.

1 8

2014 9

1 22 . 1

20 , 21 22 . .

1. , .

Well, I wish I were there. Sure. I took many pictures. Right, hes the best athlete. No, lets go see the game. Yeah, we got 46 in total.

2. , .

Youll miss him, too. Ill join his farewell party. Ill pick him up at the airport. Hes going to Canada to study. Hes living in my neighborhood.

3. , .

Sure. Youll love the activity youve signed up for. Dont worry. Youll make a lot of friends. Good. You should stop your bad habits. Youre right. My schedule isnt always full. Okay. Let me explain the activities one by one.

4. , ABC Navigation Service Center .

5. , .

6. , .

7. , .

8. , .

. . . . .

9. , .

10. , .

3

1

.

2

2 8

11. , .

12. , .

13. , .

14. , .

15. , . [3]

$25 $30 $35 $40 $45

16. Future Lawyers Internship Program , . [3]

4 . . . . .

17. , .

18. , .

Woman:

Thats right. I really like my art teacher. Youre right. Ill talk to her right now. I dont like people who are late. Im sorry that I couldnt help you. I feel better because I already apologized.

19. , . [3]

Man:

Im sure youll enjoy reading the book, too. Okay. Im going to make a list of my own. I agree. Its really difficult to reach the goal. Dont give up, and you can fulfill your dreams. Well, keeping a diary helps you to find a solution.

20. , Jane Tom .

Jane:

I cant agree with you on the ticket price. I really cant wait to meet the fans tonight. Our concert will definitely be a big success. The safety of the audience is our first concern. Im pleased that many people enjoyed the concert.

[2122] , .

21. ?

22. ?

. 23 .

.

3

3 8

23. ?

24. ?

When people expect to see someone again, they are more likely to find that person attractive, regardless of the individuals behavior, than if they do not have expectations of future interaction. The expectation of future interaction motivates people to look for positive qualities in someone so that they will look forward to future interactions rather than dread them, and increases the chances that people will find the individual attractive. Conversely, when people interact with someone whom they do not foresee meeting again, they have little reason to search for positive qualities. In fact, doing so may be depressing, given that they may not have the opportunity to get to know the person better in future interactions. Indeed, people are sometimes motivated to find negative qualities in individuals whom they do not expect to see again.

. . . . .

25. ?

Lone animals rely on their own senses to defend themselves, but an animal in a group benefits by having a lot of other animals eyes, ears, and noses on the alert for danger. An animal in a group also has a smaller chance of being the unlucky individual picked out by a predator. In addition, a group of animals fleeing from a predator can create confusion. This makes it harder for a predator to focus on one animal to catch. A school of fish will split in two to avoid a predator and then quickly regroup behind it. A herd of zebras can become a dazzling display of black and white stripes, making it more difficult for a lion to see where one zebra ends and another begins.

26. ?

If you are trying to decide among a few people to fill a position, take a look at their writing skills. It doesnt matter if that person is a marketer, salesperson, designer, programmer, or whatever; their writing skills will pay off. Thats because being a good writer is about more than writing. Clear writing is a sign of clear thinking. Good writers know how to communicate. They make things easy to understand. They can put themselves in someone elses shoes. They know what to omit. And those are qualities you want in any candidate. Writing is making a comeback all over our society. Look at how much communication happens through instant messaging and blogging. Writing is todays currency for good ideas. Thus, it is essential to welcome people with good writing skills into your company.

Hire Good Writers Writing and E-Commerce Think Clearly vs. Write Clearly How to Become Great Designers Blogging: A New Style of Communication

Hi, boys and girls!

My name is Adam Burke. Are you interested in buying a special lunch bag to protect our environment? When I was in sixth grade, I noticed that many of my classmates carried paper lunch bags. I found out that from sandwich wrappers to disposable drink containers, the average school kid generates 65 pounds of lunch bag waste every year. To help kids cut down on lunch bag waste, I have invented a reusable lunch bag, which I am now selling on my website. It has handles and a front pocket. And the fabric is partially made from recycled plastic bottles. You will like it because you can fold it up and put it in your backpack. If youd like to buy one, please feel free to visit www.myblog.com/aburke.

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27. (A), (B), (C) ? [3]

You cannot fit objects (A) that / what occupied a 5,000- square-foot house in a 2,000-square-foot condominium. If you are moving to a smaller condominium, thats great. Get rid of your belongings and (B) buy / buying the condominium. It is fruitless to look at condominiums when you have spent the past 20-odd years in a large house and then try to move all of your life into the smaller investment. To do so often leads to frustration because what you wind up purchasing is an expensive warehouse for your furniture, and that is usually the wrong investment. If you want to change your lifestyle, you must accept the consequences of that decision. Throwing things out only (C) hurt / hurts for a little while.

