benefitsbenefits over a long period of timeover a long period of time

3. 3. That the That the benefitsbenefits of the program is delivered for an of the program is delivered for an

extended period

of

time

after

funding

and

other

extended

period

of

time

after

funding

and

other

external support is terminatedexternal support is terminated

4.4. Institutionalization Institutionalization long term viability and long term viability and integration of the integration of the programprogram within an within an organisationorganisation

5.5. RoutinizationRoutinization /incorporation /incorporation the process by which the process by which new new programsprograms become standard businessbecome standard business

6.6. Community Community has the capacity (knowledge, skills and has the capacity (knowledge, skills and

resources) to carry out the programsresources) to carry out the programs


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Sustainability Sustainability

Outcome Outcome focusfocus

Program Program outcomes:outcomes:Benefits to Benefits to

individuals,individuals,groups, groups, families and families and

community community

Organization FocusOrganization FocusContinuation, Continuation,

institutionalization, institutionalization, routinizationroutinization , , incorporation, incorporation,

integration of integration of program program

Community Community FocusFocus

A process A process occurring at occurring at community community level where level where

there is thethere is thecapacity to capacity to implement implement

programsprograms


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MeasuresMeasures of sustainabilityof sustainabilityMeasuring continued benefits for individuals after theMeasuring continued benefits for individuals after theinitial program funding ends, particularly continuing toinitial program funding ends, particularly continuing toachieveachieve beneficial outcomesbeneficial outcomes among new consumers oramong new consumers or

other intended recipientsother intended recipientsInquiries concerning the continuation of programInquiries concerning the continuation of programactivities within an organization, often termedactivities within an organization, often termed

institutionalizationinstitutionalization oror routinizationroutinization , within an, within anorganizationorganization alal focus; andfocus; and

Questions about the continued capacity of aQuestions about the continued capacity of a communitycommunity

to develop and deliver health promotion programs,to develop and deliver health promotion programs,particularly relevant when the initial program workedparticularly relevant when the initial program workedvia a community coalition or other community capacityvia a community coalition or other community capacity --

developing process.developing process. ((ScheirerScheirer , 2005, US & Canada), 2005, US & Canada)


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Forms of sustainabilityForms of sustainability

SustainabilitySustainability a continuum of forms:a continuum of forms:

with similar activities and target groupswith similar activities and target groupswith similar activities and new targetwith similar activities and new targetgroupsgroups

with similar activities in a differentwith similar activities in a differentlocation or communitylocation or community

with new activities and the same targetwith new activities and the same targetgroups, building on the previous workgroups, building on the previous work((SavayaSavaya ,, ElsworthElsworth & Rogers, 2009)& Rogers, 2009)


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PredictorsPredictors of Sustainability of Social Programsof Sustainability of Social Programs((SavayaSavaya & Spiro, 2012)& Spiro, 2012)

Project:Project: Overall funding by the main funding Overall funding by the main funding

agency agency

Years received

support

Years received support Diversity of funding sourcesDiversity of funding sources Diversity of nonfinancial supportDiversity of nonfinancial support Fundraising strategiesFundraising strategies Staff quality and commitmentStaff quality and commitment Project leadersProject leaders quality and quality and

commitmentcommitment Quality of project Quality of project

Project effectivenessProject effectiveness

Auspice organization: Auspice organization:Size of project in relation to sizeSize of project in relation to sizeof organizationof organization

Project as organizational flagshipProject as organizational flagshipCommitment of organizationCommitment of organization ssmanagement to the projectmanagement to the project

OrganizationOrganization s qualitiess qualities

ChampionsChampions

Community:Community:Community involvement in andCommunity involvement in andperceptions of the projectperceptions of the project

PatronsPatrons

Perceived helpfulness of communityPerceived helpfulness of communityinvolvementinvolvement

Main Funding Body:Main Funding Body:FunderFunder s involvement in ands involvement in andcommitment to the projectcommitment to the project

Portion of total project costPortion of total project cost

covered by fundercovered by funder


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Model of communityModel of community --basedbased

program sustainabilityprogram sustainability((Mancini &Mancini & MarekMarek , 2004), 2004)


