eurobarometer 77
TRANSCRIPT
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Standard Eurobarometer 77
Spring 2012
THE CRISIS
REPORT
Fieldwork: May 2012
This survey has been requested and co-ordinated by the European Commission,
Directorate-General for Communication.
http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.htm
This document does not represent the point of view of the European Commission.
The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the authors.
Standard Eurobarometer 77 / Spring 2012 TNS Opinion & Social
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Standard Eurobarometer 77
Spring 2012
Europeans, the European Union and the Crisis
Survey conducted by TNS Opinion & Social at the request of
the European Commission,Directorate-General for Communication
Survey coordinated by the European Commission,Directorate-General for Communication
Research and Speechwriting Unit
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 2I. HASTHECRISISREACHEDITSPEAK?........................................................................................ 4II. THEIMPACTOFTHECRISISONTHEHOUSEHOLDSITUATION................................................... 9III. THEMOSTEFFECTIVEACTORSINDEALINGWITHTHECRISIS.................................................. 13IV. MEASURESTOBETAKENBYTHEEUROPEANUNION.............................................................. 201. InitiativestoimprovetheperformanceoftheEuropeaneconomy..................................... 222. Themosteffectivemeasuresfortacklingthecrisis............................................................. 25
V. AREFORMOFTHEECONOMICANDFINANCIALSYSTEM?...................................................... 281. Necessaryreformstotacklethecrisisandreducepublicdebt............................................ 282. Reformingtheeconomicandfinancialsystem................................................................... 33
VI. THEIMPACTOFTHECRISISONTHEEUANDONEUROPEANS............................................. 36ANNEXES
Technical specifications
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INTRODUCTION
The recommendations1 made by the European Commission to the 27 EU Member States
and to the Eurozone countries regarding national budgetary and economic policies in
2012-2013 were endorsed on 31 May 2012. They urge Member States to take more
measures to stimulate growth while bringing down unemployment and helping young
people to find work or get training. The Commission underlines the need to raise the skill
levels of the workforce, and to create jobs in the services, energy and digital sectors.
This spring 2012 Standard Eurobarometer survey (EB77) was conducted some days
before the adoption of these recommendations.
The full report on the Eurobarometer survey comprises several volumes. The first volume
presents the state of public opinion in the European Union. Four further volumes address
the Europe 2020 strategy, the European Union and the crisis, Europeans and European
citizenship and the values of Europeans. The present volume is concerned with the
economic and financial crisis.
This Standard Eurobarometer was conducted between 12 and 27 May 2012 in 34
countries or territories2: the 27 Member States of the European Union, the six candidate
countries (Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Iceland,
Montenegro and Serbia), and in the Turkish Cypriot Community in the part of the country
that is not controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus.
32,728 people from different social and demographic backgrounds were interviewed face
to face in their homes in their mother tongue at the request of the European
Commission. The methodology used is that of the Standard Eurobarometer surveys
conducted by the Directorate-General for Communication (Research and Speechwriting
Unit)
3
. A technical note concerning the interviews carried out by the institutes within theTNS Opinion & Social network is annexed to this report. This note also describes the
confidence intervals4.
* * * * *
1http://ec.europa.eu/news/economy/120531_en.htm2Please consult the technical specifications for the exact dates of the fieldwork in each country3http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.htm4 The results tables are annexed. It should be noted that the total of the percentages indicated in the tables inthis report may exceed 100% when the respondent was able to choose several answers to the same question.
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Theabbreviationsusedinthisreportcorrespondto:ABBREVIATIONS
BE Belgium LV Latvia
CZ Czech Republic LU LuxembourgBG Bulgaria HU HungaryDK Denmark MT Malta
DE Germany NL The Netherlands
EE Estonia AT AustriaEL Greece PL PolandES Spain PT PortugalFR France RO Romania
IE Ireland SI SloveniaIT Italy SK Slovakia
CY Republic of Cyprus FI FinlandLT Lithuania SE Sweden
UK The United Kingdom
CY(tcc)
Turkish Cypriot Community
HR Croatia EU27 European Union 27 Member StatesTR Turkey
MK Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia**** EU15BE, IT, FR, DE, LU, NL, DK, UK, IE, PT, ES, EL, AT, SE,FI*
IS Iceland NMS12 BG, CZ, EE, CY, LT, LV, MT, HU, PL, RO, SL, SK**
ME MontenegroEuro
zone
BE, FR, IT, LU, DE, AT, ES, PT, IE, NL, FI, EL, EE, SI, CY,MT, SK
RS SerbiaNon-eurozone
BG, CZ, DK, LV, LT, HU, PL, RO, SE, UK
* EU15 refers to the 15 countries that formed the European Union before the 2004 and 2007 enlargements
** The NMS12 are the 12 new Member States which joined the European Union during the 2004 and 2007
enlargements
*** Cyprus as a whole is one of the 27 European Union Member States. However, the acquis communautaire
has been suspended in the part of the country which is not controlled by the government of the Republic of
Cyprus. For practical reasons, only the interviews carried out in the part of the country controlled by the
government of the Republic of Cyprus are included in the CY category and in the EU27 average. Interviews
carried out in the part of the country that is not controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus are
included in the CY(tcc) category (tcc: Turkish Cypriot Community).
**** Provisional abbreviation which in no way prejudges the definitive name of this country, which will be
agreed once the current negotiations at the United Nations have been completed.
* * * * *
We wish to thank all the people interviewed throughout Europe
who took the time to participate in this survey.
Without their active participation, this survey would not have been possible.
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I. HAS THE CRISIS REACHED ITS PEAK?The last time this indicator was measured, in autumn 2011, a sharp rise in pessimism
was recorded (68%, +21 percentage points). This abrupt deterioration in public opinion
came in the wake of a steady growth, since spring 2009, in the impression that the
impact of the crisis on jobs had reached its peak. The spring 2012 survey sees a decline
in this pessimism, though it remains at high levels. Of the people interviewed, 60%
believe that the worst is yet to come5, a level similar to that recorded the first time
this question was asked in May-June 2009 (61%). Conversely, almost a third of
Europeans (30%, +7) now seem to expect the future to be brighter.
The proportion of pessimists is higher in the EU15 countries (63%, compared with 50%
in the NMS12).
