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Employment Background Checks: Stopping Employee Fraud at the Point of Entry Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) 23rd Annual ACFE Fraud Conference and Exhibition June 17–22, 2012 — Orlando, FL Lester S. Rosen Attorney at Law Employment Screening Resources (ESR) www.ESRcheck.com [email protected] (c) 2012 Lester Rosen 1

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Page 1: Employment Background Checks: Stopping Employee · PDF fileEmployment Background Checks: Stopping Employee Fraud ... • He has qualified and testified as an expert in court ... is

Employment Background Checks: Stopping Employee Fraud

at the Point of Entry 

Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE)23rd Annual ACFE Fraud Conference and Exhibition

June 17–22, 2012 —Orlando, FL

Lester S. Rosen Attorney at Law

Employment Screening Resources (ESR)    [email protected]

(c) 2012 Lester Rosen 

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About the Speaker• Attorney Lester Rosen is Founder and CEO of Employment 

Screening Resources (ESR) —www.ESRcheck.com— a nationwide background screening firm accredited by the National Association of Professional Background Screeners (NAPBS®)

• He is a frequent speaker nationwide on the topics of background screening and due diligence

• He is the author of “The Safe Hiring Manual,” the first comprehensive guide to background screening and hiring

• He has qualified and testified as an expert in court cases and has testified before the California Legislature on laws relating to background checks

• He was chair of the steering committee that founded the NAPBS (www.napbs.com), and served as the first co‐chair

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Why “Due Diligence” is Mission Critical

• Employees are typically a firm’s greatest investment and largest cost

• Each hire also represents a large potential risk• Every employer has the obligation to exercise “Due Diligence” in hiring

• An employer that hires someone it either knew or should have known was dangerous, unfit, or unqualified for the work can be sued for negligent hiring

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The “Parade of Horribles”– Fraud, theft, and embezzlement– Statistical certainty that a firm that does not do screening will hire someone with unsuitable criminal record or false credential

– Workplace violence– Time wasted in recruiting, hiring, and training– Termination exposure– Fraudulent credentials: Up to 40% of resumes contain material lies or omissions about education, past jobs or qualifications

– Turnover costs—2 to 3 times their salary– Brand destruction—“just one bad apple”– Lost customers and workplace disruption

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Fraud and Embezzlement

• Issue: Embezzlers come disguised as your best employees• Trust is needed to have access to money (since embezzlement 

is a crime that is based upon an abuse of trust)• Background checks critical, but inadequate as a sole of line of 

defense in the absence of proper internal controls• Per 2012 ACFE Report to the Nations, most occupational 

fraudsters are first‐time offenders with clean employment histories

• Employers may want to consider ongoing screening to catch Red Flags that may occur during employment 

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Negligent Hiring Lawsuits Increasing and Employers Are at a Disadvantage

• Per California survey, employers lose 60% of negligent hiring cases with verdicts averaging about $3 million

• Average settlement is $500,000 plus attorney fees• Cases will normally have some sort of serious harm (death, assault, rape, sodomy, child molestation, theft, embezzlement, identity theft)

• Employers have the ability, duty, and resources to prevent harm through due diligence

• Jurors are often employees themselves• Unless employer has a compelling reason why injury not its fault, employers often lose

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What Defenses Could  an Employer Utilize?

• Successful defenses have been:

– Not foreseeable this would happen or too attenuated– There was nothing for a background check to reveal– We demonstrated due diligence but this hire fell through the cracks despite our best efforts

• Less successful defenses have been:

– Applicant lied on application form and fooled us– Too costly– We were a victim too of the criminal behavior– Other firms in our industry do not perform checks 

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Other Reasons for Safe Hiring

• What is the one question everyone will ask you if there is a bad hire?

• How much time do you have in addition to everything else you are doing to be involved in litigation?