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ProjectProject

Project leadersProject leaders quality and commitmentquality and commitmentLeaders clearly established the projectLeaders clearly established the project s missions missionand visionand vision

Leaders planned within the first 2 years forLeaders planned within the first 2 years forsustaining the projectsustaining the project

Leaders continue planning for sustainabilityLeaders continue planning for sustainability

Leaders developed and followed a realistic projectLeaders developed and followed a realistic projectplanplan

Leaders have identified alternative strategies forLeaders have identified alternative strategies forproject survivalproject survival (Mancini &(Mancini & MarekMarek , 2004), 2004)

Clear definition and logic (Clear definition and logic ( SavayaSavaya and Spiro,and Spiro,2012)2012)


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Staff quality and commitmentStaff quality and commitment

Staff are involved in program designStaff are involved in program designStaff are involved in project decision makingStaff are involved in project decision making

Staff are committed to the project mission, vision,Staff are committed to the project mission, vision,and goalsand goals

Staff are qualified to work on the projectStaff are qualified to work on the project (Mancini &(Mancini &MarekMarek , 2004), 2004)

Staff not assigned to the project were involved inStaff not assigned to the project were involved initit ((SavayaSavaya and Spiro, 2012)and Spiro, 2012)

ProjectProject


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ProjectProject

Strategic fundingStrategic fundingCurrent funding is sufficient for project operationsCurrent funding is sufficient for project operations

Funding is available on a longFunding is available on a long --term basis (at least 2 more years)term basis (at least 2 more years)

There is adequate funding for hiring and retaining qualityThere is adequate funding for hiring and retaining qualitystaff (Mancini &staff (Mancini & MarekMarek , 2004), 2004)

Amount of initial fundingAmount of initial funding

Diversity of funding resourcesDiversity of funding resources

Diversity of nonfinancial supportDiversity of nonfinancial support

Fundraising:Fundraising: policticalpolictical / direct/ marketing / direct/ marketing

No. of fundraising strategies employedNo. of fundraising strategies employed ((SavayaSavaya and Spiro,and Spiro,2012)2012)

The nature of the original sources of financingThe nature of the original sources of financing

Low cost, use volunteers (Low cost, use volunteers ( ScheirerScheirer , 2005), 2005)


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ProjectProjectDemonstrating program resultsDemonstrating program results

Evaluation plans are developed prior toEvaluation plans are developed prior toimplementing programsimplementing programs

Project effectiveness is demonstrated throughProject effectiveness is demonstrated throughevaluationevaluation

Evaluations are conducted on a regular basisEvaluations are conducted on a regular basis

Evaluation results are used to modify programmingEvaluation results are used to modify programming

(Mancini &(Mancini & MarekMarek , 2004), 2004)

Project was innovative (Project was innovative ( SavayaSavaya and Spiro, 2012)and Spiro, 2012)Whether evaluation has documented effectivenessWhether evaluation has documented effectiveness

How long the program or innovation has existedHow long the program or innovation has existed

((ScheirerScheirer , 2005), 2005)


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ProjectProject

ProgramProgram responsivityresponsivityPrograms are eliminated when they doPrograms are eliminated when they do

not meet community needsnot meet community needsNew programs are developed whenNew programs are developed when

community needs changecommunity needs changeSites are consolidated as necessarySites are consolidated as necessary(Mancini &(Mancini & MarekMarek , 2004), 2004)

Whether the program is modifiable toWhether the program is modifiable tomeet local needs and conditions (meet local needs and conditions ( ScheirerScheirer ,,2005)2005)


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Community and environmentCommunity and environment

Effective collaborationEffective collaborationLocal decision makers are projectLocal decision makers are project

collaboratorscollaboratorsCommunity service agencies are projectCommunity service agencies are projectcollaboratorscollaborators

Collaborators are involved in programCollaborators are involved in programdesigndesignCollaborators are involved in programCollaborators are involved in program

implementationimplementationCollaborators are involved in programCollaborators are involved in programevaluationevaluation


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Effective collaborationEffective collaboration