(A) (B) (C) that buy hurt that buy hurts what buy hurts what buying hurts what buying hurt

28. , ? [3]

Occasionally, there are children who have trouble understanding that their clothing choice is inappropriate or even unhealthy. Some children follow the suggestion that sandals may not be the best option for a snowy day. For those kids, experience may be the best teacher. For example, when Lydia was eight years old, she insisted on wearing her favorite sandals to school despite warnings that the sidewalks were covered in snow and slush. Her mom worried that she would arrive at school with cold, wet feet, but Lydia would not change her mind. Of course, her mother was right. While Lydia did have some very uncomfortable toes because they became soaked and frozen on her way to and from school, she learned that sometimes fashion isnt worth the price of serious discomfort.

29. ?

3 9. 8 12. . 200. .

GHANA NETWORK OF VOLUNTEER SERVICEWebsite: www.geocities.com/service_gnvsContact: Emmanuel Odonkor Corletey

(eodonkor@hice.com)

The Ghana Network of Volunteer Service is looking for volunteers who are open-minded, sociable, and committed.

Starting Months: March and SeptemberDuration of Service: 8 12 weeksAge: 20 35Activities: Administration, Teaching, TranslatingWhen to Apply: Throughout the yearCosts: $200 for the first month and $150 for each

following month per person. This covers accommodations and three meals a day.

Qualifications: Volunteers must be good at using computers.

.

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30. Kids in the Kitchen ?

. . 30 . 7 . .

31. Campus Court ?

. . . . 3.

Kids in the Kitchen

Kids in the Kitchen is a half-day camp for children.

Children will learn how to use a number of kitchen tools. They can explore everything from planning to

presentation of their favorite foods. They can also take the food home and share with

the entire family!

INSTRUCTOR: James SmithDATES: July 22 26FEE: $75.00 (additional charge for materials: $30.00)SCHEDULE:

TIME AGE

Morning Camp 9:00 a.m. 12:00 noon 5 to 7 years old

Afternoon Camp 1:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m. 8 to 10 years old

This camp is not recommended for children with food allergies.

Campus Court at North Walnut

2036 North Walnut Street, Appleville, TX 22345

Come visit the new Campus Court at North Walnut! Choose from our new one-bedroom or two-bedroom apartments:

Great location for shopping and diningFully equipped kitchen with all electric appliancesWasher and dryer in all apartments24-hour recreation center (except public holidays)

LOCATIONLocated near the university stadium on the northwest side of the campus. Two convenient entrances, one from Oxford Avenue and the other from North Walnut Street.

OFFICE HOURSMonday Friday: 9 a.m. 6 p.m.Saturday: 11 a.m. 3 p.m.Sunday: Closed

.

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32. ?

The above graph shows the percentage of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector in 1990 and 2006. In Latin America and the Caribbean, womens waged non-agricultural employment increased more than five percentage points between 1990 and 2006. In 2006, the percentage of womens waged non-agricultural employment in East Asia and Pacific countries was twice as high as that of South Asia. In that same year, the percentage of womens waged non-agricultural employment in the Middle East and North Africa was less than that of Sub-Saharan Africa by ten percentage points. Despite the improvement between 1990 and 2006, South Asia showed the smallest increase in the percentage of women in waged non-agricultural employment. Between 1990 and 2006, the increase in the percentage of womens waged non-agricultural employment in Sub-Saharan Africa was larger than that of the Middle East and North Africa.

33. Kate ?

Kate ran to the mailbox as soon as the mail truck drove away. She opened the mailbox and reached into the dark space. Her hope quickly disappeared, however. There was nothing addressed to her. It was her sixteenth birthday today, but there wasnt even a birthday card from her father. I didnt get anything from Dad, said Kate to her mother. I cant believe he forgot my birthday. Kates father was a doctor, and every summer he went to Africa to treat people who were too poor to go to a hospital. Well, he didnt forget your birthday, Kate. I was going to give this to you at your birthday party this afternoon, said her mother, giving her a small pink box with a purple ribbon, which arrived from Africa the day before. Yeah, I knew Dad wouldnt let me down! shouted Kate, smiling the sweetest smile.

scared relieved cheerful terrified indifferent ashamed dissatisfied confused disappointed delighted

[3436] .