• Certain industries have legal requirements• Under Sarbanes‐Oxley, arguably background checks are required as part of an environment of control under Sec. 404 for position involving access to financial data or IT 

• Strong evidence to suggest that if people lied their way into a job, they will be dishonest on the job

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Solution: A Safe Hiring Program

• The solution is a Safe Hiring Program

• Series of policies, practices, and procedures designed to minimize the probability of hiring a dangerous, questionable, or unqualified candidate

• Critical pre‐screening elements—Application, Interview, and Reference Checking—cost the employer nothing

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Basics of Screening

• S – Sources of information are public (e.g., criminal records) and private records, verification of credentials

• C – Consent in writing under Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) and state laws

• R – Rationale (Pre‐employment screening discourages applicants with something to hide, encourages honesty, demonstrates due diligence, and helps to hire based on facts and not just instinct)

• E – Even‐handed (similarly situated people treated similarly)• E – Effectiveness—No single tool can be relied on but need 

series of overlapping tools• N – Not an FBI check or Big Brother watching but a valuable 

due diligence employment tool

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1.  Not Screening —Gut Instinct Alone Insufficient

• Cannot always identify potentially bad hire by detecting lies at interview

• Studies show that even though people believe they can detect liars, only 50/50 chance at best

• Per recent study, even trained law enforcement officers and judges are generally only right a little more than about half the time

• Many applicants tell the lie so often it comes across naturally—they believe their own story

• Are body language, eyes, voice, etc. reliable indicators?

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2. Insufficient Screening

• There is no ONE definition of a “Background Check”

• Unless firm is government regulated and screening requirements are mandated, due diligence is a “moving” target where a jury ultimately decides if an employer exercised due diligence

• Employers need to carefully audit their current practices to ensure they are practicing Due Diligence

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No National Criminal or Credentials Database

• Beware of using cheap databases as substitute for due diligence

• Contrary to popular belief, there is no national database available to private employers to check criminal records or false credentials

• Fingerprint checks from FBI only available when mandated by law (e.g., teachers/child care workers/banks, etc.)

• Private databases  are NOT official government databases but large private “data dumps”

• Databases can have “false positives” and “false negatives”• Primary method for obtaining criminal records is to physically 

look at each relevant courthouse• Over 10,000 courthouses in America with court records in 

over 3,200 jurisdictions• Searches subject to human error as well

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Higher Duty for High‐Risk Positions

• Your level of liability increases with the level of risk and the level of supervision and responsibility

• Examples where employer's duty is even greater with applicants: – Where there is contact or responsibilities with groups at risk (youth, infirmed, aged)

– Where this is a degree of authority and responsibility such as a security guard  or apartment manager 

– Where workers enter homes, or where other unique risks exist

– Where there is access to personal data14

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Scope of Screening

• Scope is a cost‐benefit decision based upon the risk• Can use:

– County criminal searches based on a social trace report—Seven‐year search 

– Statewide searches where available– Federal records on PACER– Sexual offender– Driving records– Past employment verification– Education verification– Various disbarment lists

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3.  Application and Changes in the FCRA

• Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) controls screening• Employer must sign certification and all screenings done per LEGALLY written authorization and standalone disclosure 

• Beware of illegal consent forms• New Statute of Limitations – Now 5 years under FCRA in certain situations

• Walkway point:  CRITICAL to follow Pre‐Adverse and Post‐Adverse Action procedures

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4.  State‐Specific Laws 

• Numerous states have specific laws governing both the pre‐employment screening procedures in addition to the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) and regulating the use of information, such as criminal records or credit reports 

• Some of the laws are aimed at background screening firms and others at end‐user employers

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Examples of State Rules• At least 11 states have a 7‐year 

limit on criminal records—some states have an exception if applicant has a higher income level (but Texas and Colorado pre‐empted by FCRA)

• Various states have special rules for:– Disclosure form for consumer– Rules for Investigative 

Consumer Reports– Nature and scope letter– Disputed accuracy procedures– Timing and notice of reports– Notification periods

• Other examples include:– CA—numerous “only in 

California rules”– MA—Final adverse action 

letter must be in 10 point type minimum within 10 days with specified language

– NJ—special notifications of reason why dispute is frivolous

– NY—Special criminal notice– TX—“Deferred 

Adjudication”

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5.  EEOC Implications of Criminal Records and Scoring Procedures

• On April 25, 2012, EEOC issued new Guidance on use of criminal matters.

