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Bong-Kee Lee School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Chonnam National University Engineering Mathematics I 2. Second-Order Linear ODEs School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I 2.1 Homogeneous Linear ODEs of 2 nd Order 2계 선형상미분방정식 표준형(standard form) x r y x q y x p y ' ' ' nonhomogeneous 0 ' ' ' y x q y x p y homogeneous 0 ' ' ' 0 ' 1 ' ' cos 25 ' ' examp le 2 y y y y y x y x e y y x 2nd order nonhomogeneous linear ODE 2nd order homogeneous linear ODE 2nd order homogeneous nonlinear ODE

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Page 1: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

Bong-Kee Lee School of Mechanical Systems Engineering

Chonnam National University

Engineering Mathematics I

2. Second-Order Linear ODEs

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.1 Homogeneous Linear ODEs of 2nd Order

2계 선형상미분방정식

– 표준형(standard form)

xryxqyxpy ''' nonhomogeneous

0''' yxqyxpy homogeneous

0'''

0'1

''

cos25''

example

2

yyy

yyx

y

xeyy x2nd order nonhomogeneous linear ODE

2nd order homogeneous linear ODE

2nd order homogeneous nonlinear ODE

Page 2: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.1 Homogeneous Linear ODEs of 2nd Order

중첩의 원리(superposition principle) 또는 선형성의 원리(linearity principle)

– 주어진 해에 어떤 상수를 더하거나 곱함으로써 추가적인 해를 얻을 수 있음

– (정리) 제차 선형상미분방정식에 대하여, 어떤 열린 구간 I에서 두 개 해의 일차결합은 다시 구간 I에서 주어진 미분방정식의 해가 된다. 특히 그러한 방정식에 대해서는 해들의 합과 상수곱도 다시 해가 된다.

2211

21 &

0'''

ycycy

yyyy

qypyy

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.1 Homogeneous Linear ODEs of 2nd Order

중첩의 원리(superposition principle) 또는 선형성의 원리(linearly principle)

– 비제차 선형상미분방정식 및 비선형 상미분방정식에는 적용되지 않음

0sin2cos7.4sin2cos7.4

sin2cos7.4''sin2cos7.4

sin2cos7.4

0sinsinsin''sin2

0coscoscos''cos1

sin&cos0''example

xxxx

xxxx

xxy

xxxx

xxxx

xyxyyy

2cos22cos2cos12''cos12

cos12

1sin1sinsin1''sin12

1cos1coscos1''cos11

sin1&cos11''example

xxxx

xy

xxxx

xxxx

xyxyyy

22222

22222

2

4'''

0'11''12

022'''1

1&0'''example

xxxxxxy

x

xxxxxx

yxyxyyy

Page 3: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.1 Homogeneous Linear ODEs of 2nd Order

초기값 문제(initial value problem, IVP)

– 2계 제차 상미분방정식의 일반해(general solution)

– 2계 제차 상미분방정식에는 두 개의 초기조건이 요구됨

– 2계 제차 상미분방정식의 초기값 문제

2211 yCyCy

1000 ' & KxyKxy

1000 '&with

0'''

KxyKxy

yxqyxpy

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.1 Homogeneous Linear ODEs of 2nd Order

초기값 문제(initial value problem, IVP)

xxy

CyxCxCy

CyxCxCy

xCxCyxyxy

yyyy

sin5.0cos0.3

5.00'cossin'

0.30sincosstep 2nd

sincossin&cosstep1st

5.00',0.30,0''example

221

121

21

general solution

particular solution

Page 4: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.1 Homogeneous Linear ODEs of 2nd Order

기저(basis) 또는 기본시스템(fundamental system)

– 일반해를 구성하는 해(y1, y2)는 구간 I에서 1차 독립(linearly independent)이어야 함

– 비례(proportional)

• 주어진 두 초기조건을 만족시키는 해를 정의할 수 없음

– 1차 독립

– 1차 종속(linearly dependent)

0const 21 kkyy

00 212211 kkykyk

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.1 Homogeneous Linear ODEs of 2nd Order

기저(basis) 또는 기본시스템(fundamental system)

– 기저: 1차 독립인 해의 쌍(pair)

xx

xx

x

x

x

xxxx

xxxx

xx

eey

CCy

CCy

eCeCyCyCy

ee

e

y

y

eeeeyy

eeeeyy

eyey

yyyy

42

20'2

601

const

0''''2

0''''1

?&

20',60,0''example

21

21

212211

2

2

1

22

11

21

general solution

particular solution

Page 5: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.1 Homogeneous Linear ODEs of 2nd Order