34. Do you remember the childlike joy you felt the last time you found a parking spot at the mall on a crowded day? When you finished shopping, you may have left the spot with a certain hesitation, particularly if someone else was waiting for it. Studies have shown that people take longer to leave a parking spot when another driver is waiting, even though they predict they will not. Its as if the space suddenly becomes more valuable once another person wants it. Strictly speaking, it is no longer valuable to the person leaving it. After all, it seems that our brains are so that once we have been given something, we are hesitant to give it up. [3]

sensitive to loss resistant to order receptive to new ideas easily exposed to illness reluctant to deal with time

35. Wood is a material that is widely acknowledged to be environmentally friendly. It has been welcome as an alternative material for a long time in building houses instead of cement or bricks. However, it is not always easy to of one particular material such as wood over another. Many species of tree are now endangered, including mahogany and teak, and deforestation, particularly in tropical rainforests, has had a severe impact both on local communities and on native plants and wildlife. Where wood is harvested and then transported halfway across the globe, the associated energy costs are high, causing a negative impact on the environment. What is more, where wood is treated with chemicals to improve fire- and pest-resistance, its healthful properties are compromised. [3]

* mahogany: ( )

increase the inherent resistance favor the chemical properties dominate the natural habitats evaluate the relative merits deny the cost advantage

.

7

7 8

36. Human farmers and their domesticated plants and animals made a grand bargain, though the farmers did not realize it at the time. Consider maize. Domestication made it dependent on man. But its association with humans also carried maize far beyond its origins as a little-known Mexican grass, so that it is now one of the most widely planted crops on earth. From mankinds point of view, meanwhile, the domestication of maize made available an abundant new source of food. But its cultivation (like that of other plants) prompted people to adopt a new lifestyle based on farming. Is man taking advantage of maize for his own purposes, or is maize taking advantage of man? Domestication, it seems, is . [3]

* maize:

a pain in the neck an unfair sacrifice a two-way street a request for help a zero-sum game

37. (A), (B) ?

Pride is a sense that I am better than others, I have the ultimate beauty, talent, and answers, and I alone should rule the world. Pride causes individuals to be out of touch with the reality of who they truly are and of what really brings happiness. Pride prevents individuals from experiencing their true value or the true value of others. A sense of self-worth, (A) , provides calmness and enjoyment when dealing with all kinds of individuals. When individuals have a true sense of self-worth, they do not need to compare themselves with others, to tear others apart or feel superior.

(B) , there is an experience of oneness and sharing. By recognizing where ones true value lies, one simultaneously recognizes the true value of others.

(A) (B) on the other hand Instead on the other hand Unfortunately for example Moreover for example Instead in addition Unfortunately

38. ?

Power walking is a type of exercise that nearly anyone can do. Many people enjoy this form of exercise because it can be done outdoors in fresh air where the scenery can be changed by altering the course of the walk. Alternatively, the exercise may be done indoors, in a climate-controlled environment, on a treadmill. People should start with a short distance on flat ground and gradually increase the distance and intensity. Instruct people to sit on the bench and to start reading their newspapers carefully. While power walking, people should wear shoes with a good arch support to avoid injury and wear clothes appropriate for the climate.

* treadmill:

39. , ? [3]

To create a unifying theme for the many crowd scenes, he invented a character of a backpacking tourist who would appear in each location.

In 1986, Martin Handford, a young British commercial artist who specialized in drawing cartoon scenes for clients, had the idea of publishing his illustrations in book form. ( ) His idea was to depict humorous crowd scenes in various locations, including a beach, a train station, and a country fair. ( ) In the original British editions of the book, the characters name was Wally. ( ) He went on to publish seven more Wheres Wally books, create a television show, and license several video games. ( ) Although the fad for his character declined in the late 1990s, there is still occasional talk of a Wally movie. ( ) Wally is licensed in at least 17 countries, where he looks pretty much the same but often goes by different names.

* fad: ()

40. ? [3]

Most of the words we use and the meanings we think about are a combination of simpler ideas.

(A) Some of them are specialized for sitting at certain high places, like bar stools. If you learned about a culture in which a certain type of chair was used only for the purpose of sitting while waiting for a bus, you might think this is odd but would have no difficulty understanding it.

(B) Consider a chair. Before you can have an idea of a chair, you need to understand that there exist in the world certain functional objects. Some of these objects support human activity, in this case, sitting.

(C) The combination of the concepts chair and waiting for bus allows you to create the new complex concept chair used while waiting for bus. But the basic concept of chair is built out of the simpler ideas that we take for granted: object, furniture, sitting.

(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A)

.

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[4142] , .

