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Fukuzawa Yukichi

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Musum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris, 1862.

Born January 10, 1835

Nakacheu, Osaka, Japan

Died February 3, 1901 (aged 66)

Tokyo, Japan

Other names ,

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fukuzawa Yukichi( , January 10, 1835 February 3, 1901) was a Japanese author, Enlightenment

writer, teacher, translator, entrepreneur and journalist who

founded Keio-Gijuku University, the newspaperJiji-Shinpo

and the Institute for Study of Infectious Diseases. He was anearly Japanese civil rights activist and liberal ideologist. His

ideas about government and social institutions made a lasting

impression on a rapidly changing Japan during the Meiji Era.

He is regarded as one of the founders of modern Japan. He is

called a Japanese Voltaire.

1 Early life

2 Political movements

3 Works

3.1 English-Japanese dictionary

3.2 All the countries of the world, for children

written in verse

3.3 An Encouragement of Learning

3.4An Outline of a Theory of Civilization

4 Criticism

5 Legacy

6 Bibliography

6.1 Original Japanese Books

6.2 English translations

7 Notes

8 See also

9 References

10 Further reading

11 External links

Fukuzawa Yukichi was born into an impoverished low-ranking samurai family of the Okudaira Clan of Nakatsu

(now Oita, Kyushu) in 1835. His family lived in Osaka, the main trading center for Japan at the time. [1]His

zawa Yukichi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa

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Monument of NAKATSU-Hanwarehouse and FUKUZAWA

YUKICHI birthplace, at

Hotarumachi, Fukushima-ku, Osaka

City, Japan.

Sailors of theKanrin Maru,

members of the Japanese

Embassy to the United States

(1860). Fukuzawa Yukichi sits on

the right.

Fukuzawa Yukichi with TheodoraAlice in San Francisco, 1860.

family was poor following the early death of his father, who was also a

Confucian scholar. At the age of 5 he started Han learning, and by the

time he turned 14 had studied major writings such as theAnalects, Tao

Te Ching,Zuo ZhuanandZhuanguzi. Fukuzawa was greatly influenced

by his lifelong teacher, Shzan Shiraishi, who was a scholar of

Confucianism and Han learning. When he turned 19 in 1854, shortly

after Commodore Matthew C. Perry's arrival in Japan, Fukuzawa's

brother (the family patriarch) asked Yukichi to travel to Nagasaki, where

the Dutch colony at Dejima was located, in order to enter a school of

Dutch studies (rangaku).He instructed Yukichi to learn Dutch so that he

might study European cannon designs and gunnery.

Although Fukuzawa did travel to

Nagasaki, his stay was brief as he

quickly began to outshine his host in

Nagasaki, Okudaira Iki. Okudaira

planned to get rid of Fukuzawa by

writing a letter saying that

Fukuzawa's mother was ill. Seeingthrough the fake letter Fukuzawa

planned to travel to Edo and

continue his studies there because he

knew he would not be able to in his

home domain, Nakatsu, but upon his

return to Osaka, his brother

persuaded him to stay and enroll at the Tekijuku school run by physician

and rangakuscholar Ogata Kan. Fukuzawa studied at Tekijuku for three

years and became fully proficient in the Dutch language. In 1858, he was

appointed official Dutch teacher of his family's domain, Nakatsu, and was

sent to Edo to teach the family's vassals there.

The following year, Japan opened up three of its ports to American and

European ships, and Fukuzawa, intrigued with Western civilization,

traveled to Kanagawa to see them. When he arrived, he discovered that

virtually all of the European merchants there were speaking English rather

than Dutch. He then began to study English, but at that time, English-

Japanese interpreters were rare and dictionaries nonexistent, so his studies

were slow.

In 1859, the Shogunate sent the first diplomatic mission to the United

States. Fukuzawa volunteered his services to Admiral Kimura Yoshitake.Kimura's ship, theKanrin Maru, arrived in San Francisco, California in

1860. The delegation stayed in the city for a month, during which time

Fukuzawa had himself photographed with an American girl, and also found

a Webster's Dictionary, from which he began serious study of the English language.

Upon his return in 1860, Fukuzawa became an official translator for the Tokugawa bakufu. Shortly thereafter he


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Fukuzawa Yukichi was a member

of the Japanese Embassy to the

United States (1860). (Washington

shipyard).

brought out his first publication, an English-Japanese dictionary which he

called "Kaei Tsgo" (translated from a Chinese-English dictionary) which

was a beginning for his series of later books. In 1862, he visited Europe as

one of the two English translators in bakufu's 40-man embassy, the First

Japanese Embassy to Europe. During its year in Europe, the Embassy

conducted negotiations with France, England, the Netherlands, Prussia, and

finally Russia. In Russia, the embassy unsuccessfully negotiated for the

southern end of Sakhalin (in Japanese Karafuto).