차수 축소(reduction of order)

– 하나의 해를 알고 있을 때, 두 번째 독립해를 1계 상미분방정식을 이용하여 구할 수 있음

Udxyuyyey

U

pdxyUdxpy

y

U

dUUp

y

yU

UuUupyyuyu

qypyyupyyuyu

uyquyyupuyyuyu

yxqyxpy

uyyuyuuyyuyuyuyy

uyyuyyuyyy

yyxqyxpy

pdx

1122

1

1

1

1

1

1

111

111111

111111

11111112

11212

1

&1

ln2ln'2

0'2

'

''','0'2'''

0''''2'''

0''''''2''

0'''

''''2''''''''''''''

''''

solution,known e with th0'''

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.1 Homogeneous Linear ODEs of 2nd Order

차수 축소(reduction of order)

1ln1

ln

1111lnln21lnln

2

1

1202':'

0'2''0''2''

'2''''''''''

? then , intuition,by

0'''example

2

222

2

2

22

12

21

2

xxuxyx

xu

xxx

x

dx

duv

x

xxxv

dxxx

dxxx

x

v

dvvxvxxuv

uxuxxuxuxuxuxuxx

uxuuuxuyuxuy

uxuyyy

yxy

yxyyxx

separating variables

Page 6: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.2 Homogeneous Linear ODEs: Const. Coffs.

상수계수를 갖는 2계 제차 선형상미분방정식

– 특성방정식(characteristic equation), 보조방정식(auxiliary equation)

0'''

'''

byayy

xryxqyxpy

0''':

''&' assumingby

22

2

xxxx

xxx

ebabeeaebyayy

eyeyey

02 baxx

eyey 21

2121 &&

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.2 Homogeneous Linear ODEs: Const. Coffs.

특성방정식의 근에 따른 세 경우

– (a)>0: 두 개의 서로 다른 실근(two real roots)

– (a)=0: 실 이중근(real double root)

– (a)<0: 공액 복소근(complex conjugate roots)

2

4

0

2

2,1

2

bab

ba

(a)

Page 7: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.2 Homogeneous Linear ODEs: Const. Coffs.

특성방정식의 근에 따른 세 경우(I)

– 두 개의 서로 다른 실근(two real roots)

xxeCeCy 21

2121 & general solution

xx

xx

eey

CCCCy

CCy

eCeCy

yyyyy

2

21

21

21

2

21

2

3

3,1520'

40

solution particular

solution general

2,102equation sticcharacteri

50',40,02'''example

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.2 Homogeneous Linear ODEs: Const. Coffs.

특성방정식의 근에 따른 세 경우(II)

– 실 이중근(real double root)

xx xeCeCya 21212

general solution

x

xx

x

exy

CC

CCy

exCCeCxy

Cy

exCCy

yyyyy

5.0

21

12

5.0

21

5.0

2

1

5.0

21

2

23

2,3

5.35.00'

5.0'

30

solution particular

solution general

5.0025.0equation sticcharacteri

5.30',30,025.0'''example

Page 8: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.2 Homogeneous Linear ODEs: Const. Coffs.

특성방정식의 근에 따른 세 경우(III)

– 공액 복소근(complex conjugate roots)

xeCxeCyia

ia axax sincos

2,

2

2/

2

2/

121

general solution

xey

CC

Cy

xeCxeCxy

Cy

xeCxeCy

i

yyyyy

x

xx

xx

3sin

1,0

330'

3cos33sin2'

00

solution particular

3sin3cossolution general

32.0

004.94.0equation sticcharacteri

30',00,004.9'4.0''example

2.0

21

2

2.0

2

2.0

2

1

2.0

2

2.0

1

2

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.2 Homogeneous Linear ODEs: Const. Coffs.