Effective communication is vital to achieving wellness because our daily interactions with others are important factors in our emotional health. People who have developed a high degree of communication skills are more likely to have the potential for deeper bonds in their personal relationships than non-communicators. Perhaps the greatest communication satisfaction comes from our close relationships, which are the main source of our emotional health. Close relationships develop when two people can exchange emotional messages easily and effectively. Whether we develop effective communication skills that promote healthy interactions depends largely on how we learn to communicate. For example, interaction between parents and their children is often important in determining whether a child is shy or unafraid of interaction. Good parents listen to their children and allow them to talk about their fears and unhappiness. Children raised in households that communication find it easier to talk to others about their disappointments, fears, frustrations, and other emotions later in life. Such individuals find that they ultimately have better emotional health.

41. ?

Problems with School Life Ways to Succeed in Business Interaction: A Source of Information Communication: A Key to Emotional Health How to Express Our Fears and Unhappiness

42. ?

neglect classify foster discourage investigate

[4345] , .

(A)

The school orchestra was practicing in the auditorium, and Mr. Grey was clapping his hands to mark the rhythm when he heard the town emergency siren. Stop! Everyone! he shouted. Then, he ran to the door and pushed it open. But a burst of wind slammed the door right back, and it hit him hard. He fell down and didnt move. Janet was the oldest kid. And (a) she knew instantly. This was a tornado.

(B)

Looking at the kids around her, Janet yelled as loudly as (b) she could, Rick and Matt, get Mr. Grey on that cart and roll him over here! Everyone else, grab the music stands and bring them next to the piano. Hurry! When everyone came back, Janet asked five of them to follow. They ran to where the curtain hung along the wall of the stage.

(C)

Janet grabbed the edge of the curtain and screamed, Everyone, grab hold and pull! When the curtain fell, they pulled it over the tops of the music stands and the grand piano. Then, (c) she motioned everyone to get under the curtain. The wind noise rose again, but Janet was now safely hidden inside the piano and curtain fort with the rest of the orchestra. Relieved, they thanked one another and felt oneness in their hearts.

* fort:

(D)

Kids were shocked to see Mr. Grey fall down, and they began screaming. Nikki put (d) her mouth next to Janets ear and yelled, We need help! Janet was scared too, but she fought the fear. Janet pulled Nikki and ran over to the grand piano. She grabbed the whistle out of her bag and blew it hard three times. Every kid on the stage turned to look at Janet. In three seconds, all kids were gathered around (e) her.

43. (A) ?

(B) (C) (D) (C) (B) (D) (C) (D) (B) (D) (B) (C) (D) (C) (B)

44. (a)(e) ?

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

45. Janet ?

. . . , . .

*

() .

.

1 8

2014 9

1 22 . 1

20 , 21 22 . .

1. , .

Sure. Youll love the activity youve signed up for. Dont worry. Youll make a lot of friends. Good. You should stop your bad habits. Youre right. My schedule isnt always full. Okay. Let me explain the activities one by one.

2. , .

That was the best coffee Ive ever tasted. Ive been standing in line for 20 minutes. No wonder this place is crowded with people. Thats because I already bought a coffee maker. Be careful not to burn your mouth with the coffee.

3. , .

Sure. Whats the best tourist attraction to visit? How much money should I budget for souvenirs? Yeah, youre right. Its better to be safe than sorry. I know. I need to check the weight of my luggage. No. The insurance doesnt cover this emergency case.

4. , .

5. , .

6. , .

7. , .

. . . . .

8. , .

9. , .

10. , .

3

1

.

2

2 8

11. , .

to buy some drinks for the meeting to borrow the printer from the sales department to print out the new contract at the Internet Cafe to set up the new schedule for the meeting to make a phone call to the repairperson

12. , .

13. , .

14. , . [3]

$27 $36 $40 $45 $54

15. Future Lawyers Internship Program , .

4 . . . . .

16. Tasmanian tiger , . [3]

4,000 . . . Tasmania . .

17. , .

18. , .

Man:

Im sure youll enjoy reading the book, too. Okay. Im going to make a list of my own. I agree. Its really difficult to reach the goal. Dont give up, and you can fulfill your dreams. Well, keeping a diary helps you to find a solution.

19. , .

Woman:

Everything will be over before you even realize it. It seems youve adapted to your surroundings well. Sounds like youre taking on more than you can handle. Cramming all night will distract you from your tasks. Scratching the surface will never accomplish the goal.

20. , Jane Tom .

Jane:

I cant agree with you on the ticket price. I really cant wait to meet the fans tonight. Our concert will definitely be a big success. The safety of the audience is our first concern. Im pleased that many people enjoyed the concert.

[2122] , .