The information collected during these travels resulted in his famous work

SeiyJij(, "Things western"), which he published in tenvolumes in 1867, 1868 and 1870. The books describe western culture and

institutions in simple, easy to understand terms, and they became immediate best-sellers. Fukuzawa was soon

regarded as the foremost expert on all things western, leading him to conclude that his mission in life was to

educate his countrymen in new ways of thinking in order to enable Japan to resist European imperialism.

In 1868 he changed the name of the school he had established to teach Dutch to Keio Gijuku, and from then on

devoted all his time to education. While Kei's initial identity was that of a private school of Western studies

(Keio-gijuku), it expanded and established its first university faculty in 1890. Under the name Keio-Gijuku

University, it became a leader in Japanese higher education.

In 1901, Fukuzawa Yukichi was buried at Zenpuku-ji, in the Azabu area of Tokyo. Alumni of Keio-Gijuku

University hold a ceremony there every year on February 3.

Fukuzawa's writings may have been the foremost of the Edo period and Meiji period.

English-Japanese dictionary

On 1860, he publishedEnglish-Japanese dictionary("Ztei Kaei Tsgo"). It was his first publication. He

boughtEnglish-Chinese dictionary("Kaei Tsgo") at San Francisco on 1860. He translated it to Japanese and he

added the Japanese translations to the original textbook. In his book, he invented the new Japanese characters

VU () to represent the pronunciation of VU and VA () to represent the pronunciation of VA. For example,the name Beethoven is written by in Japanese now.All the countries of the world, for children written in verse

His famous textbook Sekai Kunizukushi("All the countries of the world, for children written in verse", 1869)

became a best seller and was used as an official school textbook. His inspiration for writing the books camewhen he tried to teach world geography to his sons. At the time there were no textbooks on the subject, so he

decided to write one himself. He started by buying a few Japanese geography books for children, named

Miyakoji("City roads") andEdo hgaku("Tokyo maps"), and practiced reading them aloud. He then wrote

Sekai Kunizukushiin six volumes in the same lyrical style. The first volume covered Asian countries, the

second volume detailed African countries, European countries were discussed in the third, South American

countries in the fourth, and North American countries and Australia in the fifth. Finally, the sixth volume was

an appendix that gave an introduction to world geography.

An Encouragement of Learning


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First print of "An Encouragement

of Learning (http://www.keio-

up.co.jp/np/isbn

/9784766416848/)" (1872),

written by Fukuzawa Yukichi and

Obata Tokujir.

First print ofAn Outline of a

Theory of Civilization

(http://www.keio-up.co.jp

/kup/eng/philo/15600.html)

(1875).

Between 1872 and 1876, he published 17 volumes of Gakumon no Susume

("An Encouragement of Learning" or more idiomatically "On Studying"[2]).

In these texts, Fukuzawa outlines the importance of understanding the

principle of equality of opportunity and that study was the key to greatness.

He was an avid supporter of education and believed in a firm mental

foundation through education and studiousness. In the volumes of Gakumon

no Susume, influenced byElements of Moral Science(1835, 1856 ed.) by

Brown University President Francis Wayland, Fukuzawa advocated hismost lasting principle, "national independence through personal

independence." Through personal independence, an individual does not

have to depend on the strength of another. With such a self-determining

social morality, Fukuzawa hoped to instill a sense of personal strength

among the people of Japan, and through that personal strength, build a

nation to rival all others. His understanding was that western society had

become powerful relative to other countries at the time because western

countries fostered education, individualism (independence), competition

and exchange of ideas.

n Outline of a Theory of Civilization

Fukuzawa published many influential essays and critical works. A particularly

prominent example isBunmeiron no Gairyaku("An Outline of a Theory of

Civilization"[3]) published in 1875, in which he details his own theory of

civilization. It was influenced byHistoire de la civilisation en Europe(1828;

Eng. trans in 1846) by Franois Guizot andHistory of Civilization in England

(1872-1873, 2nd London ed.) by Henry Thomas Buckle. According to

Fukuzawa, civilization is relative to time and circumstance, as well in

comparison. For example, at the time China was relatively civilized in

comparison to some African colonies, and European nations were the mostcivilized of all.