특성방정식의 근에 따른 세 경우(III)

– 공액 복소근(complex conjugate roots)

xeCxeCyia

ia axax sincos

2,

2

2/

2

2/

121

xixeeeeey

xixeeeeey

iaiaa

abbaba

baaba

xa

xix

axia

x

xa

xix

axia

x

sincos

sincos

22

2

2

4

44404

2

40

222

2

222

1

22

2,1

2222

2

2,1

2

2

1

2122112

1,

2

1yy

iYyyY

sincos iei

Euler formula

Page 9: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.3 Differential Operators

연산자(operator)

– 함수를 다른 함수로 바꾸는 변환을 의미

– 미분연산자(differential operator)

– 항등연산자(identity operator)

– 선형연산자(linear operator)

'yydx

dy

dx

d DD

yy I

byayyybyayybay

ba

'''22

2

IDDIDD

IDD

L

L

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.4 Modeling: Free Oscillations

자유진동(free oscillation): 질량-용수철 시스템(mass-spring system)

''2

2

mydt

ydmmaF Newton’s second law

kyF Hooke’s law

000 ksmgksWF

static equilibrium

0''

''

kymy

mykyF

undamped system

Page 10: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.4 Modeling: Free Oscillations

자유진동(free oscillation): 질량-용수철 시스템(mass-spring system)

– 비감쇠 시스템(undamped system) • 조화진동(harmonic oscillation)

A

BBACtCty

m

ktBtAtykymy

122

0

000

tan, ,cos

,sincos0''

amplitude (진폭)

phase angle (위상각)

2

0

natural frequency (고유주파수, Hz)

(a)

(b)

(c)

1)c(

0)b(

1)a(

1,10

B

B

B

A

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.4 Modeling: Free Oscillations

자유진동(free oscillation): 질량-용수철 시스템(mass-spring system)

– 감쇠 시스템(damped system)

'cyF damping force

0'''

'''

kycymy

mycykyF

damped system

homogeneous 2nd order linear ODE (case I) overdamping (case II) critical damping (case III) underdamping

m

mkcckcm

2

40

22

Page 11: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.4 Modeling: Free Oscillations

자유진동(free oscillation): 질량-용수철 시스템(mass-spring system)

– 감쇠 시스템(damped system): 과감쇠(overdamping)

m

mkc

m

ceCeCty

mkckycymy

tt

2

4&

2 ,

040'''

2

21

2

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.4 Modeling: Free Oscillations

자유진동(free oscillation): 질량-용수철 시스템(mass-spring system)

– 감쇠 시스템(damped system): 임계감쇠(critical damping)

m

cetCCty

mkckycymy

t

2 ,

040'''

21

2

Page 12: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.4 Modeling: Free Oscillations

자유진동(free oscillation): 질량-용수철 시스템(mass-spring system)

– 감쇠 시스템(damped system): 저감쇠(underdamping)

m

cmk

m

ctCetBtAety

mkckycymy

tt

2

4*&

2 ,*cos*sin*cos

040'''

2

2

frequency

2

1

2

4

2

* 2

m

cmk

as c→0

2

1

22

* 0

m

k

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.4 Modeling: Free Oscillations

자유진동(free oscillation): 질량-용수철 시스템(mass-spring system)

– 감쇠 시스템(damped system)

c↓

Page 13: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.4 Modeling: Free Oscillations

자유진동(free oscillation): 질량-용수철 시스템(mass-spring system)

– 감쇠 시스템(damped system)

c=10

c=5

c=1

c=0

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.5 Euler-Cauchy Equations

오일러-코시 방정식(Euler-Cauchy equation)

– 2계 제차 상미분방정식의 한 형태

0'''2 byaxyyx

01

01

011''

'

, assumingby

2

122

2

1

bmam

bammm

bxmxaxxmmxxmmy

mxy

xxy

mmm

m

m

m

characteristic equation

Page 14: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.5 Euler-Cauchy Equations

오일러-코시 방정식(Euler-Cauchy equation)

– (case I) 서로 다른 두 실근

– (case II) 이중근

– (case III) 공액복소근

21

21

21

2 ,01

mmxCxCy

mmbmam

mmm xxCCxxCxCy

mbmam

lnln

01

2121

2

xBxAxy

imbmam

lnsinlncos

012

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.5 Euler-Cauchy Equations

오일러-코시 방정식(Euler-Cauchy equation)

xxyxuux

UUx

UuU

ux

uxuuxxummxuux

yxumymxuyux

uymxymyxyxumyuyux

ymuyyuxmuyyuyuxuyyuyuyy

uyyuyy

uyyymxmxyxy

ma

bmaamba

baambmamxybyaxyyx

m

mm

m

lnln'1

01

':'