• EEOC stressed cannot automatically disqualify an applicant based on a criminal conviction without a business justification, taking into account the nature and gravity of the offense, nature of the job, and time elapsed

• Added clarity to three part test• Suggested:

– Don’t ask about criminal history on application

– If employer denies job, then should offer Individual Assessment s final step:

– Don’t ask broad criminal question 

• EEOC recognizes that some jobs and crimes do not go together 

• Other states/cities have “banned the box”

• Arrests have limited use—need to locate and evaluate underlying behaviors if possible

• But if person lied, then the falsehood can be the grounds to deny employment

• Be careful using automated scoring system (red, orange, and green lights): Can create issue under EEOC rules because of the automated nature of the decision making without an outlet for individualized consideration

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Policy on Convictions/Arrests• Remember, people who have made mistakes but have repaid society need jobs in order to live law‐abiding lives and be tax‐paying citizens

• Costs more than $40,000 a year to keep a person in custody—society does not want to create a permanent criminal class of unemployable citizens 

• However, due diligence requires the right person in the right job

• Have policy that employer maintains a safe workplace and will conduct strict review of any applicant with a criminal record, but no automatic disqualification

• Go through individualized process, taking EEOC factors into account

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6. Credit Reports• NEW DEVELOPMENT—Credit 

reports are a potential issue under EEOC rules

• Credit reports can invade privacy and potentially be discriminatory unless measures taken to ensure their use is fair, accurate, and relevant

• Issue is “Disparate Impact”• Urban myth—Employment credit 

reports do NOT utilize credit scores

• Seven states now limit use of credit reports with more expected

• CA just passed AB 22—joins Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Oregon, Washington

• Need to clearly establish job‐related reasons why a credit report is a valid predictor of job performance

• Typical reasons?– Debt‐to‐income ratio– Inability to handle own 

finances• Credit reports can have errors• Applicant is entitled to their FCRA 

rights if a credit report used adversely in any way

• Credit reports do not stop embezzlement without internal controls

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7. In‐House Processes• The Application, Interview, and Reference Checking Processes are critical and will be reviewed in detail in any litigation

• Applications:– Get consent for background checks—discourages people with something to hide

– Ask about past criminal record in broadest language allowed by law

– Review for failure to answer questions or omissions—nearly every time there is a problem hire, there was a “Red Flag” on the application

– Don’t limit to just misdemeanors

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Review Application for Ten “Red Flags”

1. Does not sign application2. Does not sign release3. Leaves criminal questions blank (the honest 

criminal syndrome)4. Self‐reports offense 5. Fails to identify past employers6. Fails to identify past supervisors7. Fails to explain why left past jobs8. Doesn’t explain employment gaps9. Makes explanations for employment gaps or 

leaving past jobs that do not make sense 10.Makes excessive cross‐outs and changes 

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8.  The 5 Critical Questions• Question 1:  We do background checks on everyone we 

make an offer to. Do you have any concerns that you would like to discuss? 

• Question 2: We also check for criminal convictions for all finalists.  Do you have any concerns about that? (Make sure question reflects what employer may legally ask in your state)

• Question 3: We contact all past employers.  What do you think they will say?

• Question 4: Will your past employer tell us that e.g. you were tardy, did not perform well, etc.?

• Question 5: Ask questions about any unexplained employment gaps

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9. Past Employment Checks as Critical as Criminal Checks

– Critical to verify employment to determine where a person has been (even if you only get dates and job title)—otherwise you are hiring a STRANGER

– Looking for unexplained gaps AND for locations to search for criminal records

– There are over 10,000 courthouses in U.S.; you need to know where to search 

– If you can verify that a person was gainfully employed in the last 5–10 years, it is less likely that he/she spent long periods in custody 

– Just attempting and documenting effort demonstrates due diligence

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10. Vendors, ICs, and Temps

• Firms that would never hire a criminal often allow vendors, independent contractors (ICs), and temps on premises with no idea who they are

• Non‐employees can have access to computer systems, trade secrets, customer lists, etc.

• For temps, need to review with staffing firm their due diligence standards

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11. International Screening

• Growing trend—Employers responsible for international checks

• Part of due diligence if applicant has spent time abroad or if past employment or education is outside U.S.