Colleagues in the Meirokusha intellectual society shared many of Fukuzawa's

views, which he published in his contributions toMeiroku Zasshi(Meiji Six

Magazine), a scholarly journal he helped publish. In his books and journals,

he often wrote about the word "civilization" and what it meant. He advocated

a move toward "civilization", by which he meant material and spiritual

well-being, which elevated human life to a "higher plane". Because material

and spiritual well-being corresponded to knowledge and "virtue," to "move

toward civilization" was to advance and pursue knowledge and virtue

themselves. He contended that people could find the answer to their life ortheir present situation from "civilization." Furthermore, the difference

between the weak and the powerful and large and small was just a matter of difference between their knowledge

and education.

He argued that Japan shouldn't import guns and materials. Instead it should support the acquisition of

knowledge, which would eventually take care of the material necessities. He talked of the Japanese concept of

being practical or pragmatic (, jitsugaku) and the building of things that are basic and useful to other

people. In short, to Fukuzawa, "civilization" essentially meant the furthering of knowledge and education.


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Fukuzawa Yukichi

(Kinsei Meishi Shashin

(http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait

/e/datas/185.html). Vol.2.)

Fukuzawa appears on the 10,000

yen banknote engraved by

Oshikiri Katsuz.

Fukuzawa was later criticized as a supporter of Japanese imperialism because of an essay "Datsu-A Ron"

("Escape from Asia") published in 1885 and posthumously attributed to him, as well as for his support of the

First Sino-Japanese War (18941895). Yet, "Datsu-A Ron" was actually a response to a failed attempt by

Koreans to organize an effective reform faction. The essay was published as a withdrawal of his support.

According toFukuzawa Yukichi no Shinjitsu("The Truth of Fukuzawa Yukichi", 2004, ISBN 4-16-660394-9)by YHirayama, this view is a misunderstanding due to the influence of Mikiaki Ishikawa, who was the author

of a biography of Fukuzawa (1932) and the editor of his Complete Works(19251926 and 19331934).

According to Hirayama, Ishikawa inserted anonymous editorials into the Complete Works, and inserted

historically inaccurate material into his biography. In fact, says Hirayama, Fukuzawa did criticize the Chinese

and Korean governments but he did not discriminate against the Chinese and Korean people. Discriminatory

statements attributed to Fukuzawa, he says, were actually due to Ishikawa.

The material inFukuzawa Yukichi Complete Works(1958-1964) volumes 1 to 7 must be

distinguished from that in volumes 8 to 16. Volumes 1 to 7 contain signed works, but the Jiji

Shinpeditorials in volumes 8 to 16 are almost all unsigned works chosen by Ishikawa. Six of

the editorials in volume 16 were written six months after Fukuzawa's death, and of course

cannot have been written by Fukuzawa.

Fukuzawa's most important contribution to the reformation effort, though,

came in the form of a newspaper calledJiji Shinpo(, "CurrentEvents"), which he started in 1882, after being prompted by Inoue Kaoru,

kuma Shigenobu, and ItHirobumi to establish a strong influence among

the people, and in particular to transmit to the public the government'sviews on the projected national assembly, and as reforms began, Fukuzawa,

whose fame was already unquestionable, began production ofJiji Shinpo,

which received wide circulation, encouraging the people to enlighten

themselves and to adopt a moderate political attitude towards the change

that was being engineered within the social and political structures of Japan

He translated many books and journals into Japanese on a wide variety of

subjects, including chemistry, the arts, military and society, and published

many books (in multiple volumes) and journals himself describing western

society, his own philosophy and change, etc.

Fukuzawa was one of the mostinfluential people ever that helped

Japan modernize into the country it is

today. He never accepted any high

position and stayed a normal Japanese

citizen for his whole life. By the time of his death, he was revered as one of

the founders of modern Japan. All of his work was written and was released

at a critical juncture in the Japanese society and uncertainty for the Japanese

people about their future after the signing of the Unequal treaties, their

realization in the weakness of the Japanese government at the time


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Western ways of living : food, clothes, house (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul

/fukuzawa_title.php?id=19) (SeiyIsyokujy, 1867)

6.

Handbook for soldiers (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=20) (Heishi Kaicy

Binran, 1868)

7.

Illustrated book of physical sciences (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=21)

(KinmKyri Zukai, 1868)

8.

Outline of the western art of war (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=24) (Yhei

Meikan, 1869)

9.