5 QC1 Some analysts say that the impact of the economic crisis on the job market has already reached its peak
and things will recover little by little. Others, on the contrary, say that the worst is still to come. Which of thetwo statements is closer to your opinion? The impact of the crisis on jobs has already reached its peak; Theworst is still to come
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In 22 of the 27 Member States, a majority of respondents believe that the
impact of the crisis on the job market is still to come. Public opinion takes the
opposite view in only three countries: Denmark (51% optimists, 45% pessimists),
Estonia (50% vs 44%) and Bulgaria (42% vs 40%). Opinions are evenly divided in two
other countries: Romania (where 42% of respondents are optimistic and 42% are
pessimistic) and Austria (43% optimists and 44% pessimists). Of the six countries which
have applied to join the European Union, three demonstrate a more marked degree of
optimism (Iceland, Montenegro and Turkey, where 59%, 53% and 51% respectively say
the crisis has reached its peak) and three record significant levels of pessimism (Croatia,
the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia, where 62%, 60% and 47%
respectively say the worst is still to come).
The Member States in which citizens are most emphatically pessimistic are Portugal
(78%), Greece and Cyprus (both 77%), the United Kingdom (73%) and Spain (72%).
Pessimism has declined since autumn 2011 in 23 EU Member States, sometimes
dramatically so, as in Slovakia (49%, -22 percentage points), Denmark (45%, -20) and
the Czech Republic (54%, -20).
This fall can also be seen in the candidate countries, with the exception of the Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (60%, +11).
However, three Member States have recorded an increase in pessimism since autumn
2011: Spain (72%, +2), Bulgaria (40%, +2) and Greece (77%, +1). Opinion remains
stable in Italy (62%).
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The worst is
still to come
Diff. Sp.2012
Aut.2011
The impact
of the crisis
on jobs has
already
reached itspeak
Diff. Sp.2012
Aut.2011Don't know
Diff. Sp.2012
Aut.2011
EU27 60% -8 30% +7 10% +1
EU15 63% -7 28% +6 9% +1
NMS12 50% -11 38% +11 12% =
Euro area 61% -7 29% +6 10% +1
Non euro-area 58% -9 32% +8 10% +1
BG 40% +2 42% +4 18% -6
ES 72% +2 23% -2 5% =
EL 77% +1 20% -1 3% =
IT 62% = 25% = 13% =
CY 77% -3 17% +1 6% +2
IE 60% -5 34% +5 6% =
PT 78% -6 16% +5 6% +1
SI 67% -6 29% +7 4% -1
UK 73% -6 22% +6 5% =
DE 54% -7 32% +8 14% -1
MT 56% -7 31% +6 13% +1
SE 58% -7 37% +5 5% +2
LT 53% -8 38% +7 9% +1
HU 54% -8 39% +9 7% -1
BE 65% -9 32% +9 3% =
LV 49% -9 41% +6 10% +3
AT 44% -9 43% +7 13% +2
PL 53% -9 32% +5 15% +4
LU 67% -10 28% +10 5% =
FI 62% -10 33% +10 5% =
EE 44% -11 50% +10 6% +1
RO 42% -14 42% +17 16% -3
NL 60% -16 34% +16 6% =
FR 59% -17 32% +14 9% +3
CZ 54% -20 40% +19 6% +1
DK 45% -20 51% +21 4% -1
SK 49% -22 45% +20 6% +2
CY (tcc) 64% +7 28% -3 8% -4
MK 60% +11 36% -9 4% -2
HR 62% -3 33% +3 5% =
ME 37% -8 53% +4 10% +4
IS 39% -11 59% +12 2% -1
TR 31% -15 51% +13 18% +2
RS 47% NA 39% NA 14% NA
QC1 Some analysts s ay that the impact of the economic cr isis on the job mark et has already
reached its peak and things w ill recover little by little. Others, on the contrary, say that the worst is
still to come. Which of the two statem ents is closer to your opinion?
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Although the level of pessimism remains high, a comparison of the results of
this Eurobarometer survey with those of May-June 2009 reveals some striking
changes: in 19 Member States pessimism has declined (ranging from -1 point in
Slovenia and the Netherlands to -33 points in Latvia), while eight countries have
recorded a rise (from +1 point in Malta to +15 points in Spain).
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Pessimism about the impact of the crisis on jobs is shared by a majority in all
categories of the European population. Nevertheless, it is most widespread among
the least advantaged groups: 66% of the unemployed (compared with 58% of
managers), 65% of the least educated (compared with 57% of the most educated) and
65% of people who regard themselves as working class (compared with 48% of those
who say they are upper class6). This is also the view of respondents aged 40 and over
(62%, compared with 53% of 15-24 year-olds) and of those who do not believe that
globalisation is an opportunity (71%, compared with 53% of those who think the
opposite).
The worst is still
to come
The impact of the
crisis on jobs has
already reached
its peak
Don't know
EU27 60% 30% 10%
15-24 53% 35% 12%
25-39 59% 33% 8%
40-54 62% 30% 8%
55 + 62% 27% 11%
15- 65% 24% 11%
16-19 61% 30% 9%
20+ 57% 35% 8%
Still studying 51% 37% 12%
Self-employed 60% 32% 8%
Managers 58% 34% 8%
Other white collars 59% 33% 8%
Manual workers 61% 31% 8%
House persons 59% 29% 12%
Unemployed 66% 26% 8%
Retired 62% 26% 12%
Students 51% 37% 12%
The working class 65% 26% 9%
The middle class 57% 34% 9%
The upper class 48% 44% 8%
Agree 53% 39% 8%
Disagree 71% 22% 7%
QC1 Some analysts s ay that the impact of the economic cr isis on the job market has alr eady
reached i ts peak and things wi ll recover l it tle by l it tle. Others, on the contrary, say that the
worst is still to come. Which of the two statements is c loser to your opinion?
Age
Education (End of)
Occupation scale
Consider belonging to
Globalisation is an opportunity
6 Note that only 731 respondents describe themselves as belonging to the upper class of society in a sampleof 26,637: just 3%, compared with 50% who say they are middle class and 42% who describe themselves asworking class.
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II. THE IMPACT OF THE CRISIS ON THE HOUSEHOLD SITUATIONUnlike the question on emerging from the crisis, which has seen significant changes since
the Eurobarometer survey of May-June 2009, the question on the situation of households
seems to have remained stable. As in previous surveys, respondents remain
divided on the direct impact of the crisis on their household7.
The results are almost identical to those recorded during the preceding survey conducted
in autumn 2011. More than a third of respondents (35%, +1 percentage point) say that
their current situation does not allow them to make plans for the future. An unchanged
32% know what they will be doing in the next six months, and 29% (also unchanged)
have a longer-term perspective of their households (one or two years).