21. ? [3]

effects of air pollution on farming ways to promote local fruit farming problems caused by food transportation origins of various agricultural produce the change in food production patterns

22. ?

tomatoes kiwi fruits bananas apples lettuce

. 23 .

.

3

3 8

23. ?

When people expect to see someone again, they are more likely to find that person attractive, regardless of the individuals behavior, than if they do not have expectations of future interaction. The expectation of future interaction motivates people to look for positive qualities in someone so that they will look forward to future interactions rather than dread them, and increases the chances that people will find the individual attractive. Conversely, when people interact with someone whom they do not foresee meeting again, they have little reason to search for positive qualities. In fact, doing so may be depressing, given that they may not have the opportunity to get to know the person better in future interactions. Indeed, people are sometimes motivated to find negative qualities in individuals whom they do not expect to see again.

. . . . .

24. ?

Even when scientists are able to identify seemingly beneficial nutrients, they cannot always understand how those nutrients will operate in a real-life context, in the course of our daily meals. Fruits and vegetables are believed to help prevent cancer. Scientists have believed that it is the antioxidants in these foods that make the differencecompounds like beta carotene, lycopene, and vitamin E. Yet when these molecules were extracted from fruits and vegetables and made into supplements, they did not reduce cancer. The beta carotene supplement actually increased the risk of certain cancers. In other words, scientists thoroughly misunderstood the causes of complex events. They identified one element engaged in the process of nutrition without fully comprehending how the system as a whole truly functions. Nutritional scientists pursuing the hot paradigm of isolating nutrients failed to see a multitude of links in the complex chain that leads to good health.

* antioxidant:

problems of making nutritional supplements out of plants needs for an alternative scientific method for isolating

nutrients insufficient understanding of how nutrients work in the

whole system potential benefits of extracting molecules from fruits

and vegetables challenge of finding beneficial nutrients that may help

prevent cancers

25. ?

Artists create artistic works to get viewers to have certain kinds of experiences. But the intention to convey certain experiences to viewers is sometimes secondary to the intention to express the artistic imagination creatively. Consider actions generally for the moment. Think, for example, of people watching their favorite sporting team. Whether it is at an actual match or in a bar, at crucial periods in a game people tend to make gestures in anticipation or cheer in exhortation. They often want to convey their sense of urgency to the team, or people at the bar may want to show their disgust to others in the crowd. But they often express themselves in this manner without any thought for what others think or how they may respond. Actions we perform through which we intend to express our feelings, thoughts, and attitudes need not have any communicative intent for how others may respond. At least some works should be understood as the representation of just this kind of action.

* exhortation: ,

Artistic Act: To Express Rather than to Communicate Artistic Masterpieces: Products of Viewers Desires Artistic Works Beyond Artists Imagination Artworks Not for Artists but for Viewers Sports: A Tool for Expressing Oneself?

26. her[She] ?

I was reminded of our mission earlier this year when my mother sold her house. Because of my fathers failing health, my parents recently moved from Florida to Maryland to live with my elder sister and her family. At my moms request, my brothers, sisters, and I sorted through all her belongings. She told us to keep or discard whatever we pleased. For myself I kept a solitary piece of china, one of the few remaining plates from the set my grandfather bought my mother for her wedding. I can still remember the set in better days serving many a guest on a Sunday afternoon. But its comrades have all been broken or have disappeared, and this plate is all I have. It is delicate and faded you can no longer read the pattern name printed on the back. But it hangs in my dining room as a pleasant reminder of her hospitality.

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27. (A), (B), (C) ? [3]

It had long been something of a mystery where, and on what, the northern fur seals of the eastern Pacific feed during the winter, (A) when / which they spend off the coast of North America from California to Alaska. There is no evidence that they are feeding to any great extent on sardines, mackerel, or other commercially important fishes. Presumably four million seals could not compete with commercial fishermen for the same species without the fact (B) being / is known. But there is some evidence on the diet of the fur seals, and it is highly significant. Their stomachs have yielded the bones of a species of fish that has never been seen alive. Indeed, not even its remains (C) has / have been found anywhere except in the stomachs of seals. Ichthyologists say that this seal fish belongs to a group that typically inhabits very deep water, off the edge of the continental shelf.

* ichthyologist:

(A) (B) (C) when is have when being have which being have which being has which is has

28. , ?

Occasionally, there are children who have trouble understanding that their clothing choice is inappropriate or even unhealthy. Some children follow the suggestion that sandals may not be the best option for a snowy day. For those kids, experience may be the best teacher. For example, when Lydia was eight years old, she insisted on wearing her favorite sandals to school despite warnings that the sidewalks were covered in snow and slush. Her mom worried that she would arrive at school with cold, wet feet, but Lydia would not change her mind. Of course, her mother was right. While Lydia did have some very uncomfortable toes because they became soaked and frozen on her way to and from school, she learned that sometimes fashion isnt worth the price of serious discomfort.