Pocket almanc of the world (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=29) (Shcy

Bankoku-Ichiran, 1869)

10.

English parliament (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=30) (Eikoku Gijiindan,

1869)

11.

Sino-British diplomatic relations (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=32) (Shin-ei

Kosai-shimatsu, 1869)

12.

All the countries of the world, for children written in verse (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul

/fukuzawa_title.php?id=34) (Sekai Kunizukushi, 1869)

13.

Daily lesson for children (http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1078138/219) (Hibi no Oshie, 1871) - These

books were written for Fukuzawa's first son Ichitarand second son Sutejir.

14.

Book of reading and penmanrship for children (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul

/fukuzawa_title.php?id=40) (KeimTenarai-no-Fumi, 1871)

15.

Encouragement of learning (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=42) (Gakumon no

Susume, 18721876)

16.

Junior book of ethics with many tales from western lands (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul

/fukuzawa_title.php?id=61) (DmOshie-Gusa, 1872)

17.

Deformed girl (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=66) (Katawa Musume, 1872)18.

Explanation of the new calendar (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=67)

(Kaireki-Ben, 1873)

19.

Bookkeeping (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=68) (Chai-no-H, 1873)20.

Maps of Japan for children (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=72) (Nihon Chizu

Sshi, 1873)

21.

Elementary reader for children (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=73) (Moji-

no-Oshie, 1873)

22.

How to hold a conference (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=76) (Kaigi-Ben,

1874)

23.

An Outline of a Theory of Civilization (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=77)

(Bunmeiron no Gairyaku, 1875)

24.

Independence of the schplar's mind (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=83)25.


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(Gakusya Anshinron, 1876)

On decentalization of power, advocating less centalized government in Japan (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp

/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=84) (Bunkenron, 1877)

26.

Popular economics (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=85) (Minkan Keizairoku,

1877)

27.

Collected essays of Fukuzawa (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=87) (Fukuzawa

Bunsy, 1878)

28.

On currency (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=91) (Tskaron, 1878)29.

Popular discourse on people's rights (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=92)

(Tszoku Minkenron, 1878)

30.

Popular discourse on national rights (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=93)

(Tszoku Kokkenron, 1878)

31.

Transition of people's way of thinking (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=95)

(MinjyIttushin, 1879)

32.

On national diet (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=96) (Kokkairon, 1879)33.

Commentary on the current problems (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=97) (Jiji

Shgen, 1881)

34.

On general trends of the times (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=98) (Jiji

Taiseiron, 1882)

35.

On the imeprial household (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=99) (Teishitsuron,

1882)

36.

On armament (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=100) (Heiron, 1882)37.

On moral training (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=101) (Tokuiku-Ikan, 1882)38.

On the independence of learning (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=102)

(Gakumon-no Dokuritsu, 1883)

39.

On the national conscription (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=103) (Zenkoku

Cyheiron, 1884)

40.

Popular discourse on foreign diplomacy (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=104)

(Tszoku Gaikron, 1884)

41.

On Japanese womanhood (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=105) (Nihon

Fujinron, 1885)

42.

On men's moral life (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=106) (Shijin Syoseiron,

1885)

43.

On moral conduct (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=107) (Hinkron, 1885)44.

On association of men and women (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=108)

(Nannyo Kosairon, 1886)

45.

On Japanese manhood (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=109) (Nihon46.


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Nanshiron, 1888)

On reverence for the Emperor (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=110) (Sonnron

1888)

47.

Future of the Diet; Origin of the difficulty in the Diet; Word on the public secuity; On land tax

(http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=111) (Kokkai-no Zento; Kokkai Nankyoku-no

Yurai; Chian-Sygen; Chisoron, 1892)

48.

On business (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=112) (Jitsugyron, 1893)49.

One hundred discourses of Fukuzawa (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=113)

(FukuHyakuwa, 1897)

50.

Foreword to the collected works of Fukuzawa (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul

/fukuzawa_title.php?id=114) (Fukuzawa ZensyCyogen, 1897)

51.

Fukuzawa sensei's talk on the worldly life (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul

/fukuzawa_title.php?id=115) (Fukuzawa Sensei Ukiyodan, 1898)

52.

Discourses of study for success (SygyRittishihen, 1898)53.

Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=116)

(FukuJiden, 1899)

54.

Reproof of "the essential learning for women"; New essential learning for women

(http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=117) (Onnadaigaku Hyron;

Shin-Onnadaigaku, 1899)

55.