7 QC2 Which of the following statements best reflects your household situation? Your current situation does notallow you to make any plan for the future. You live day by day; You know what you will be doing in the nextsix months; You have a long-term perspective of what your household will be in the next 1 or 2 years; Other
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There are striking variations between countries. In particular, there is a significant
difference between respondents in the EU15 countries and in the NMS12. In the EU15,
33% know what they will be doing in the longer term (in one or two years), while only
15% do so in the NMS12 countries. Conversely, 30% (contrasting with 38% in the
NMS12) can make medium-term plans (for the next six months) and 33% (vs 42%) live
day by day. Interestingly, and despite this difference in their assessments of the future
of their households, respondents in EU15 countries are more pessimistic about the
impact of the economic crisis than those in the NMS12.
Similarly, 32% of Eurozone respondents (compared with 24% outside the Eurozone)
have a long-term perspective of their households.
The most common situation at the European level, which consists of living day
by day, is reported by an absolute majority of respondents in six Member
States: Greece (68%), Malta (67%), Cyprus (55%), Bulgaria and Hungary (both 54%)
and Portugal (53%). This is also the case in two of the six candidate countries: the
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (59%) and Serbia (53%).
Respondents are most likely to know what they will be doing in the medium
term (in the next six months) in Slovakia (45%), Poland (44%) and the Czech
Republic and Austria (both 40%).
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In some Member States in the north of Europe, the effects of the crisis seem less felt,
since an absolute majority of respondents say they have a long-term vision of
their households: in Sweden (54%), Luxembourg (51%), and the Netherlands,
Denmark and Germany (all 50%).
As was observed in the autumn 2011 survey, the least advantaged respondents are,
reasonably enough, most likely to have difficulty in making long-term plans.
Thus 47% of the least educated (compared with 24% of the most educated) say they live
day by day, as do 68% of the unemployed (compared with 13% of managers) and 74%
of people who have difficulty paying their bills most of the time (compared with 21% of
those who almost never have problems).
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It is also more likely to be the case for divorced people (49%, compared with 32% of
married respondents). This is also the answer given by 41% of those who do not think
that globalisation is an opportunity (compared with 27% of those who believe the
opposite) and by 40% of the people who say that the worst impact of the crisis on jobs is
still to come (compared with 28% of those who think the worst is behind us).
Your current
situation does not
allow you to make
any plan for the
future. You live
day by day
You know what
you will be doing
in the next six
months
You have a long-
term perspective
of what your
household will be
in the next 1 or 2
years
Other DK
EU27 35% 32% 29% 2% 2%
15- 47% 26% 23% 1% 3%
16-19 39% 31% 27% 1% 2%
20+ 24% 33% 39% 2% 2%Still studying 24% 39% 30% 2% 5%
Self-employed 32% 32% 33% 1% 2%
Managers 13% 33% 50% 2% 2%
Other white collars 28% 38% 30% 2% 2%
Manual workers 36% 34% 27% 1% 2%
House persons 44% 27% 26% 1% 2%
Unemployed 68% 18% 10% 2% 2%
Retired 37% 30% 29% 1% 3%
Students 24% 39% 30% 2% 5%
Most of the time 74% 15% 8% 1% 2%
From time to time 48% 33% 16% 1% 2%
Almost never 21% 35% 41% 1% 2%
(Re)Married 32% 32% 33% 1% 2%
Single living with a partner 33% 34% 30% 1% 2%
Single 37% 33% 25% 2% 3%
Divorced or separated 49% 24% 25% 1% 1%
Widow 48% 26% 21% 1% 4%
Agree 27% 33% 37% 1% 2%
Disagree 41% 32% 24% 1% 2%
Has reached its peak 28% 35% 35% 1% 1%The worst is still to come 40% 30% 27% 1% 2%
The impact of the crisis on jobs
Marital status
Globalisation is an opport unity
QC2 Which of the following statements best reflects your household situation?
Education (End of)
Occupation s cale
Difficulties paying bills
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III. THE MOST EFFECTIVE ACTORS IN DEALING WITH THE CRISISWho can act most effectively against the effects of the crisis?
This is the seventh time that this question8 has been asked since spring 2009. As during
previous Eurobarometer surveys, respondents were shown a list of international
institutions (the European Union, the G20 and the International Monetary Fund) and
national entities (the government and the
United States). Only one answer was
possible.
The European Union and the national
government now stand level, both
being mentioned by 21% of
respondents. Previously the European
Union was in the lead (23% in autumn
2011, compared with 20% for the national
government).
The IMF comes next with 15% (+1
percentage point), followed by the G20
(14%, -2) and the United States (7%,
+2 points).
8 QC3 In your opinion, which of the following is best able to take effective actions against the effects of thefinancial and economic crisis?: The (NATIONALITY) Government; the European Union; the United States; theG20; the International Monetary Fund (IMF); Other; None
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Respondents in the Eurozone are more likely to mention the European Union (23%, vs
19% outside). The same is true for the IMF (16% vs 12%), whereas the government is
mentioned more outside the Eurozone (25%, vs 18% in the Eurozone).
Romania records the highest rate of mentions of the national government (49%),
followed by the United Kingdom (34%) and Greece and Malta (both 29%). Turkey stands
out among the candidate countries with a score of 46% for the national government.
The national government has gained ground in 15 countries (while the results are
unchanged or down in the remaining 12). The most striking rises are seen in Romania
(49%, +13 percentage points), Portugal (24%, +11) and Greece (29%, +7), and in one
candidate country: Turkey (46%, +12).
The European Union is mentioned most often in Luxembourg (34%), Poland (30%),
and Slovakia and Belgium (both 29%). It is also the most-mentioned item in Bulgaria
and in Ireland (both 26%), Lithuania (25%), Slovenia (24%), and Germany, Spain, Italy
and Estonia (all 23%). It is mentioned in equal first place with the government in
Portugal (24%) and Austria (20%), and in joint first place with the government and theIMF in Hungary (20%).
The European Union has lost ground since autumn 2011 in 18 Member States, with the
greatest decline in Poland (30%, -9).
The effectiveness of the International Monetary Fund in tackling the crisis is most
widely recognised in Finland (35%), Cyprus (24%) and Hungary (20%). However, as in
the three previous surveys (autumn 2010, spring 2011 and autumn 2011), the IFM
receives the fewest mentions in Greece (3%, unchanged since autumn 2011), equal this
time with one of the candidate countries, Turkey. It is mentioned less often than in
autumn 2011 in 14 Member States (with the sharpest falls in Portugal, 5%, -8
percentage points, and the Netherlands, 19%, -7), cited more frequently in 11 Member
States, and stable in two.
As in autumn 2011, the G20 is most mentioned in the Czech Republic (38%, -3). It is
also mentioned by 30% of respondents in the Netherlands and by 27% in Denmark.
