fliuid mechanics

7/29/2019 Fliuid Mechanics

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GENINEERING DESIGN

JJ513

Group member :

class :


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AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE

(API)

SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS

(SAE)


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INTRODUCTION :

The American Petroleum Institute (API) sets minimum for

performance standards for lubricants. Motor oil is used

for the lubrication, cooling, and cleaning of internal

combustion engines. Motor oil may be composed of a

lubricant base stock only in the case of non-detergent oil,

or a lubricant base stock plus additives to improve the

oil's detergency, extreme pressure performance, and

ability to inhibit corrosion of engine parts.


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FIVE GROUPS OF API :

Lubricant base stocks are categorized into five

groups by the API :-

Group I base stocks are composed offractionally

distilled petroleum which is further refined with

solvent extraction processes to improve certain

properties such as oxidation resistance and to

remove wax.

Group II base stocks are composed of fractionally

distilled petroleum that has been hydrocracked to

further refine and purify it.

Group III base stocks have similar characteristics toGroup II base stocks, except that Group III base

stocks have higher viscosity indexes. Group III base

stocks are produced by further hydrocracking of


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either Group II base stocks or hydroisomerized slack

wax (a Group I and II dewaxing process by-product).

Group IV base stock are polyalphaolefins (PAOs).

Group V is a catch-all group for any base stock not

described by Groups I to IV. Examples of group V

base stocks include polyolesters (POE), polyalkylene

glycols (PAG), and perfluoropolyalkylethers (PFPAEs).

Groups I and II are commonly referred to as mineral

oils, group III is typically referred to as synthetic

(except in Germany and Japan, where they must not

be called synthetic) and group IV is a synthetic oil.

Group V base oils are so diverse that there is no

catch-all description.


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CLASSIFICATION OF API :

The API service classes have two general

classifications:S for "service/spark ignition" (typical

passenger cars and light trucks using

gasoline engines).

C for "commercial/compression ignition"

(typical diesel equipment). Engine oil whichhas been tested and meets the API

standards may display the API Service

Symbol (also known as the "Donut") with

the service designation on containers sold

to oil users.


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LATEST API SERVICE STANDARD DESIGNATION :

The latest API service standard designation is :

SN for gasoline automobile and light-

truck engines. The SN standard refers toa group of laboratory and engine tests,

including the latest series for control of

high-temperature deposits. Current API

service categories include SN, SM, SL

and SJ for gasoline engines. All previousservice designations are obsolete,

although motorcycle oils commonly still

use the SF/SG standard.


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All the current gasoline categories (including theobsolete SH), have placed limitations on the

phosphorus content for certain SAE viscosity grades

(the xW-20, xW-30) due to the chemical poisoning

that phosphorus has on catalytic converters.

Phosphorus is a key anti-wear component in motor

oil and is usually found in motor oil in the form of zincdithiophosphate.

Each new API category has placed successively lower

phosphorus and zinc limits, and thus has created a

controversial issue of obsolescent oils needed for

older engines, especially engines with sliding

(flat/cleave) tappets. API, and ILSAC, whichrepresents most of the worlds major

automobile/engine manufactures, states API

SM/ILSAC GF-4 is fully backwards compatible, and it is

noted that one of the engine tests required for API

SM, the Sequence IVA, is a sliding tappet design to

test specifically for cam wear protection.


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Not everyone is in agreement with backwards

compatibility, and in addition, there are special

situations, such as "performance" engines or fully

race built engines, where the engine protection

requirements are above and beyond API/ILSAC

requirements. Because of this, there are specialty oils

out in the market place with higher than API allowed

phosphorus levels.

Most engines built before 1985 have the flat/cleave

bearing style systems of construction, which is

sensitive to reducing zinc and phosphorus. Example;

in API SG rated oils, this was at the 1200-1300 ppm

level for zinc and phosphorus, where the current SM

is under 600 ppm.

This reduction in anti-wear chemicals in oil has

caused premature failures of camshafts and other

high pressure bearings in many older automobiles

and has been blamed for pre-mature failure of the oil

pump drive/cam position sensor gear that is meshed

with camshaft gear in some modern engines.


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SIX DIESEL ENGINE SERVICE DESIGNATON:

There are six diesel engine service designations

which are current:

CJ-4, CI-4, CH-4, CG-4, CF-2, and CF. Some

manufacturers continue to use obsolete

designations such as CC for small or

stationary diesel engines.

In addition, API created a separated CI-4

PLUS designation in conjunction with CJ-4

and CI-4 for oils that meet certain extra

requirements, and this marking is located

in the lower portion of the API Service

Symbol "Donut".


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It is possible for an oil to conform to both

the gasoline and diesel standards. In fact, it

is the norm for all diesel rated engine oilsto carry the "corresponding" gasoline

specification. For example, API CJ-4 will

almost always list either SL or SM, API CI-4

with SL, API CH-4 with SJ, and so on.


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SOCIETY OF AUTOMATIVE ENGINEERS

INTRODUCTION :

The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has

established a numerical code system for grading

motor oils according to their viscosity characteristics.

SAE viscosity gradings include the following, from

low to high viscosity: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50

or 60. The numbers 0, 5, 10, 15 and 25 are suffixed

with the letter W, designating their "winter" (not

"weight") or cold-start viscosity, at lower

temperature. The number 20 comes with or withouta W, depending on whether it is being used to

denote a cold or hot viscosity grade. The document

SAE J300 defines the viscometrics related to these

grades .