0'1

''0'''0'21'2''

0'21'2''

0'21'''21''2''

0''21''''2''''''2''''''

''''

',

4

1&211

2

1 then ,041 if

2

411010'''example

2

22

11

1

1

2

1

2

11

2

111

2

2

2

11111

2

1112

112

121

11

11

2

22

2

22

Page 15: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.5 Euler-Cauchy Equations

오일러-코시 방정식(Euler-Cauchy equation)

xBxAxy

YCYCy

xxyyi

Y

xxyyY

xixxexexxxxy

xixxexexxxxy

xyxyimba

baambmamxybyaxyyx

xiixii

xiixii

ii

m

lnsinlncos

lnsin2

1

lncos2

1

lnsinlncos

lnsinlncos

& then ,041 if

2

411010'''example

2211

212

211

lnln

2

lnln

1

21

2

2

22

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.6 Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions

해의 존재성과 유일성

– 연속적인 가변변수를 가지는 제차 선형미분방정식의 해

1000 ',with

0'''

KxyKxy

yxqyxpy

2211 ycycy

solution ?

Theorem 1

Theorem 4

Page 16: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.6 Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions

해의 존재성과 유일성

. interval on the

solution unique a has problem valueinitial ingcorrespond then the

,in is and intervalopen someon functions continuous are and If

1. Theorem

0

I

xy

IxIxqxp

constants.

suitable are , and on ODE theof solutions of basisany is , where

form theof is on solution every then ,

intervalopen someon and tscoefficien continuous has ODEgiven theIf

4. Theorem

2121

2211

CCIyy

xyCxyCxY

IxYyI

xqxp

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.6 Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions

해의 존재성과 유일성

– Wronski 행렬식(determinant) 또는 Wronskian

''''

, 1221

21

21

21 yyyyyy

yyyyW

dependentlinearly :,0, 2121 yyyyW

xx

yy

yyW

xyxy

yy

22

21

21

21

2

sincos

''

sin,cos

0''example

xxx

xx

exeex

yy

yyW

xeyey

yyy

222

21

21

21

1

''

,

0'2''example

Page 17: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.7 Nonhomogeneous ODEs

2계 비제차 상미분방정식

– 일반해 • 제차 상미분방정식의 일반해 + 비제차방정식의 어떤 해

– 제차 방정식의 해와 비제차 방정식의 해 사이의 관계 • 비제차 방정식의 두 해의 차는 제차 방정식의 해

• 비제차 방정식의 해와 제차 방정식의 해의 합은 비제차 방정식의 해

0''' xryxqyxpy

xryxqyxpyxy

yxqyxpyyCyCxy

xyxyxy

pppp

hhhh

ph

'''

0'''1211

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.7 Nonhomogeneous ODEs

미정계수법(method of undetermined coefficients)

– 비제차 방정식의 어떤 해를 구하기 위한 방법

– 일반적인 방법(매개변수 변환법, method of variation of parameter; Chap. 2.10)보다 간단하게 적용이 가능

– 상수계수를 가지는 선형상미분방정식에 적합

xke xCe

xr xyp

,1,0 nkxn01

1

1 KxKxKxK n

n

n

n

xkxk sinor cos xMxK sincos

xkexke xx sinor cos xMxKe x sincos

Page 18: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.7 Nonhomogeneous ODEs

미정계수법(method of undetermined coefficients)

– 선택 규칙(I): 기본 규칙(basic rule) • 비제차 상미분방정식의 r(x)가 표의 함수 중 하나라면, 같은 줄의

yp를 선택하고, yp와 그 도함수를 비제차 상미분방정식에 도입하여 미정계수를 결정함

002.0001.0002.0,0,001.0

22

001.0''

2''

2'

~001.0solution particular:step 2nd

sincos0''solution shomogeneou:step1st

5.10',00 with 001.0''example

2

012

021

2

201

2

22

2

2

12

01

2

2

2

2

xyKKK

KKxKxKKxKxKK

xyy

Ky

KxKy

KxKxKy

kxxxr

xBxAyyy

yyxyy

p

pp

p

p

p

n

h

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.7 Nonhomogeneous ODEs

미정계수법(method of undetermined coefficients)

002.0001.0sin5.1cos002.0

5.10'

002.0cossin'