More discourses of Fukuzawa (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=118) (Fuku

Hyakuyowa, 1901)

56.

Commentary on the national problems of 1877; Spirit of manly defiance (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp

/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=119) (Meiji Jynen TeicyKron; Yasegaman-no Setsu, 1901)

57.

English translations

The Autobiography of Yukichi Fukuzawa, Revised translation by Eiichi Kiyooka, with a foreword by

Carmen Blacker, NY: Columbia University Press, 1980 [1966], ISBN 0-231-08373-4

The Autobiography of Yukichi Fukuzawa, Revised translation by Eiichi Kiyooka, with a foreword by

Albert M. Craig, NY: Columbia University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-231-13987-8

The Thought of Fukuzawa series (http://www.keio-up.co.jp/kup/eng/series/15600.html), (Paperback)Keio University Press

vol.1An Outline of a Theory of Civilization (http://www.keio-up.co.jp/kup/eng/philo/15600.html).

2008. Translation by David A. Dilworth, G. Cameron Hurst, III. ISBN 978-4-7664-1560-5

vol.2An Encouragement of Learning (http://www.keio-up.co.jp/np/isbn/9784766416848/). 2012.

Translation by David A. Dilworth. ISBN 978-4-7664-1684-8

vol.3 The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi. 201?. (forthcoming)

vol.4Essays on Family and Women. 201?. Revised translation and with an introduction by Helen


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Wikimedia Commons has

media related toFukuzawa

Yukichi.

Wikiquote has a collection

of quotations related to:Fukuzawa Yukichi

Ballhatchet. (forthcoming)

âbNishikawa (1993)1.

^Dilworth(2012)2.

^Dilworth&Hurst(2008)3.Âdas&Stearns&Schwartz(1993), p. 36.4.

Âdas&Stearns&Schwartz(1993), p. 37.5.

Jiji Shinp

Keio-Gijuku University

List of motifs on banknotes

Zenpuku-ji

Michael Adas; Peter Stearns, Stuart Schwartz (1993). Turbulent

Passage: A Global History of the Twentieth Century. Longman

Publishing Group. ISBN 0-06-501039-6.

Nishikawa, Shunsaku (1993), "FUKUZAWA YUKICHI1

(1835-1901)" (http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload

/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/fukuzawe.pdf) (PDF),

Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education(UNESCO), vol. XXIII (no. 3/4): 493506

Lu, David John (2005),Japan: A Documentary History: The Dawn of History to the Late Tokugawa

Period, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 1-56324-907-3

Kitaoka, Shin-ichi (MarchApril 2003), "Pride and Independence: Fukuzawa Yukichi and the Spirit of theMeiji Restoration (Part 1)" (http://web.archive.org/web/20030331142744/http://www.jef.or.jp/en/jti

/200303_019.html),Journal of Japanese Trade and Industry(Japan Economic Foundation), archived

from the original (http://www.jef.or.jp/en/jti/200303_019.html) on 2003-03-31

Kitaoka, Shin-ichi (MayJune 2003), "Pride and Independence: Fukuzawa Yukichi and the Spirit of the

Meiji Restoration (Part 2)" (http://web.archive.org/web/20030506055242/http://www.jef.or.jp/en/jti

/200305_025.html),Journal of Japanese Trade and Industry(Japan Economic Foundation), archived

from the original (http://www.jef.or.jp/en/jti/200305_025.html) on 2003-05-06


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Albert M. Craig (2009), Civilization and Enlightenment: The Early Thought of Fukuzawa Yukichi

(Hardcover ed.), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-03108-1

Tamaki, Norio (2001), Yukichi Fukuzawa, 1835-1901: The Spirit of Enterprise in Modern Japan

(Hardcover ed.), United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-80121-0

Fukuzawa, Yukichi (http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/185.html?c=10) | Portraits of Modern Japanese

Historical Figures (http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/index.html) (National Diet Library)

"Encouragement for Learning" (Gakumon no Susume) (http://www.books-on-japan.info/learning-

fukuzawa.htm) by Fukuzawa Yukichi (Part One, English Translation)

E-texts of Fukuzawa's works (http://www.aozora.gr.jp/index_pages/person296.html#sakuhin_list_1) at

Aozora Bunko (Japanese)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fukuzawa_Yukichi&oldid=611794371"

Categories: 1835 births 1901 deaths People from Osaka Japanese writers Japanese educators

Writers from Osaka People of Meiji-period Japan Keio University Brown University people

University and college founders Japanese academics Meiji Restoration

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