• Many resources available to check international employment, education, and credentials

• Ability to do international criminal checks is developing

• Terrorist databases available (but they have limits)

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12. Be Careful Using Facebook, Google, Twitter, etc.

• Can expose employers AND recruiters  to discrimination claims if Internet search reveals protected data such as nationality, race, religion, age, or medical issue

• Issues of appearance, grooming, or religious affiliations revealed by photos

• Is there a reasonable expectation of privacy based on the terms of use and generally accepted standards? 

• Issue of identifiers and authenticity—is it really your applicant?• Can you consider off‐duty conduct?• What should employers, recruiters, schools, and applicants do?• Hot Issue: Asking for Passwords or Shoulder Surfing

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13.  Offshoring PII

• California passed SB 909 effective January 1, 2012, requiring disclosure to consumers if information is offshored for processing

• Authorization forms must have a background firm’s privacy policy, and the background firm must conspicuously post their privacy policy, and specific information about offshoring

• Issue: Screening firms possess large amounts of PII and large firms send to places like India and Philippines for processing, beyond the protection of U.S. Privacy Law.  

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14. NAPBS Accreditation Program

• National Association of Professional Background Screeners (www.NAPBS.com) has formulated in‐depth accreditation program covering Information Security, Compliance, Client Education, Information Providers and Business Practices

• Intensely detailed process confirmed by third‐party, professional, onsite audit

• Since background screening is loosely regulated, if at all, employers should consider only dealing with NAPBS Accredited firms

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15. New Trend—Ongoing Checks

• Some employers looking at “continuous” screening that occurs periodically AFTER hiring

• Argument:  Employees may commit crime after being hired• Issues:

– Accuracy:  In some states, the screening is through a database subject to false positives and false negatives

– Cost:  What will be the return on investment given the time, cost, and administrative issues involved?

– Value:   If a person is in custody for criminal offense, presumably will not show up to work

– Legal Use:  What rules or criteria are to be used if a criminal matter is found?

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16. Education and Employment Fraud• Background screening firms report high percentage of degree fraud

• Can range from claiming that a person graduated even though he or she was short credits to lying about attending the school to presenting worthless degrees from “diploma mills”

• Also, can now get very generic looking fake diplomas on the Internet for most schools in America

• Run term “fake schools” on LinkedIn and see how many worthless degrees are claimed

• There are now websites that provide fake employment histories

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17. Top Ten Background Check Trendsof 2012

• #1 ‐ Criminal Background Checks by Employers Under Scrutiny by EEOC

• #2 ‐ Credit Report Checks by Employers Increasingly Regulated by State Laws

• #3 ‐ Social Media Checks of Job Applicants More Prevalent & Controversial 

• #4 ‐ Automation in  Screening Increases Both Efficiency and Risks

• #5 – NAPBS Accreditation Program Proof of Increased Professionalism in Industry

• #6 ‐ Diploma Mills Offering Fake Degrees Increasing in Tight Job Market 

• #7 ‐ Lawsuits Increase as Attorneys and Consumers Become Familiar with FCRA

• #8 ‐ New E‐Verify Laws Create Complex Web of Federal and State Rules

• #9 ‐ Offshoring PII Outside U.S. Increases Privacy and Identity Theft Concerns

• #10 ‐ Self Background Checks Proactively Conducted by Job Seekers

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18.  Audit Your Practices

• Audit your hiring practices—Take the  Safe Hiring Audit. 

• For more information, see:– Last pages of ACFE 2012 Presentation Paper for webinar

– www.esrcheck.com/articles/Safehiringaudit.php• Warning: Do it as an education tool or through your attorney only. Do not create a document that will be used against you in litigation.

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Thank You• For more information about Safe Hiring, see:

– ESR Website: www.ESRcheck.com– Email Lester Rosen: [email protected]– ESR News Blog: www.ESRcheck.com/wordpress/– The Safe Hiring Manual ‐ The Complete Guide to Keeping Criminals, Terrorists, and Imposters Out of Your Workplace (Facts on demand Press/512 pages)

– The Safe Hiring Manual (Facts on Demand Press/288 pages) 

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