002.00002.00

conditions initial:step 3rd

002.0001.0sincos

002.0001.0&sincos

2

2

2

xxxy

By

xxBxAy

AAy

xxBxAyyy

xyxBxAy

ph

ph

xy

xyh

xyp

Page 19: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.7 Nonhomogeneous ODEs

미정계수법(method of undetermined coefficients)

– 선택 규칙(II): 변형 규칙(modification rule) • 만약 yp로 선택된 항이 비제차 상미분방정식에 대응하는 제차 상

미분방정식의 해가 된다면, 선택된 yp에 x(또는 x2)를 곱함

x

p

x

ppp

x

p

x

p

xx

p

xx

x

h

x

exy

CCxxxCxxC

eyyy

exxCy

exxCy

CeeCxy

keexr

exCCyyyy

yyeyyy

5.12

222

5.1

5.12

5.12

5.15.12

5.1

5.1

21

5.1

5

51025.25.12325.262

1025.2'3''

25.262''

5.12'

~10solution particular:step 2nd

025.2'3''solution shomogeneou:step1st

00',10 with 1025.2'3''example

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.7 Nonhomogeneous ODEs

미정계수법(method of undetermined coefficients)

x

xx

x

ph

x

p

x

h

exxy

CCy

exxCCexCy

Cy

exxCCyyy

exyexCCy

5.12

22

5.12

21

5.1

2

1

5.12

21

5.125.1

21

55.11

5.105.10'

55.110'

10

conditions initial:step 3rd

5

5&

xy

xyh

xyp

Page 20: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.7 Nonhomogeneous ODEs

미정계수법(method of undetermined coefficients)

– 선택 규칙(III): 합 규칙(sum rule) • 만약 r(x)가 표의 함수들의 합이라면, 이에 대응하는 함수들의 합

으로 yp를 선택함

xey

KMC

xxeyyyxMxKCey

xMxKyCey

xxyeyyyy

xMxKkexxexr

xBxAeyyyy

yyxxeyyy

x

p

x

ppp

x

p

p

x

p

p

x

pppp

xx

x

h

x

10sin216.0

0,2,16.0

10sin19010cos405'2''10sin10cos

10sin10cos&

10sin19010cos40~&~

sincos~10sin19010cos40solution particular:step 2nd

2sin2cos05'2''solution shomogeneou:step1st

08.400',16.00 with 10sin19010cos405'2''example

5.0

5.05.0

2

5.0

1

1

5.0

121

5.0

5.0

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.7 Nonhomogeneous ODEs

미정계수법(method of undetermined coefficients)

xy

xyh

xyp

xexey

BBy

xexBexBey

AAy

xexBxAeyyy

xeyxBxAey

xx

xxx

xx

ph

x

p

x

h

10sin216.02sin10

1008.402008.020'

cos2008.02cos22sin'

016.016.00

conditions initial:step 3rd

10sin216.02sin2cos

10sin216.0&2sin2cos

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

Page 21: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance

강제운동(forced motion)

– 외력(external force)이 존재하는 경우에 대한 운동

→ 비제차 상미분방정식

– 자유운동(free motion): 외력이 존재하지 않는 경우

→ 제차 상미분방정식

0''' kycymy

trkycymy '''

system xr xy

homogeneous ODE

external force response

free motion

forced motion

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance

주기적인 외력이 가해지는 경우

tFtrkycymy cos''' 0

ph yyy

tCyh 0cos

tbtayp sincos

22220

2222

2

0

cmk

cFb

cmk

mkFa

22222

0

20

22222

0

2

22

00

cm

cFb

cm

mFa

2

00 mkm

k

Page 22: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance

주기적인 외력이 가해지는 경우

– 비감쇠 강제진동(c=0)

tm

FtCy

tbtatCyyy ph

coscos

sincoscos

22

0

00

0

0

1

22222

0

20

22

0

022222

0

2

22

00

cm

cFb

mF

cm

mFa

고유주파수 구동력의 주파수

cycles/sec2

0

cycles/sec

2

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance

주기적인 외력이 가해지는 경우

– 비감쇠 강제진동(c=0). 공진(resonance)

0

ttm

Fy

tm

Fyy

tFkymy

tFtrkycymy

p 0

0

0

002

0

00

0

sin2

cos''

cos''

cos'''

Page 23: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance

주기적인 외력이 가해지는 경우

– 비감쇠 강제진동(c=0). 맥놀이(beats)

