English Public Speaking Chapter 14

Speaking to Persuade -1

复旦大学《英语公众演说》教学团队

A Global Picture

• Informative Speeches

• Persuasive Speeches

– Psychology of Persuasion

– Types of Question

– Methods of Persuasion

• Ceremonial/Commemorative Speeches

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing,

changing people‘s beliefs or actions.

A mental give-and-take between speaker

and listener.

Mental Dialogue with Audience

Target Audience

• The portion of audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

A Global Picture

• Informative Speeches

• Persuasive Speeches

– Psychology of Persuasion

– Types of Question

– Methods of Persuasion

• Ceremonial/Commemorative Speeches

Questions of Fact

• Purpose: usu. to persuade audience to accept speaker’s view on facts of issue o Some can be answered w/certainty—some can’t

cf: an informative speech

• Organization: usu. organized topically o Each main point is a reason why audience should agree with you.

Questions of Value

• Purpose: to justify one’s position according to clear standards

• Organization: usu. organized topically

o 1st main point establishes standards

o 2nd main point applies standards to topic

Questions of Policy • Dealing with a specific course of action

• Two types

o Speeches to gain passive agreement that

policy is desirable, necessary, practical

o Speeches to motivate audience to take action

Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement

Convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging them to take action in support of

the policy.

Speeches to Gain Immediate Action

Convince the audience to take action in support of a

given policy.

Questions of Policy • Four effective patterns of organization:

oProblem-solution

oProblem-cause-solution

oComparative advantages

oMonroe’s motivated sequence

Problem-Solution

• Advocate a change in policy

o 1st main point shows need for new policy

o 2nd main point shows plan & practicality

• Oppose a change in policy

o 1st main point shows NO need for change

o 2nd main point shows new policy won’t solve need and/or would create new problems

Problem-Cause-Solution • 1st main point shows existence of problem

• 2nd main point analyzes causes of problem

• 3rd main point presents solution to problem

(This helps analyze whether solution will get at causes or just control symptoms.)

Comparative Advantages

• Most effective when audience already agrees to

need for new policy.

• Each main point explains why this plan is preferable

to other solution.

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

1. Attention: Gain attention of audience.

2. Need: Make audience feel need for change.

3. Satisfaction: Satisfy need by providing solution to problem.

4. Visualization: Intensify desire for solution.

5. Action: Urge audience to take action in support of solution.

General Tips • Make your point clear in the very beginning.

• Be enthusiastic with your proposal.

• Give supports to your point – usually give more than two.

• Classify your ideas by giving signposts.

• Speak with confidence and conviction.

In-Class Exercise 1

APS P220 Ex. 1

Fact, Value, or Policy?

1. To persuade my audience to engage in

extracurricular activities.

Policy

-> Value

2. To persuade my audience that media violence is a

major cause of violent behavior in society.

Fact

-> Policy

3. To persuade my audience that alternate-day

driving in private cars should be mandatory in all

cities of five million people or more.

Policy

-> Fact

4. To persuade my audience that it is unethical for

businesses to use genetic testing when evaluating

potential employees.

Value

-> Policy

Bibliography • Stephen E. Lucas. APS. FLTRP. 2004.

• S. E. Toulmin, R. Rieke, S. Janik. Introduction to

Reasoning. Prentice Hall, 1984.

• http://www.fallacyfiles.org/index.html

• http://department.monm.edu/cata/McGaan/Class

es/cata335/fallacy-list.htm