Conversely, the lowest scores are recorded in three of the six candidate countries:
Montenegro and Serbia (both 3%), and Turkey (5%, equal with Spain). Downward trends
were recorded for this item in 18 Member States.
The United States, still seldom mentioned at European level, is nevertheless cited
slightly more often in the Czech Republic (15%) and Denmark (13%). It is also
apparently more trusted in the candidate countries: Turkey (20%), the Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia (15%) and Montenegro (14%).
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The socio-demographic analysis shows that the more advantaged categories are more
likely to mention the European Union (23% of managers, compared with 20% of white-
collar workers, house persons and retired respondents), the G20 (21% of managers,
compared with 7% of house persons) and the IMF (19% of managers, compared with
11% of the unemployed). More vulnerable respondents are likelier to say that the
government is most effective (24% of the unemployed and house persons, compared
with 17% of managers).
People who recognise the effectiveness of the European Union are also more
widespread among those who think that globalisation is an opportunity (27%, vs 17% of
those who think the reverse). Conversely, 23% of those who see globalisation in a
negative light mention their government (compared with 19% of those who see it in a
positive light). Respondents who mention the European Union are also more numerous
among those who believe that the impact of the crisis on jobs has reached its peak
(27%, compared with 19% of those who say the worst is still to come).
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The effectiveness of actors in combating the crisis
Respondents were then asked whether they thought that the European Union, their
national government and the United States had in fact acted effectively to combat the
crisis9.
They are more likely to see their government (37%) and the United States
(36%) as having been effective than the European Union (33%), which changes
the order of answers in comparison with the Eurobarometer 75 survey of spring 2011. At
that stage, the European Union came first, with 44% of respondents saying that it had
acted effectively, while 38% mentioned their government and 36% the United States.
Once again, there are some significant differences between the answers given by
respondents in the EU15 countries and by those in the NMS12. EU15 respondents are more
likely to approve of the actions of their government (39%, compared with 27% in NMS12),
and are correspondingly less likely to support the actions of the United States (32%, vs
46%) and the European Union (31%, vs 48%). It is also interesting to compare the Euro
Zone and the Non-Eurzone results. The EU is more often mentioned outside the Euro Zone
(39%, compared with 32% within the Euro Zone countries). The same applies for the
United States (42%, vs 31%).
9 QC8 Since the beginning of the economic crisis, would you say that each of the following actors has acted
effectively or not to combat the crisis up till now?: The European Union; the (NATIONAL) Government; the
United States; our Community's authorities (only for the Turkish Cypriot Community).
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The national government receives an absolute majority of mentions in the north of the
EU: in Sweden (73%), Luxembourg (68%), Germany (67%), Finland (65%), Austria
(58%) and Denmark (57%), and in one candidate country - Turkey (69%). The national
government is least often seen as effective in Greece, where it was mentioned by
only 4% of respondents. The greatest increases since May 2011 were recorded in Latvia
(26%, +16 percentage points), Finland (65%, +12), France (39%, +8) and Lithuania
(21%, +8). Declines were seen in the Netherlands (46%, -21), Cyprus (12%, -19), Italy
(21%, -13), and in one candidate country, Montenegro (22%, -15).
The United States is mentioned most often in Poland (52%), Lithuania and the Czech
Republic (both 50%), the Turkish Cypriot Community (47%) and Bulgaria (46%). The
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is the candidate country in which respondents
are likeliest to acknowledge the effectiveness of the United States in combating the crisis
(59%). The greatest evolutions were seen in Austria (33%, -17), Italy (38%, -13), and
Romania (40%, -13).
The European Union is particularly cited in Romania (58%), Bulgaria (54%) and Poland
(50%), as well as by 58% of respondents in the Turkish Cypriot Community. Among thecandidate countries, its effectiveness is most recognised in the Former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia (64%) and Turkey (54%). Conversely, Cyprus (13%) and Greece (14%)
record the lowest rates of mentions of the European Union. Negative evolutions have
occurred in 25 of the 27 Member States, and in the candidate countries (except
Turkey). The most striking declines are recorded in Italy (30%, -18 percentage points),
Austria (36%, -17), Cyprus (13%, -16) and Luxembourg (42%, -15).
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IV. MEASURES TO BE TAKEN BY THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe majority of Europeans (63%) believe that the European Union has
sufficient power and tools to defend the economic interests of Europe in the
global economy10, while a little over a quarter disagree. This result shows a marked
improvement since May 2010, with an 11-point rise.
Euro Zone respondents are the most convinced (65%, compared with 59% outside the
Euro Zone).
In particular, this opinion is held by 80% of interviewees in Lithuania and by 74% in
Latvia and Portugal. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia stands out among the
candidate countries, with 73% of citizens sharing this view.
10 QC4a.8 For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you totally agree, tend to agree, tend todisagree or totally disagree. The EU has sufficient power and tools to defend the economic interests of Europein the global economy.
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The greatest positive evolutions were recorded in Portugal (74%, +26 percentage
points), Latvia (74%, +23), Lithuania (80%, +22), Germany (70%, +22) and Malta
(65%, +20).
The socio-demographic analysis reveals that this opinion is widely shared across the
different categories of the population. Thus 67% of people aged from 15 to 24 years and
60% in the 55+ age band agree that the EU has sufficient means to defend the European
economy against global competition. This opinion is also shared almost equally bymanagers (63%) and the unemployed (62%), and by people with no difficulties paying
their bills (64%) and those who do have such financial problems (58%).
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1. Initiatives to improve the performance of the European economyThe three most cited initiatives (mentioned by more than a third of respondents) are as
follows11:
- Improving education and professional training is seen as the initiativethat would most effectively improve the performance of the Europeaneconomy (46%, -2 percentage points since spring 2011).
- Recording one of the sharpest rises between the two surveys, reducingpublic deficits and debt(38%, +4) is mentioned in second position.
- And 35% of respondents (+1) think that making it easier to set up abusiness would improve the European economy.
Respondents in the EU15 countries are more likely to support improving education and
professional training (48%, vs. 40% in the NMS12) and reducing public deficits and debt
(40%, vs. 32%) in order to improve the performance of the European economy.
Improving education and professional training is mentioned in particular in
Luxembourg and Germany (both 58%), Romania (56%), Estonia and Cyprus (both
54%), and Sweden and Denmark (both 53%). This item has lost ground in 18 Member
States, with the greatest decline in Italy (30%, -10).