29. ?

The above graph shows the percentage of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector in 1990 and 2006. In Latin America and the Caribbean, womens waged non-agricultural employment increased more than five percentage points between 1990 and 2006. In 2006, the percentage of womens waged non-agricultural employment in East Asia and Pacific countries was twice as high as that of South Asia. In that same year, the percentage of womens waged non-agricultural employment in the Middle East and North Africa was less than that of Sub-Saharan Africa by ten percentage points. Despite the improvement between 1990 and 2006, South Asia showed the smallest increase in the percentage of women in waged non-agricultural employment. Between 1990 and 2006, the increase in the percentage of womens waged non-agricultural employment in Sub-Saharan Africa was larger than that of the Middle East and North Africa.

30. Zelia Maria Magdalena Nuttall ?

American archaeologist-ethnohistorian Zelia Maria Magdalena Nuttall was well known especially for her investigations of pre-Columbian culture and her studies of Mexican peoples and native Mexican plants. Nuttall was a brilliant archival researcher and self-trained archaeologist who very early carved a career for herself by pursuing independent research and publishing in scholarly journals. Before age 30 she became a member of several highly prestigious scientific societies on the basis of her work. She was the winner of three medals for the exhibits of the results of her archival work and archaeological research, which she presented in Europe and the United States. Nuttall was never a part of university teaching faculty, and indeed there is no indication that she would have accepted such a position had it been offered. Early in her career, she was appointed Honorary Assistant in Mexican Archaeology at the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, a post she held for forty-seven years.

* archival:

. . 30 . . Harvard 47 .

.

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[3135] .

31. Wood is a material that is widely acknowledged to be environmentally friendly. It has been welcome as an alternative material for a long time in building houses instead of cement or bricks. However, it is not always easy to of one particular material such as wood over another. Many species of tree are now endangered, including mahogany and teak, and deforestation, particularly in tropical rainforests, has had a severe impact both on local communities and on native plants and wildlife. Where wood is harvested and then transported halfway across the globe, the associated energy costs are high, causing a negative impact on the environment. What is more, where wood is treated with chemicals to improve fire- and pest-resistance, its healthful properties are compromised.

* mahogany: ( )

increase the inherent resistance favor the chemical properties dominate the natural habitats evaluate the relative merits deny the cost advantage

32. So often, we get caught up in the minutiae of our jobs tedious annoyances and struggles that may be temporary roadblocks but feel more like concrete mountains. While theres plenty of research that shows that people who work with the muscles above their neck create all kinds of stresses for themselves, its the people who focus on the why of their jobs (as opposed to the what and the how) who can manage the day-to-day problems more easily. That is, if you can define the purpose of your career or feel passionate about the mission of your company, you can much more easily handle the occasional server maintenance that disrupts your in-box. The flip side is that if youre working in any area (or company) that doesnt align with your own value, all the little stuff

.

* minutiae: , ,

focuses on the why, belittling the what and the how liberates you from the prison of daily routines snowballs into a big ball of daily disasters paves your way to climb up the corporate ladder illuminates the true value of what you have to do

33. People knowingly or unknowingly will take too much, even though it is not for anyones collective or long-term good. As Hardin put it, Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all. Consider a traffic jam on a main road going into any big city. Each person picks that particular road for the logical reason that its the fastest route. In the beginning, each additional car does not slow the traffic down, as there is enough room on the road for the additional drivers. At some point, however, each car reduces the average speed, and eventually there are so many drivers that the traffic slows to a crawl. All the people seeking to minimize their own driving time add up to a longer commute for everyone. Doing whats rational ,including you. On a global scale, the same thing can befall environmental issues such as overfished seas and rivers, air pollution, and water scarcity. [3]

leads to logical consequences for all drivers is compatible with the maximum benefit of each driver enhances unselfish interests of each and every commuter is not well executed by the unexpected behaviors of some

drivers results in a negative outcome to the collective interest

of all drivers

34. Researchers asked college student volunteers to think through a fantasy version of an experience (looking attractive in a pair of high-heeled shoes, winning an essay contest, or getting an A on a test) and then evaluated the fantasys effect on the subjects and on how things unfolded in reality. When participants envisioned the most positive outcome, their energy levels, as measured by blood pressure, dropped, and they reported having a worse experience with the actual event than those who had conjured more realistic or even negative visions. To assess subjects real life experiences, the researchers compared lists of goals that subjects had set for themselves against what they had actually accomplished and also relied on self-reports. When we fantasize about it especially when you fantasize something very positive its almost like you are actually living it, says one of the studys co-authors. That , draining the incentive to get energized to go and get it, she explains. Subjects may be better off imagining how to surmount obstacles instead of ignoring them. [3]

prompts you into assessing the real life as it is turns a rosy dream into an actual accomplishment renders your goal independent of the fantasy world tricks the mind into thinking the goal has been achieved deceives your mind into believing obstacles are insurmountable

.