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KINEMATIC VISCOSCITY :

Kinematic viscosity is graded by measuring

the time it takes for a standard amount of

oil to flow through a standard orifice, atstandard temperatures. The longer it takes,

the higher the viscosity and thus higher SAE

code.

The SAE has a separate viscosity rating

system for gear, axle, and manualtransmission oils, SAE J306, which should

not be confused with engine oil viscosity.

The higher numbers of a gear oil (e.g., 75W-

140) do not mean that it has higher

viscosity than an engine oil.


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SINGLE GRADE :

A single-grade engine oil, as defined by SAE

J300, cannot use a polymeric Viscosity Index

Improver (also referred to as Viscosity

Modifier) additive.

SAE J300 has established eleven viscosity

grades, of which six are considered Winter-

grades and given a W designation. The 11

viscosity grades are 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W,

20W, 25W, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60. These

numbers are often referred to as the

"weight" of a motor oil, and single-grade

motor oils are often called "straight-weight"

oils.


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For single winter grade oils, the dynamic

viscosity is measured at different cold

temperatures, specified in J300 dependingon the viscosity grade, in units of mPas, or

the equivalent older non-SI units, centipoise

(abbreviated cP), using two different test

methods. They are the Cold Cranking

Simulator (ASTMD5293) and the Mini-Rotary Viscometer (ASTM D4684). Based on

the coldest temperature the oil passes at,

that oil is graded as SAE viscosity grade 0W,

5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, or 25W.

The lower the viscosity grade, the lowerthe temperature the oil can pass. For

example, if an oil passes at the

specifications for 10W and 5W, but fails for

0W, then that oil must be labeled as an SAE

5W. That oil cannot be labeled as either 0Wor 10W.


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MULTI GRADE :

The temperature range the oil is exposed toin most vehicles can be wide, ranging from

cold temperatures in the winter before the

vehicle is started up, to hot operating

temperatures when the vehicle is fully

warmed up in hot summer weather. A specific oil will have high viscosity when

cold and a lower viscosity at the engine's

operating temperature. The difference in


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viscosities for most single-grade oil is too

large between the extremes of

temperature. To bring the difference inviscosities closer together, specialpolymer

additives called viscosity index improvers,

or VIIs are added to the oil.

These additives are used to make the oil a

multi-grade motor oil, though it is possibleto have a multi-grade oil without the use of

VIIs. The idea is to cause the multi-grade oil

to have the viscosity of the base grade

when cold and the viscosity of the second

grade when hot.This enables one type of oil to be used all

year. In fact, when multi-grades were

initially developed, they were frequently

described as all-season oil. The viscosity of a

multi-grade oil still varies logarithmicallywith temperature, but the slope

representing the change is lessened.


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CONCLUSION

In the end,just understand you can always select an API certified oil and recive adequate

protection, as long as you change oil frequently enough.If you are looking for something more

than just an average oil,it will take a little more in depth research and analysis on your part to

find what youre looking for. I have understand now what mean API when I do someresearch.For the SAE it has a code W which mean can used in Automotive (grading motor

oils).It suitable for winter or hot place used using a numerical code. For example, 5W is suitable

for use in temperatures as low as -25 degrees Celsius, 10W for temperatures as low as -20

degrees Celsius, 15W for -15 degrees Celsius and 20W for -10 degrees Celsius. Now I just

understand what is SAE .Futhemore its make know the code of SAE. AndClassification Systems

Oil is classified by two systems. The SAE grade determines the oils viscosity, while the API

class determines its performance level and appropriate applications.


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DISCUSSION

In order to discuss motor oils, you must know that about 1968 the Society of AutomotiveEngineers (SAE) and the American Petroleum Inst (API) set up a simplified oil ratingsystem. The code for gasoline engines started with an S, and diesels with a C. Ultra

light-duty oils were rated A, and extreme-duty oils were rated E. So, class SE usedto be the toughest oil you could buy for your car or motorcycle. As oil technologyadvanced, more ratings were tacked on, such as SF, SG,et cetera. The latest rating isnow somewhere around SM.


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REFERENCE

www.wikipedia/AmericanPetro

leumInstitute.com

www.wikipedia/SocietyAutomati

veEngineers.comwww.wikipedia/oilgradingsystem.

com

Google Images

Fluid Mechanics by R.C Hibler
http://www.wikipedia/AmericanPetroleumInstitute.comhttp://www.wikipedia/AmericanPetroleumInstitute.comhttp://www.wikipedia/AmericanPetroleumInstitute.comhttp://www.wikipedia/AmericanPetroleumInstitute.comhttp://www.wikipedia/SocietyAutomativeEngineers.comhttp://www.wikipedia/SocietyAutomativeEngineers.comhttp://www.wikipedia/SocietyAutomativeEngineers.comhttp://www.wikipedia/SocietyAutomativeEngineers.comhttp://www.wikipedia/oilgradingsystem.comhttp://www.wikipedia/oilgradingsystem.comhttp://www.wikipedia/oilgradingsystem.comhttp://www.wikipedia/oilgradingsystem.comhttp://www.wikipedia/oilgradingsystem.comhttp://www.wikipedia/oilgradingsystem.comhttp://www.wikipedia/SocietyAutomativeEngineers.comhttp://www.wikipedia/SocietyAutomativeEngineers.comhttp://www.wikipedia/AmericanPetroleumInstitute.comhttp://www.wikipedia/AmericanPetroleumInstitute.com

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