11 QC5 Which three initiatives could most improve the performance of the European economy? (MAX. 3
ANSWERS): Increase the number of working hours; Improve education and professional training; Invest inresearch and innovation; Make it easier for companies to access credit; Make it easier to set up a business; Use
energy more efficiently; Invest in transport (motorways, railways, etc.); Invest in environmentally friendlyproducts and services; Increase the retirement age; Reduce public deficits and debt; Strengthen regulation offinancial markets.
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The second initiative, reducing public deficits and debt, is preferred in Hungary
(52%), Cyprus (51%), France (48%) and the Czech Republic (47%). It has gained
ground in 19 Member States, in particular in Austria (42%, +14 percentage points) and
France (48%, +10).
Encouraging business creation is mentioned most often in Lithuania (58%), Spain
(52%) and Bulgaria (48%).This initiative is now cited more often in 19 Member States,with the greatest rise in Luxembourg (33%, +7).
Croatia stands out among the candidate countries, with 57% of its citizens opting to
make it easier to set up a business. In Iceland, 50% of respondents choose reducing
public deficits and debt, while in Turkey, only 9% do so.
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2. The most effective measures for tackling the crisisThe results regarding measures for
tackling the crisis have remained
virtually unchanged since autumn 2011.
More than seven in ten respondents(76%, +1 percentage point) consider
that stronger coordination of
economic policy among all the EU
Member States would provide a
means of combating the current
economic and financial crisis.12
Almost as many (75%, unchanged)
believe that there should be stronger
coordination of economic and
financial policies among thecountries of the Euro Zone.
Finally, 71% (unchanged) of respondents would support a more important role for
the EU in regulating financial services.
Respondents within the Euro Zone are more convinced of the effectiveness of all
three of these suggested measures.For example, 79% of respondents in the Euro
Zone (compared with 69% outside) believe that stronger coordination of economic policy
among all the EU Member States would be effective. They are also more likely to support
stronger coordination of economic and financial policies among the countries of the euro
area (78%, vs. 67%), and a more important role for the EU in regulating financial
services (74%, vs. 64%).
The Member States in which respondents are most likely to say that stronger
coordination of economic policy among all the EU Member States would be
effective are Cyprus (90%) and Belgium (87%). This view has gained ground in 15
countries since autumn 2011, has declined in nine (including Hungary, 57%, -10
percentage points) and is unchanged in three.
Stronger coordination of economic and financial policies among the countries of
the Euro Zone receives most support in Cyprus (91%) and Slovakia (87%). This opinion
has made advances in 13 countries (most strikingly in France, 82%, +7), lost ground in
13 others and is stable in Belgium (85%).
12 QC6 A range of measures to tackle the current financial and economic crisis is being discussed in theEuropean institutions. For each, could you tell me whether you think it would be effective or not? A more
important role for the EU in regulating financial services; A stronger coordination of economic policy among allthe EU Member States; A stronger coordination of economic and financial policies among the countries of theeuro area.
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The third measure, a more important role for the EU in regulating financial
services, receives most support in Belgium (82%), Cyprus and Slovakia (both 81%),
and Spain (80%). Positive evolutions have occurred in 11 countries and negative
evolutions in 13 others, the largest fall being recorded in Hungary (57%, -10 percentage
points). Finally, results are unchanged in three countries: Belgium (82%), Slovakia
(81%) and Finland (66%).
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Respondents who see globalisation as an opportunity are more likely to think that
supporting stronger coordination of economic policy among all the EU Member
States would be effective (85%, compared with 70% of those who do not regard
globalisation in this light). This is also the view of 85% of the people who believe that the
impact of the crisis on jobs has reached its peak (compared with 72% of those who say
the worst is still to come). Similarly, it is the opinion of 78% of people who say that their
country needs reforms to face the future (compared with 61% who do not agree).
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V. A REFORM OF THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM?1. Necessary reforms to tackle the crisis and reduce public debt
Wo r k i n g t o g e t h er
A very large majority of respondents (89%, unchanged since the autumn 2011Eurobarometer) would support greater cooperation between the 27 Member States in
tackling the crisis.13 The need for greater cooperation is primarily expressed in Cyprus
and Slovenia (both 97%) and in Luxembourg (96%). The greatest evolutions were seen
in Austria (82%, +6 percentage points) and Italy (82%, -6).
R e fo r m t o f a c e t h e f u t u r e
Nearly nine in ten respondents (89%, +1 percentage point) also agree that their country
needs reforms to face the future. This is particularly true in Greece and Cyprus (both
96%) and Lithuania (95%). However, it is in a candidate country, Iceland (99%), that
respondents feel most strongly on this matter. The most striking evolutions were
recorded in the Netherlands (89%, +8), France (92%, +5 points), Slovakia (85%, +5)
and Luxembourg (74%, +5); the sharpest decline was recorded in Spain (92%, -5).
P u b l i c d e f i ci t s a n d d e b t
To measure attitudes to public deficits and debt, the sample was divided into two groups,
each of which was asked a differently worded question:
- One positive (SPLIT A Measures to reduce the public deficit and debt in (OURCOUNTRY) cannot be delayed).
- The other negative (SPLIT B Measures to reduce the public deficit and debtin (OUR COUNTRY) are not a priority for now).
We found that 82% of respondents agree that these measures cannot be
delayed in their country. This represents a fall of two percentage points since the last
Eurobarometer in autumn 2011. Just over one person in ten (11%, +2) disagrees.
Euro Zone respondents are more emphatic on this point (85%, compared with 78%
outside the Euro Zone), as are respondents in the EU15 countries (84%, compared with
75% in the NMS12). This view is most strongly held in Belgium and Malta (both 92%),
Slovenia (91%) and Germany (90%), compared with 62% in Romania. The greatest
evolutions are seen in Greece, where there has been a sharp decline (70%, -9
percentage points), and in France (89%, +6), Luxembourg (82%, +6), and one of the
candidate countries, Turkey (71%, +10), which have all seen an upward trend.
13 QC4a.1-7 For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you totally agree, tend to agree, tendto disagree or totally disagree: (OUR COUNTRY) needs reforms to face the future; EU Member States should
work together more in tackling the financial and economic crisis; (ONLY TO SPLIT A) Measures to reduce thepublic deficit and debt in (OUR COUNTRY) cannot be delayed; (ONLY TO SPLIT B) Measures to reduce the public
deficit and debt in (OUR COUNTRY) are not a priority for now; It is possible to reduce public deficit and debtwhile at the same time stimulating economic growth; The countries of the EU need a more solid industrial base;The countries of the EU need to develop further the services sector in their economies.
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When the wording is reversed (Measures to reduce the public deficit and debt
in (OUR COUNTRY) are not a priority for now), 40% of respondents (unchanged)
agree, while 53% take the opposite view.