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35. When confronted by a seemingly simple pointing task, where their desires are put in conflict with outcomes, chimpanzees find it impossible to exhibit subtle self- serving cognitive strategies in the immediate presence of a desired reward. However, such tasks are mastered

. In one study, chimps were confronted by a simple choice; two plates holding tasty food items were presented, each with a different number of treats. If the chimp pointed to the plate having more treats, it would immediately be given to a fellow chimp in an adjacent cage, and the frustrated subject would receive the smaller amount. After hundreds and hundreds of trials, these chimps could not learn to withhold pointing to the larger reward. However, these same chimps had already been taught the symbolic concept of simple numbers. When those numbers were placed on the plates as a substitute for the actual rewards, the chimps promptly learned to point to the smaller numbers first, thereby obtaining the larger rewards for themselves. [3]

as immediate rewards replace delayed ones when an alternative symbol system is employed if their desires for the larger rewards are satisfied when material rewards alternate with symbolic ones if the value of the number is proportional to the amount

of the reward

[3637] (A), (B) .

36. After making a choice, the decision ultimately changes our estimated pleasure, enhancing the expected pleasure from the selected option and decreasing the expected pleasure from the rejected option. If we were not inclined to (A) the value of our options rapidly so that they concur with our choices, we would likely second-guess ourselves to the point of insanity. We would ask ourselves again and again whether we should have chosen Greece over Thailand, the toaster over the coffee maker, and Jenny over Michele. Consistently second-guessing ourselves would interfere with our daily functioning and promote a negative effect. We would feel anxious and confused, regretful and sad. Have we done the right thing? Should we change our mind? These thoughts would result in a permanent halt. We would find ourselves literally stuck, overcome by

(B) and unable to move forward. On the other hand, reevaluating our alternatives after making a decision increases our commitment to the action taken and keeps us moving forward. [3]

(A) (B) disregard indecision disregard decision disclose decision update prejudice update indecision

37. Traditionally we have assessed mathematics ability based on the number of correct answers on a page full of computational problems. Learning and memorizing facts, therefore, was the key component to the mathematics instructional program. Recently, (A) , many teachers have started placing a greater emphasis on mathematical understanding, problem solving, hands-on experiences, and collaborative work. This change in the instructional program can be attributed to well-informed teachers and the work of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Now teachers should realize that their students will be using mathematics in a world where calculators, computers, and other forms of technology are readily available. Therefore, the application of mathematics, rather than mere fact acquisition, is what will be expected of them in the workplace and in life, and (B) mathematics instruction should mirror this real life application.

(A) (B) however otherwise however nonetheless however consequently moreover accordingly moreover similarly

38. ? [3]

Most of the words we use and the meanings we think about are a combination of simpler ideas.

(A) Some of them are specialized for sitting at certain high places, like bar stools. If you learned about a culture in which a certain type of chair was used only for the purpose of sitting while waiting for a bus, you might think this is odd but would have no difficulty understanding it.

(B) Consider a chair. Before you can have an idea of a chair, you need to understand that there exist in the world certain functional objects. Some of these objects support human activity, in this case, sitting.

(C) The combination of the concepts chair and waiting for bus allows you to create the new complex concept chair used while waiting for bus. But the basic concept of chair is built out of the simpler ideas that we take for granted: object, furniture, sitting.

(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A)

.

7

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39. , ?

The experimenter then changed the context so that the participants had to do a subtly different task.

By changing the focus or context of a task, we can get renewed energy even when we feel that we are completely out of energy. To demonstrate this, a psychologist asked people to take part in what she called semi-free tasks. The tasks included drawing, repeatedly writing ababababababab..., or reading a short poem. ( ) The participants were asked to do these tasks until they felt exhausted. ( ) Those drawing were asked to redraw their last picture to demonstrate how quickly they could draw. ( ) Those writing abab were asked to sign their name and address. ( ) In this new context their fatigue disappeared. ( ) This phenomenon of creating a second wind can be seen in action at airports where security officers rotate around different stations to stop routine-induced fatigue from settling in.