000

ttm

Fy

ttm

Fy

tm

FtCy

2sin

2sin

2

coscos

coscos

00

22

0

0

022

0

0

22

0

00

9.99,1000

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance

주기적인 외력이 가해지는 경우

– 감쇠 강제진동 • 과도해(transient solution): 비제차 방정식의 일반해

• 정상상태해(steady-state solution): 비제차 방정식의 특수해

• 과도해 → 정상상태해

22

0

2

0max

22222

0

2

0

4*

*

cos*sincos

cmc

FC

cm

FC

tCtbtay p

amplitude

10 Fkm

1.0,25.0,5.0,1,2cc

practical resonance

Page 24: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance

Tacoma Narrows Bridge

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.9 Modeling: Electric Circuits

전기회로(electric circuit)의 모델화

– 전기회로의 기본 구성요소(RLC 회로) • 저항(resistor), R[Ω]

• 인덕터(inductor), L[H]

• 커패시터(capacitor), C[F]

pipe flow: (pressure difference)~(fluid flow) (voltage difference)~(current, I)

IR

IdtCC

Q 1

dt

dIL

Page 25: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.9 Modeling: Electric Circuits

전기회로(electric circuit)의 모델화

– Kirchhoff의 전압 법칙: 폐루프(closed loop)위에 부여된 전압(기전력)은 다른 요소들 양단의 전압 강하의 합

– RLC 회로의 모델화

0

022

22

022

022

0

22

0

0

0

0

,1

tan,,,

sinsincos

cos1

'''

sin1

I

ESRZ

CLS

R

S

b

a

SR

EbaI

SR

REb

SR

SEa

tItbtaI

tEIC

RILI

tEtEdt

dILIdt

CRI

p

reactance impedance

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.9 Modeling: Electric Circuits

전기량과 역학량의 상사성(analogy)

– 서로 다른 물리적 시스템이 동일한 수학적 모델을 가질 수 있음

– 기계적 시스템에 비하여 전기회로는 구현하기 쉬우며, 물리량의 측정이 빠르고 정확함

전기 시스템 역학(기계적) 시스템

인덕턴스 질량

저항 감쇠계수

커패시턴스의 역수 용수철 상수

기전력의 미분값 구동력

전류 변위

tE cos0 tF cos0

L m

R c

C/1 k

tI ty

Page 26: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.10 Solution by Variation of Parameters

매개변수 변환법(method of variation of parameter)

– r(x)가 복잡하여 미정계수법을 이용할 수 없을 경우

– 미분방정식의 변수들(p(x), q(x), r(x))이 연속일 경우에 적용 가능

xryxqyxpy '''

Wronskian:''

0''' ODE, shomogeneou of basis :&

1221

21

12

21

yyyyW

yxqyxpyyy

dxW

ryydx

W

ryyy

yyy

p

ph

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.10 Solution by Variation of Parameters

매개변수 변환법(method of variation of parameter)

xxCxxCy

xxxxxCxCy

xxxxdxxxdxx

dxxx

xdxxx

x

dxW

ryydx

W

ryyy

xxxxyyyyW

xyxyyy

xxyy

p

sincoscoslnor ,

sincoslncossincos

sincoslncossintancos

1

seccossin

1

secsincos

1sinsincoscos'' Wronskian,

sin,cos0''ODE shomogeneou

cos

1sec''example

21

21

12

21

1221

21

xx coslncos

xxsin

Page 27: Engineering Mathematics I - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/wcu/2012/JunNam/LeeBongKee... · 2012-08-20 · Engineering Mathematics I School of Mechanical Systems

School of Mechanical Systems Engineering Engineering Mathematics I

2.10 Solution by Variation of Parameters

매개변수 변환법(method of variation of parameter)

– 유도 방법

dxW

ryydx

W

ryyvyuyy

dxW

ryv

dxW

ryu

W

ryv

W

ryu

ryvyu

yvyu

ryvyuryvyuqypyyvqypyyu

rvyuyqvyuypvyyvuyyurqypyy

vyyvuyyuyvyuyy

yvyuvyyvuyyuy

xyxvxyxuy

xyCxyCyyyyxryxqyxpy

p

ppp

pp

p

p

h

ph

12

2121

1

2

1

2

21

21

2121222111

21212211

221121

212211

21

2211

'

'

''''

0''

''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''

'''''''''''''

0'''''''

'''