Respondents in Lithuania (65%) and Estonia (62%) are most likely to support this
statement. The greatest evolutions have taken place in Portugal (54%, +14 percentage
points), the Czech Republic (46%, +12), Slovenia (48%, -15) and Spain (37%, -14); asteep fall was also recorded in one candidate country, Montenegro (28%, -17).
Nevertheless, an absolute majority of Europeans disagree with this statement (53%,
+2). Respondents are most likely to believe that these measures are a priority in the
EU15 countries (57%, compared with 38% in the NMS12) and in the Euro Zone (57%,
compared with 45% outside it). This to some extent confirms the results of the previous
question (SPLIT A), although the strength of opinion varies with the wording.
A m o r e s o l id i n d u s t r i a l b a s e
In this context, the consolidation of the industrial base in EU Member States is a priority
for 82% of Europeans, led by 96% of respondents in Cyprus, 93% in Latvia and 91% in
Slovakia.
De v e l o p i n g t h e s e r v i c e s s e ct o r
The services sector should be further developed in all Member States, say 78% of
Europeans, including 83% of respondents in the NMS12 countries (vs. 77% in the EU15).
This result is particularly striking in Slovakia (96%) and Cyprus (93%).
St i m u l a t in g e co n om i c g r o w t h
A majority of Europeans (68%) believe that it is possible to reduce public deficits and
debt while stimulating economic growth. This view is particularly widespread in Slovenia
(78%) and Sweden, Belgium and Slovakia (all 77%).
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The countries of
the EU need a
more solid
industrial base
The countries of
the EU need to
develop further the
services sector in
their economies
It is possible to
reduce public
deficit and debt
while at the same
time stimulating
economic growth
Total
'Agree'
Diff.
Sp.2012-
Aut.2011
Total
'Agree'
Diff.
Sp.2012-
Aut.2011
Total
'Agree'
Diff.
Sp.2012-
Aut.2011
Total 'Agree' Total 'Agree' Total 'Agree'Total
'Agree'
Diff.
Sp.2012-
Aut.2011
EU27 89% +1 89% = 82% -2 82% 78% 68% 40% =
BE 90% -3 93% -2 92% -1 84% 87% 77% 34% -3
BG 93% = 94% +1 69% -2 81% 82% 59% 39% -3
CZ 78% +2 89% = 81% = 83% 88% 64% 46% +12
DK 66% -4 89% +1 82% +5 74% 73% 69% 41% -3
DE 88% +1 93% -1 90% -2 77% 75% 68% 37% =
EE 85% -1 93% -2 71% -2 86% 79% 67% 62% +3
IE 90% = 88% +1 86% +4 79% 80% 59% 33% -2
EL 96% +1 91% +1 70% -9 89% 85% 62% 44% +8
ES 92% -5 94% +1 77% -6 88% 81% 60% 37% -14
FR 92% +5 94% +4 89% +6 86% 76% 73% 27% +3
IT 87% -2 82% -6 83% -2 80% 80% 70% 41% -3
CY 96% = 97% -1 83% -7 96% 93% 71% 13% -8
LV 82% -4 91% +1 83% +3 93% 73% 68% 44% -7
LT 95% +3 94% +2 80% -3 87% 86% 73% 65% +5
LU 74% +5 96% = 82% +6 87% 77% 70% 37% -1
HU 84% +1 89% -1 84% +3 88% 87% 74% 57% -6
MT 92% +3 94% +2 92% +5 81% 83% 62% 38% +10
NL 89% +8 90% = 79% +2 69% 76% 67% 27% -4
AT 77% -2 82% +6 76% -8 80% 78% 69% 40% =
PL 90% -3 89% -2 75% -7 81% 83% 66% 49% -4
PT 88% +2 87% +5 78% +1 84% 83% 73% 54% +14
RO 87% +2 85% -1 62% -3 81% 77% 66% 52% +1
SI 93% +1 97% +3 91% -2 90% 87% 78% 48% -15
SK 85% +5 95% +1 90% +2 91% 96% 77% 47% +1
FI 92% -2 89% -1 84% -4 78% 83% 65% 58% -6
SE 92% +2 91% -2 83% -2 73% 77% 77% 55% +4
UK 88% +1 87% +5 82% -2 82% 69% 65% 36% +4
CY (tcc) 90% +7 NA NA 84% +4 NA NA 58% 31% -3
HR 92% -3 NA NA 87% -2 NA NA 88% 41% =
TR 78% +7 NA NA 71% +10 NA NA 69% 58% +8
MK 86% +2 NA NA 70% +4 NA NA 62% 54% +8
IS 99% = NA NA 82% +2 NA NA 83% 40% +4
ME 91% = NA NA 79% +3 NA NA 64% 28% -17
RS 87% NA NA NA 81% NA NA NA 63% 30% NA
QC4 For each of t he following st atements , please tell me whether you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree.
(OUR COUNTRY)
needs reforms to face
the future
EU Member States
should work together
more in tackling the
financial and
economic crisis
(SPLIT A) Measures to
reduce the public
deficit and debt in
(OUR COUNTRY)
cannot be delayed
(SPLIT B) Measures to
reduce the public
deficit and debt in
(OUR COUNTRY) are
not a priority for now
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Respondents in more advantaged social categories and those who have spent
longest in education are generally more likely to support each of these
measures. For example, 86% of managers agree that measures to reduce the public
deficit and debt cannot be delayed, compared with 75% of the unemployed.
There are two exceptions to this general rule: the most advantaged respondents are not
the likeliest to believe that the services sector should be developed (78% of managersvs. 82% of white-collar workers); and they are just as likely as respondents in other
occupational categories to agree that the Member States need a more solid industrial
base (83% of managers, white-collar workers, manual workers and the unemployed).