40. . (A) (B) ?

During the 1970s, researchers began to suggest that human vulnerability to hazards, rather than the hazards themselves, was central to understanding the importance of hazards, particularly when considering that a city is a geographical focus for large populations. Further, it was reported that human and material losses from disasters had increased during the 20th century. This happened at a time when cities in the developing world were growing at unprecedented rates, bringing together large populations of low income urban residents, often on hazardous spontaneous settlements which made them far more vulnerable to natural and human-induced hazards. It is precisely this issue of vulnerability on which a number of social scientists focused, arguing that although floods, landslides and earthquakes are natural processes, the disasters that can be associated with them are not a result of natural processes, but of human vulnerability.

With the dramatic growth of (A) in developing countries, environmental hazards could turn into disasters for those who are unable to (B) their impacts.

(A) (B) population magnify economy figure out economy cope with cities cope with cities magnify

[4142] , .

If you dont get the kind of information failure provides, youll end up with unrealistic expectations for yourself, explains a psychologist. You could wind up in a position where failure, which has gathered under cover of darkness, reveals itself all at once.

We should hope, then, for exposure to failure, early and often. The sociologist Glen Elder proposed that there is a sensitive period for growth late teens through early 30s during which failures are most beneficial. Such a pattern seems to promote the trait sometimes called equanimity. We learn that trauma is survivable, so we dont plunge too deeply following setbacks. Nor, conversely, do we soar too high on our successes. Some businesses in Silicon Valley and on Wall Street make a point of hiring ex-pro athletes to their staffs. Its not just that their high profile draws business. Its because athletes are good at recovering from their failures. We needed people who could perform and not get emotionally attached to losses, a Chicago oil trader told the New York Times, explaining why the firm likes athletes on the trading floor, particularly in ugly economic times like these. The image is of a rider easy in the saddle. Nothing can so surprise her either for good or ill that shell be knocked off.

One way to help keep lifes slings and arrows from knocking you off course is to ensure your life is

, says Stephen Berglas, a California psychologist and personal coach. That way, a setback in any one area wont mean in your mind that youre a failure categorically. Call it spreading your risk across your emotional portfolio or adding another leg to the furniture for balance, says Berglas.

* equanimity:

41. ?

Do Not Let Failure Fail You Recipe for Attaining Physical Stability Physical Toughness and Mental Flexibility How to Survive Emotional Unrest in Sports Failure as an Enemy of Emotional Calmness

42. ? [3]

illusionary predictable convergent straightforward multidimensional

.

8

8 8

[4345] , .

(A)

To be creative problem solvers, people must learn to approach complexity with a certain naive simplicity. And by letting their thinking become more free, they can improve their chances of discovering new unencumbered perceptions of old problems or entirely new creations. For this, they can mentally play with the ideas in a childlike manner. Here is an example story. In a small Moravian village at the time of the old Austrian empire, an inspector from the Ministry of Education arrived one day to visit the schoolroom. It was part of (a) his duty to make such periodic inspections of the schools.

* unencumbered:

(B)

At the end of the hour, after he had observed the class, he stood up and said: I am glad to see that you children are doing well in your studies. I am satisfied with your progress. Therefore, before I go, there is one question I would like to ask. How many hairs does a horse have? Very quickly one little nine-year-old boy raised his hand, to the astonishment of the teacher and the visitor. (b) He stood up and said, The horse has 3,571,962 hairs. The inspector wonderingly asked, And how do you know that this is the right number? The boy replied, If you do not believe me, you could count them yourself.

(C)

It was a year later, and the inspector was back again at the village school for his annual visit. As the teacher was walking along the aisle with (c) him to the door, he stopped and said, By the way, Mr. Inspector, how did your colleagues like the story of the horse and the number of his hairs? The inspector slapped the teacher on the back. Oh yes, he said, you know, I was really very anxious to tell that story and a fine story it was but you see, I wasnt able for the life of me to remember the number of hairs.

(D)

The inspector broke into loud laughter, thoroughly enjoying the boys remark. As the teacher escorted (d) him along the aisle to the door, still laughing heartily, he said: What an amusing story! I must tell this story to my colleagues when I return to Vienna. I can already see how they will take it; they enjoy nothing better than a good joke. And with that, he took (e) his leave.

43. (A) ?

(B) (C) (D) (B) (D) (C) (C) (D) (B) (D) (B) (C) (D) (C) (B)

44. (a)(e) ?

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

45. inspector ?

Moravia . . . . Vienna .

*

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.

2014 9

( B )

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.

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