Collaborators share responsibility forCollaborators share responsibility forproviding program resourcesproviding program resourcesCollaborators share credit for projectCollaborators share credit for project

successsuccessCollaborators have clearly defined rolesCollaborators have clearly defined rolesand responsibilitiesand responsibilities

There is a shared vision amongThere is a shared vision amongcollaboratorscollaboratorsTurf issues are resolved.Turf issues are resolved. (Mancini &(Mancini & MarekMarek ,,2004)2004)

Community and environmentCommunity and environment


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Community and EnvironmentCommunity and EnvironmentCommunity supportCommunity support

No. of patrons in communityNo. of patrons in community

Perceived helpfulness of community involvementPerceived helpfulness of community involvement((SavayaSavaya and Spiro, 2012)and Spiro, 2012)

Stability and favorability of external socioeconomicStability and favorability of external socioeconomic

and political factors:and political factors:Market forces impinging on an organizationMarket forces impinging on an organization

Legislation affecting the programLegislation affecting the programSupport from external community leadersSupport from external community leaders

The availability of funding and other resources asThe availability of funding and other resources as

inputs to the program (inputs to the program ( ScheirerScheirer , 2005), 2005)


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OrganizationOrganizationProject perceived as flagshipProject perceived as flagshipOrganization management ownership and supportOrganization management ownership and support

Project champion (Project champion ( SavayaSavaya and Spiro, 2012)and Spiro, 2012)

Whether the new program or innovation in congruent withWhether the new program or innovation in congruent withthe underlying mission and operating procedures of thethe underlying mission and operating procedures of theorganizationorganization

Strong existing capacity of the organizationStrong existing capacity of the organizationPerceived benefits to staff members and clients (Perceived benefits to staff members and clients ( ZcheirerZcheirer ,,2005):2005):

Anticipated continuation of auspice organizationAnticipated continuation of auspice organizationinvolvementinvolvement

Perceived effectiveness of auspice organization supportPerceived effectiveness of auspice organization support

((Savaya, Elsworth & Rogers , 20092009 ))


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Main Funding BodyMain Funding Body

Initial funderInitial funder s involvements involvement

Initial funderInitial funder s future orientations future orientationPortion of cost covered from initialPortion of cost covered from initial

funderfunder((SavayaSavaya and Spiro, 2012)and Spiro, 2012)


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(2004(2004 --2006):2006):

/ / -- (2005(2005 --2012):2012):

(2010(2010 --2012):2012): ((

/ / (2011(2011 --2014):2014):


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References:References:Mancini, J.A. &Mancini, J.A. & MarekMarek , L.I. (2004). Sustaining community based, L.I. (2004). Sustaining community based

programs for families.programs for families. Family Relations Family Relations , 53, 339, 53, 339 --347.347.

SavayaSavaya , R.,, R., ElsworthElsworth , G., & Rogers, P. (2009). Projected sustainability, G., & Rogers, P. (2009). Projected sustainabilityof innovative social programs.of innovative social programs. Evaluation Review Evaluation Review , 33, 189, 33, 189 --205.205.

SavayaSavaya , R. &, R. & SprioSprio , S.E. (2012). Predictors of sustainability of social, S.E. (2012). Predictors of sustainability of socialprograms.programs. American Journal of Evaluation American Journal of Evaluation , 33(1), 26, 33(1), 26 --43.43.

ScheirerScheirer

, M.A. (2005). Is sustainability possible? A review and, M.A. (2005). Is sustainability possible? A review and

commentary on empirical studies of program sustainability.commentary on empirical studies of program sustainability. American Journal of Evaluation American Journal of Evaluation , 26(3), 320, 26(3), 320 --347.347.

ShediacShediac --RizkallahRizkallah , M.C., & Bone, L.R. (1998). Planning for the, M.C., & Bone, L.R. (1998). Planning for the

sustainability of communitysustainability of community --based health programs: Conceptualbased health programs: Conceptualframeworks andframeworks and furturefurture directions for research, practice anddirections for research, practice andpolicy.policy. Health Education Research Health Education Research , 13, 87, 13, 87 --108.108.

「持續發展」知多d (july 20 version).pdf

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