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Total
'Agree'
Total
'Disagree'
Total
'Agree'
Total
'Disagree'
Total
'Agree'
Total
'Disagree'
Total
'Agree'
Total
'Disagree'
Total
'Agree'
Total
'Disagre
EU27 89% 8% 89% 8% 82% 11% 82% 10% 78% 12%
15- 85% 10% 85% 9% 78% 11% 80% 8% 75% 11%
16-19 88% 9% 90% 7% 83% 11% 84% 8% 79% 11%
20+ 91% 7% 93% 5% 85% 11% 83% 11% 80% 13%
Still studying 88% 8% 92% 6% 80% 13% 76% 14% 76% 14%
Self-employed 90% 9% 91% 7% 84% 11% 82% 12% 80% 12%
Managers 91% 7% 92% 7% 86% 12% 83% 12% 78% 15%
Other white collars 89% 8% 91% 7% 83% 13% 83% 10% 82% 10%
Manual workers 88% 9% 90% 8% 84% 11% 83% 11% 80% 12%
House persons 88% 8% 87% 7% 75% 12% 80% 9% 76% 11%
Unemployed 90% 7% 89% 8% 75% 15% 83% 9% 79% 11%
Retired 87% 9% 88% 7% 83% 8% 81% 8% 76% 11%
Students 88% 8% 92% 6% 80% 13% 76% 14% 76% 14%
Low (1-4) 87% 9% 87% 8% 77% 12% 81% 9% 75% 12%
Medium (5-6) 88% 9% 90% 7% 83% 11% 83% 10% 79% 12%
High (7-10) 90% 8% 91% 7% 85% 11% 82% 12% 79% 13%
Has reached its peak 91% 7% 95% 4% 87% 9% 85% 9% 84% 10%
The worst is still to come 88% 9% 89% 8% 82% 12% 82% 11% 77% 13%
Education (End of)
Occupation scale
Self-positioning on the social staircas e
The impact of the crisis on jobs
QC4 For each of the following statem ents, please tell me whether you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree.
(OUR COUNTRY) needs
reforms to face thefuture
EU Member States
should work together
more in tackling thefinancial and economic
crisis
(SPLIT A) Measures t o
reduce the public
deficit and debt in(OUR COUNTRY)
cannot be delayed
The countries of the EU
need a more solidindustrial base
The countries of the E
need to develop furth
the services sector their economies
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2. Reforming the economic and financial systemRespondents were invited to give their views on five measures that the European Union
could take to reform the global financial markets14.
As we saw in the Eurobarometer 76 survey of autumn 2011, the majority of
respondents say they would support the five measures tested.
Nevertheless, Euro Zone respondents are more likely than those living outside the Euro
Zone to approve four of these proposals. There is a gap of 21 percentage points (70%
vs. 49%) between Euro Zone and non-Euro Zone respondents in respect of the
introduction of a tax on financial transactions. However, the introduction of Eurobonds
receives the same score in the Euro Zone and outside it (41%).
The measure which receives most approval, tougher rules on tax avoidance and tax
havens (88% in EU27, unchanged since autumn 2011), is massively supported in
Greece, Cyprus and Slovakia (all 97%). Support for this view has gained most ground in
Austria (95%, +5 percentage points) and Malta (81%, +5) and has declined most in
Poland (75%, -6) and Lithuania (76%, -5).
The introduction of a tax on profits made by banks(81% in EU27) is mentioned
most often in Greece (97%), and has gained most ground in Malta (51%, +9 percentage
points).
Respondents in Austria (88%) are most in favour of tighter rules for credit rating
agencies (76% in EU27). This is also the country where approval for this proposal hasgrown most (+7 percentage points).
14 QC7 Thinking about reform global financial markets, please tell me whether you are in favour or opposed to
the following measures to be taken by the EU: Tougher rules on tax avoidance and tax havens; Theintroduction of a tax on profits made by banks; The introduction of a tax on financial transactions; Theintroduction of Eurobonds (European bonds); Tighter rules for credit rating agencies
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The introduction of a tax on financial transactions (63% in EU27) receives most
support among respondents in Germany and Austria (both 80%). Support for this
measure has risen most in Cyprus (61%, +11) but has declined most sharply in Hungary
(33%, -32).
Respondents in Belgium (64%) are most in favour of the introduction of Eurobonds
(41% in EU27). The greatest evolutions are recorded in Cyprus (36%, -13), Lithuania(33%, -11), Hungary (44%, -11) and Luxembourg (47%, -10).
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The socio-demographic analysis gives results which have changed little since the last
survey in autumn 2011. However, men seem more in favour than women of the
introduction of Eurobonds (46% vs. 38%), the introduction of a financial transaction tax
(65% vs. 60%) and tighter rules for credit rating agencies (78% vs. 73%). These gender
differences are essentially due to higher non-response rates among women. The more
advantaged categories also seem more in favour of these measures, especially longer-
educated respondents. People who ended their education after the age of 20 are more in
favour of tougher rules on tax avoidance and tax havens (92%, vs. 86% of people who
left school before the age of 16); the introduction of a tax on profits made by banks
(84% vs. 79%); the introduction of a tax on financial transactions (66% vs. 61%);
tighter rules for credit rating agencies (81% vs. 68%), and, most strikingly, the
introduction of Eurobonds (49% vs. 32%).
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VI. THE IMPACT OF THE CRISIS ON THE EU AND ON EUROPEANSMore than three and a half years after the start of the financial and economic crisis which
has hit the European Union, respondents to the present questionnaire were asked to
answer three new questions on the consequences of this crisis for the EU15.
A very large majority of
respondents (84%) believe that,
as a result of the crisis, EU
countries will have to work
more closely together. This
opinion is most widespread in the
EU15 countries (84%, compared
with 81% in NMS12), and is
especially emphatic in Cyprus
(97%), Luxembourg (93%) and
Germany (91%).
A majority of Europeans (53%)
also believe that the European
Union will be stronger in the
long run.Respondents are more
likely to agree with this in the
EU15 countries (53%, compared
with 51% in NMS12). This view is
most widespread in Estonia (66%), Denmark (62%) and Belgium and Finland (both
61%). Nonetheless, in the Czech Republic (49%) and Austria and Greece (both 46%) a
relative majority believe that the crisis will weaken the European Union.
Finally, more than half the respondents (51%) say that they feel no closer to citizens
in other European countries. This opinion is most widespread outside the Euro Zone
(55%, compared with 48% within the Euro Zone), and most strikingly in Denmark
(70%), Hungary (68%), Latvia (67%) and the Czech Republic (66%).
15 QC4. 9, 10, 11 For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you totally agree, tend to agree,
tend to disagree or totally disagree: As a consequence of the crisis, you think the EU will be stronger in the longrun; As a consequence of the crisis, you feel closer to the citizens in other European countries; As aconsequence of the crisis, EU countries will have to work more closely together
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The differences between socio-demographic categories for these three
statements are fairly small. However, respondents who see globalisation as an
opportunity are most likely to think that EU Member States will have to work more
closely together (92%, compared with 78% of those who do not see globalisation in this
light). They are also more likely to believe that the EU will be stronger in the long run
(64%, vs. 43%) and to feel closer to citizens in other EU countries (49%, vs. 38%).
Likewise, 90% of the people who consider that the European Union can defend its
economic interests (compared with 77% of those who disagree) say that EU countries
will have to work more closely together. They are also more likely to believe that the EU
will be stronger in the long run (67%, vs. 30%) and to feel closer to citizens in other EU
countries (51%, vs. 30%).
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Between the 12th and the 27th of May 2012, TNS Opinion & Social, a consortium created between TNS plc and TNS
opinion, carried out the wave 77.3 of the EUROBAROMETER, on request of the EUROPEAN COMMISSION,Directorate-General for Communication, Research and Speechwriting.
This wave is the STANDARD EUROBAROMETER 77 and covers the population of the respective nationalities of the
European Union Member States, resident in each of the Member States and aged 15 years and over. The
STANDARD EUROBAROMETER 77 has also been conducted in the six candidate countries (Croatia, Turkey, theFormer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Iceland, Montenegro and Serbia) and in the Turkish Cypriot Community.
In these countries, the survey covers the national population of citizens and the population of citizens of all the
European Union Member States that are residents in these countries and have a sufficient command of the nationallanguages to answer the questionnaire. The basic sample design applied in all states is a multi-stage, random
(probability) one. In each country, a number of sampling points was drawn with probability proportional to
population size (for a total coverage of the country) and to population density.
In order to do so, the sampling points were drawn systematically from each of the "administrative regional units",
after stratification by individual unit and type of area. They thus represent the whole territory of the countries
surveyed according to the EUROSTAT NUTS II (or equivalent) and according to the distribution of the resident
population of the respective nationalities in terms of metropolitan, urban and rural areas.
In each of the selectedsampling points, a starting address was drawn, at random. Further addresses (every Nth address) were selected
by standard "random route" procedures, from the initial address. In each household, the respondent was drawn, atrandom (following the "closest birthday rule"). All interviews were conducted face-to-face in people's homes and in
the appropriate national language. As far as the data capture is concerned, CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal
Interview) was used in those countries where this technique was available.
For each country a comparison between the sample and the universe was carried out. The Universe description
was derived from Eurostat population data or from national statistics offices. For all countries surveyed, a nationalweighting procedure, using marginal and intercellular weighting, was carried out based on this Universe
description. In all countries, gender, age, region and size of locality were introduced in the iteration procedure. Forinternational weighting (i.e. EU averages), TNS Opinion & Social applies the official population figures as provided
by EUROSTAT or national statistic offices. The total population figures for input in this post-weighting procedure
are listed above.
TS1
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Readers are reminded that survey results are estimations, the accuracy of which, everything being equal, rests
upon the sample size and upon the observed percentage. With samples of about 1,000 interviews, the realpercentages vary within the following confidence limits:
various sample sizes are in rows various observed results are in columns
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50%
N=50 6,0 8,3 9,9 11,1 12,0 12,7 13,2 13,6 13,8 13,9 N=50
N=500 1,9 2,6 3,1 3,5 3,8 4,0 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,4 N=500
N=1000 1,4 1,9 2,2 2,5 2,7 2,8 3,0 3,0 3,1 3,1 N=1000
N=1500 1,1 1,5 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,5 2,5 N=1500
N=2000 1,0 1,3 1,6 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,1 2,2 2,2 N=2000
N=3000 0,8 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,8 1,8 N=3000
N=4000 0,7 0,9 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 N=4000
N=5000 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,4 N=5000
N=6000 0,6 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,3 N=6000
N=7000 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,2 N=7000
N=7500 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 N=7500
N=8000 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 N=8000
N=9000 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 N=9000
N=10000 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,0 N=10000
N=11000 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 N=11000
N=12000 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 N=12000
N=13000 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 N=13000N=14000 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 N=14000
N=15000 0,3 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 N=15000
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50%
Statistical Margins due to the sampling process
(at the 95% level of confidence)
TS2
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ABBR. COUNTRIES INSTITUTESN
INTERVIEWS
FIELDWORK
DATES
POPULATION
15+
BE Belgium TNS Dimarso 1.076 12/05/2012 25/05/2012 8.866.411BG Bulgaria TNS BBSS 1.016 12/05/2012 21/05/2012 6.584.957CZ Czech Rep. TNS Aisa 1.002 12/05/2012 24/05/2012 8.987.535DK Denmark TNS Gallup DK 1.007 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 4.533.420DE Germany TNS Infratest 1.502 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 64.545.601
EE Estonia Emor 1.000 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 916.000IE Ireland Ipsos MRBI 1.000 12/05/2012 25/05/2012 3.375.399EL Greece TNS ICAP 1.001 12/05/2012 25/05/2012 8.693.566ES Spain TNS Demoscopia 1.006 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 39.035.867FR France TNS Sofres 1.007 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 47.620.942IT Italy TNS Infratest 1.036 12/05/2012 24/05/2012 51.252.247CY Rep. of Cyprus Synovate 505 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 651.400LV Latvia TNS Latvia 1.007 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 1.448.719LT Lithuania TNS LT 1.019 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 2.849.359LU Luxembourg TNS ILReS 507 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 404.907HU Hungary TNS Hoffmann Kft 1.010 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 8.320.614MT Malta MISCO 500 12/05/2012 26/05/2012 335.476NL Netherlands TNS NIPO 1.012 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 13.288.200
AT AustriasterreichischesGallup-Institut
993 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 6.973.277
PL Poland TNS OBOP 1.000 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 32.306.436PT Portugal TNS EUROTESTE 1.010 14/05/2012 27/05/2012 8.080.915RO Romania TNS CSOP 1.073 12/05/2012 22/05/2012 18.246.731
SI Slovenia RM PLUS 1.023 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 1.748.308SK Slovakia TNS Slovakia 1.000 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 4.549.954FI Finland TNS Gallup Oy 1.001 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 4.412.321SE Sweden TNS GALLUP 1.019 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 7.723.931UK United Kingdom TNS UK 1.305 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 51.081.866
TOTAL
EU2726.637 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 406.834.359
CY(tcc)Turkish CypriotCommunity
Kadem 500 12/05/2012 25/05/2012 143.226
HR Croatia Puls 1.000 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 3.749.400TR Turkey TNS PIAR 1.000 14/05/2012 27/05/2012 52.728.513
MKFormer Yugoslav Rep. ofMacedonia
TNS Brima 1.056 12/05/2012 18/05/2012 1.678.404
IS Iceland Capacent 500 252.277ME Montenegro TNS Medium Gallup 1.015 12/05/2012 21/05/2012 492.265RS Serbia TNS Medium Gallup 1.020 12/05/2012 17/05/2012 6.409.693
TOTAL32.728 12/05/2012 27/05/2012 472.288.137